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| | Wampum Belt |
 | | In the Roman view of the 1830s, the twisting and turning of this "road" is interpreted as a sign of the "errant" life that was led by these natives prior to their conversion to Christianity. | | | By 1800 the formal use of belts in political interactions in the east is superceded by the use of written documents. | | | The natives claimed, contrary to all the documentary evidence now known, that this belt gave them the rights to the associated lands, and that also included the rights to sell the land on which they then were resident. |
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http://mrc.uccb.ns.ca/wampum.html
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| | Money Substitutes in New Netherland and Early New York |
| | The black wampum is made from conch shells, which are to be taken from the sea, or which are cast ashore from the sea twice a year. | | | I once showed one of their chiefs a rix-dollar; he asked how much it was worth among the Christians; and when I told him, he laughed exceedingly at us, saying we were fools to value a piece of iron so highly; and if he had such money, he would throw it into the river. | | | The reason why the loose sewan was not prohibited, was because there was no coin in circulation, and the laborers, farmers, and other common people having no other money, would be great losers; and had it been done, the remonstrants would, without doubt, have included it among their grievances. |
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http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/NNWampum.html
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| | Word Spy - wampum |
| | You wouldn't dare use cash, General Electric CEO Jack Welch said recently. | | | You have to have what Welch called 'wampum,' shares to exchange." |
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http://www.wordspy.com/words/wampum.asp
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| | Wampum shell beads |
| | Native Americans went through an extremely rough period and those who were not exterminated were thoroughly demoralized. | | | Many Europeans did not view the American adventure favorably. | | | Several scholars have, however, pointed out that Benjamin Franklin and others admired the rules of the Iroquois Confederacy and many of its provisions were used in forming the Constitution of the United States of America. |
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http://www.thebeadsite.com/FRO-WAPM.htm
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| | Wampum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In early 1622, Eelkes seized a sachem of the Pequot on Long Island and threatened to cut off his head unless he received a large ransom. | | | Soon, they were trading with the native peoples of New England and New York using wampum. | | | The sudden growth of wealth of Mahicans, who were considered a peaceful people by the Europeans, soon brought them into conflict with the Iroquois tribes of present-day upstate New York, resulting in the Mohawk-Mahican War. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampum
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| | wampum |
| | Keetoowah (Nighthawk) Society members with the historic wampum of the Cherokees near Gore, Oklahoma, in 1916. | | | How wampum was anciently produced is controversial, and is not well described in academic scholarly literature. | | | British governments, and later American governments, learned treaty-making procedures including wampum diplomacy from the native confederacies. |
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http://web.syr.edu/~cfsmith/congress/episodes/1789/comments/Cher/wampum.html
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| | NativeTech: Wampum; History and Background |
| | The negotiator would depart for a while to allow time for deliberation. | | | This message, accompanied by the mnemonic wampum, would be forthwith entrusted to the go-between's care, and he would go to the home of the girl's parents carrying the wampum in a rolled-up red handkerchief or other gaudy cloth. | | | Even in the 1600s there was noted distinctiveness of Native-made wampum and the inability of others to counterfeit it, although attempts at imitations included beads of stone and other materials. |
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http://www.nativetech.org/wampum/wamphist.htm
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| | Lois Scozzari, The Significance of Wampum to Seventeenth Century Indians in New England |
| | Indians for whom pelts had been their main access to trade had comparable experiences when supplies ran out. | | | Anthropologist Lynn Ceci theorized that marine shell beads made their appearance as early as 2500 BC, but the finished product of tubular wampum did not appear until about 200-1510 AD. | | | The suitor would also present his future in-laws with a certain measurement of wampum. |
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http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/41/037.html
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| | Wampum |
| | This note simply serves notice that during the Koufax period we'll be putting the best material that we can on Wampum. | | | People in the NIH, State, the BIA, and the OSD read Wampum, and we think that's a good thing. | | | I've invited Jeffery Lewis from armscontrolwonk.com to post here, and I'm asking others as well. |
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http://wampum.wabanaki.net
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| | The Wampum Chronicles: Mohawk Territory on the Internet |
