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| | Question: Assess the main achievements of the first four caliphs (632 to 661 AD). How powerful and united was the Arab ... |
 | | Being a Ummayad, Abu Bakr had political and military powers to complement his religious authority and at the start of Abu Bakr's reign, the Arabs were able to conquer the whole of the Middle East. | | | In 656, Caliph Othman was assassinated and from then onwards, the role of the Caliph became a less religious and more political one. | | | After another major battle in Central Iraq in 658, Muawiya was able to rule Syria as a virtually independent state within Islam. |
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http://www.onlineessays.com/essays/history/his106.php
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| | NU HIST 2805: The Rise of the Abbasids |
| | The Umayyads became the leaders of the umma in the late 7th century A.D. because they were militarily and politically competent to run the great empire that the Arabs had acquired. | | | The attempts of the Umayyads to hold onto a structure where only Arabs -- and specifically the Syrian-Arab military establishment--enjoyed the full privileges of Muslims was one of the reasons they fell to the Abbasids. | | | Finally, the Abbasids led the forces of a dissatisfied Muslim military establishment on the borderlands, an establishment that included both Arab and non-Arab Muslims (with their distinct complaints). |
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http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/2805/ABBASID1.HTM
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| | Islamica Community Forums - existence of this companion |
| | They were not as intriguers as the Ummayads were, and therefore they were defeated because of the betrayal of the Iraqis and some other tribes, who sold their loyalties to the Ummayads. | | | A.H. to 73 A.H.) Hazrat Musab was his governor over Northern Areas, but in the mean time the Ummayads, under Abdul Malik (who controlled Syria) began to assert themselves and became so strong that they attacked Mecca in 73. | | | Hazrat Abdullah and Hazrat Musab were known for their bravery and fighting spirits. |
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http://www.islamicaweb.com/archive/t-7616
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| | The Causes Of The Islamic State’s Weakness |
| | However, what in fact led those political parties to resort to that type of methodology in order to seize power, was as a result of what took place during the rule of the Ummayads. | | | This method pushed those political parties to resort to force in order to seize power. | | | The Ummayads introduced the method of handing over the Khilafah to the heir apparent, who was then given the bay’ah. |
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http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org/english/books/state/chapter_38.html
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| | The Foreign Policy Of The Islamic State |
| | This disparity was due, however, to the priorities the State would give to its foreign policy among other factors, but the spreading of Islam remained always the basis on which the relationship of the Islamic State with other states, peoples and nations was established. | | | The State could also sign economic treaties with some countries, whilst at the same time not have trade relations with others; taking into account the interest of the da‘wah for Islam. | | | The Ummayads were actually more successful in conquering other countries and spreading Islam than the Abbasids, and the ‘Uthmanis conquered more countries and spread Islam more than the Mamluks. |
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http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org/english/books/state/chapter_34.html
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| | Phoenicia, Phoenician Christians, The First Converts Outside the Jews |
| | The Ummayad caliphs (661-750) lived as Arabs first and Muslim second. | | | Despite these exceptions, Ummayd rule was characterized on the whole by political as well as religious and intellectual liberalism. | | | However, during the rule of the Ummayad caliph Umar II (717-720) there arose the concern to summon conquered peoples to Islam and to create favorable conditions allowing an equitable or better participation of all Muslims in the social and political life of the community. |
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http://phoenicia.org/xtian.html
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| | Steven Vincent on Iraq on National Review Online |
| | Hussein, we are told, knew he would die at Karbala, but went anyway, sacrificing himself — and, somewhat inexplicably, his family and friends — in order to discredit the Ummayads and keep the pure light of Islam alive. | | | To explain their hero's defeat, the Shia wove an elaborate web of fable and legend, complete with heroic last stands, valiant speeches, skies that wept blood and, above all, holy martyrdom. | | | Echoes of Gethsemane and Golgotha are obvious, except there is no resurrection, no happy ending for the Shiites-only endless weeping for Hussein and guilt for those ancient Iraqis who failed to help him. |
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http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/vincent200404081542.asp
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| | islamicate: July 2005 Archives |
| | The Ummayads were also big fans of Islam for Arabs only, which matches AQ's vision of the world well I think. | | | The Ummayads II (929-1031) - A multi-religious, multi-ethnic state. | | | While AQ might see themselves as crushing “heresies,” their superficial forebears were the Kharijites, who were in fact one of the early minority groups that were eventually considered marginal. |
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http://www.islamicate.com/islamicate/2005/07