| | This allows you to post messages and also also allows me to boot your butt out of here | | | Niawenkowa to everyone who has helped me bring the Wampum Chronicles to the World Wide Web! | | | The Wampum Chronicles is dedicated to the study of history, culture, |
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http://www.wampumchronicles.com
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| | wampum. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | Wampum was used for the ornamentation of such things as necklaces and collars. | | | On the Pacific coast, shell ornaments (especially gorgets) were also used, but wampum was principally important in trade in what is now the NE United States. | | | Wampum was also used by white fur traders in their trade with the Native Americans in the early part of the 17th cent. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/wa/wampum.html
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| | Wampum--Native American Beadwork |
| | he Onkwehonweh put his agreement in wampum; the whiteman put his in writing. | | | Oneida Indian Nation -- Exhibit and explanation of some wampum belts in their National Cultural Center. | | | The Constitution of the Iroquois Nations -- archived in World History archives -- is a detailed recording which was memorized, recited regularly, and recorded on wampum belts. |
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http://www.kstrom.net/isk/art/beads/wampum.html
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| | Wampum: Introduction |
| | This was a trial period to last until the convening of the next court. | | | Wampum was used by colonists in New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia. | | | On November 15, 1637 the Massachusetts General Court promulgated that wampum beads would pass at 6 to a penny and were to be legal as payment in sums under 12 pence. |
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http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Wampum.intro.html
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| | Encyclopedia of North American Indians - - Wampum |
| | White wampum in its ritual use stands in potential contrast both to black wampum, which most frequently symbolizes ritual asocial states of being, such as the "darkness" of mourning, and to red-painted wampum, which most frequently symbolizes antisocial states of being—specifically, war. | | | While wampum beads, strings, and belts are identified with "traditional" northeastern woodlands Indian religious, social, and political practices, they were also incorporated into mission Catholicism in the seventeenth century, as exemplified among the Christianized Huron (formerly of southwestern Ontario and later of Lorette, near Quebec City). | | | Dark purple wampum beads, on the other hand, have not been found at prehistoric sites; rather, they make their appearance in the archaeological and documentary record around the turn of the seventeenth century. |
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http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_042000_wampum.htm
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| | WAMPUM |
| | Each speaker in turn punctuated his remarks by handing wampum belts across the council fire; if a listener threw a belt aside, it meant that he doubted the speaker's words - or rejected his proposal. | | | Although such belts were valuable, they were not (as many easterners thought, and as many people still think) a form of currency. | | | Indian speakers rarely spoke without lengths of wampum, either strings or belts or both, draped over their shoulders or arms, to which they referred frequently as they spoke and which were sporadically presented to dignitaries in attendance as points were made. |
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http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Cove/8286/wampum.html
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| | All About Wampum |
| | Wampum could be given from one group to another as a way of declaring war or requesting peace. | | | : After European people came to America, wampum was sometimes used as a "treaty"-- a way of showing an agreement between the white people and Indian people. | | | If they returned the wampum, they were saying "no." |
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http://web.grinnell.edu/courses/edu/f01/edu315-01/liberato/wampum.html
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| | Wampum |
| | Wampum beads were valued highly because of the scarcity of the shells from which they were made and because of the amount of patient labor necessary to make a single bead. | | | Wampum was highly prized by the Indians for several purposes long before it came into use as money in trading with the white settlers. | | | The hole was tediously drilled with a slender reed, tipped with flint, which was rolled on the thigh with the right hand while the bit of shell was held against it with the left. |
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http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/700-799/nb725.htm
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| | wampum1 |
| | White wampum is made from the Atlantic Whelk shell, which is a type of ocean snail. | | | However, the coastal native nations, who had access to the Atlantic Ocean, did use wampum beads as a form of barter and trade especially with the inland native nations. | | | Purple wampum is made from the Quahog shell. |
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http://www.peace4turtleisland.org/pages/wampum1.htm
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| | WAMPUM |
| | Although individual beads have been found in the archeological record, it is believed the use of Wampum in belts dates from the fifteenth century The Iroquois originally obtained Wampum of this form and color by trade and tribute from the "Wampum makers" of long Island. | | | After 1800, a group of Iroquois reinterpreted and codified their re1igion~the "Longhouse Religion"-which deepened the religious overtones of traditional ceremonies. | | | The exchange of Wampum became an important part of diplomatic protocol whenever Indians and whites concluded a treaty or assembled for other councils. |
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http://tuscaroras.com/jtlc/Wampum/what_is_wampum.html
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| | Wampum |
| | If you head to the new Wampum, which is lost in the belly of a Verisign DNS snafu, you'll come up with some error message. | | | Old Wampum archives will remain on Blogspot until I can figure out how to move them without mangling them, as I did yesterday. | | | For all of those who have expressed such warm and kind support, I hope the update will be heartening. |
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http://wampum.blogspot.com
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| | Wampum |
| | Wampum belts were also used to document intertribal transactions and important public events. | | | In trade, unstrung beads were exchanged and belts and strings were traded by the fathom, or number of beads that could be sold for a price of five British shillings. | | | "Wampum," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeamericans/wampum.htm
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| | Wampum |
| | Wampum was used by many Indian peoples in the northeastern part of North America as a way of recording and sending messages. | | | to form alliances or make treaties and agreements with Europeans (George Washington sent wampum belts to Indian peoples he wanted as allies). | | | Wampum was considered sacred and was treated with great respect because the messages it carried were of great importance. |
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http://www.gnb.ca/0016/wampum.htm
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| | Cultural Readings - Wampum belt |
| | Iroquois wampum belt: New York or Eastern Canada. | | | This wampum belt is an abstract representation of an alliance between two peoples, signified by the straight path running between them. | | | Wampum served to engender further diplomatic contact; its presentation was a gesture that required a repricocal effort on the part of the recipient. |
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http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/kislak/print/belt.html
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| | Home Page |
| | Wampum's historic value is well documented and existed as far more than just 'legal tender' thousands of years before the first settlers arrived. | | | Wampum Magic makes stunning creations from shells rich in color and texture found only in our local waters.There is nothing like this to be found anywhere in the world but here. | | | Wampum Magic - Original Native American Shell Jewelry |
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http://www.wampummagic.com
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| | Wampum, Pennsylvania (PA) Detailed Profile - travel and real estate info, jobs, hotels, hospitals, weather, schools, ... |
| | For population 15 years and over in Wampum borough | | | For population 25 years and over in Wampum | | | Additional information about hotels, doctors, dentists, jobs, apartments, real estate, travel attractions, weather, and many interactive features are coming soon. |
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Wampum-Pennsylvania.html
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| | Wampum News |
| | The Hennons -- L. Butler Hennon was a legendary coach at Wampum High School, and his son, Don, was the star player on a 1955 Wampum team that won a WPIAL title. | | | Local news for Wampum, PA continually updated from thousands of sources on the web. | | | Lawrence County commissioners said Thursday they are willing to help pay for emergency repairs to Darlington Road in Wampum, but they are not sure how much money the county can spare. |
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http://www.topix.net/city/wampum-pa
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| | The Wampum Shop |
| | The purpose of Wampum Belts was to record a treaty or event in history and they were meant to be handled and talked about, not locked away in a vault for no one ever to see. | | | They are exact replicas of the original Wampum Belts that are now held in storage or in various Museums all over the world. | | | The Wampum Shop is located on the Beautiful Six Nations of the Grand River Reservation near Brantford. |
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http://www.wampumshop.com
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| | Wampum |
| | Originlly the strands would have been on leather string. | | | Below are three strands of white and blue wampum beads; each strand is approximately 20" in length, containing about 175 beads. |
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http://www.nd.edu/~rarebook/coins/ColCoin/ColCoinText/Wampum.html
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| | Wampum Maltese |
| | Please have a look at all the beautiful Maltese I own and love. | | | PO Box 72057, Lynnwood Ridge, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa | | | Wampum Maltese, Wampum Maltese, Wampum Maltese, Maltese, Maltese, Maltese |
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http://www.wampummaltese.com
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