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| | FOSS2005: About Syria |
| | With the spread of Islam and the coming of the Ummayad Caliphate, Damascus became the administrative capital of a vast and growing Muslim polity. | | | Greater Syria, known in Arabic as the Bilad-I-Sham, continued to be an important religious, cultural, and trade centre after the Ummayads. | | | Syria has been at both the centre and the margins of important historical empires including the Persian, Roman, and Byzantine. |
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http://www.foss2005.org/english/syria
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| | Untitled |
| | It is probable that he strongly sympathized with the Alids and resented the way in which they had been set aside. | | | It was the time when Ummayad politics was tottering and muslims were approaching Imam Baqir(AS) in thousands. | | | This was a very precarious juncture for Imam Sadiq(AS) As regards the tyranny of the Ummayads, he agreed with his uncle Zaid for whom he had a great deal of respect. |
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http://www.al-islam.org/kaaba14/9.htm
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| | Overview of Islamic Gardens: MUSLIM SPAIN |
| | This area had been under the control of the Christians and previous to that by the Romans while also having Jewish cultural influence. | | | Perhaps because the invaders were aware of these influences and because of the fact that the Ummayads were competing with the Abbasids in Baghdad for legitimacy, the Arabs made sure to emphasize a strong Arab culture in al-Andalus and gardens and architecture were a personification of this attempt. | | | This meant that gardens in Spain would have embodied some Spanish- Christian, Roman, and even possibly Jewish ideas that had been transformed into an Islamic layout, specifically the bagh type from Persia. |
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http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/arabic_islamic_architecture/22279
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| | [No title] |
| | Therefore he decided to leave to Iraq for the sole reason of preventing any blood shedding in the Holy City of Mekkah. | | | Thus, underlining the Islamic conception of the Imamate and revealing the falsehood of the Ummayad claims were among the fundamental reasons that made the Imam declare his revolution. | | | We the members of the family of Muhammad (Ahl ul-Bait) are more entitled to be the rulers than those who claim what is not rightfully theirs; those oppressors and tyrants". |
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http://www.imamalinet.net/vigenam/moharam1422/en/d.htm
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| | BrothersJudd Blog: TALES OF THE ALHAMBRA: |
| | The Ummayads in Spain have certainly been over-praised. | | | The Inquisition was only one of several agencies he used to enforce absolute obedience to his rule, and to establish an atmosphere of fear and repression throughout the entire country in the process. | | | It's not that the Ummayad regime in Spain was any great shakes, but that its successor was an unmitigated horror. |
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http://www.brothersjudd.com/blog/archives/008174.html
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| | Open Directory - Society:Religion and Spirituality:Islam:History:Dynasties and Empires |
| | The capital of the Caliphate moved to Baghdad, Iraq. | | | At a time when the Abbasids were unable to displace the Ummayads in Spain, the Fatimids in Egypt; when the Buwayhids and Ghaznavids controlled from Persia east and south. | | | Taking advantage of widespread discontent with Ummayad rule, descendants of al-Abbas brought about the end of the Ummayad Caliphate in the East. |
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http://dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/History/Dynasties_and_Empires/desc.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Web site devoted to Islam maintains this historical information on the Ummayads. | | | Chart depicts rulers of the Ummayad caliphate and the years in which they reigned. | | | This copyright material may not be published, broadcast or redistributed in any manner. |
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http://www.pearsoncustom.com/allpages/umayyaddynasty_bot.html
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| | Shi'a Islam |
| | The Isma'ilis who lived in Iraq and the Persian Gulf were divided in their attitude towards the Fatimids. | | | In 680 Husayn, his family and seventy of his followers were intercepted and massacred at a site called Karbala', near Kufa. | | | The conflict between 'Ali and Mu'awiyya was brought to an end in 661 when 'Ali was stabbed to death by a Kharijite in front of a mosque in his capital city Kufa. |
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http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/geness.html
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| | Boston.com / News / World / Middle East / A look at the holy day Ashoura |
| | Hussein and the men with him were decapitated, and the women taken prisoner. | | | Hussein and his followers moved from the Arabian peninsula into Iraq, harried by forces of the Ummayad caliph Yazid. | | | Finally, Hussein was left with only handful of supporters, women and children, thirsty in the desert and surrounded by Ummayad forces. |
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http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2004/03/02/a_look_at_the_holy_day_ashoura?mode=PF
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| | The Prophet Muhammad's Family |
| | Mu'awiyah (caliph 661-680), founder of the Ummayad dynasty, claimed a blood relationship with the Prophet via his sister, Umm Habibah (who was the Prophet's wife), and his father Abu-Sufyan, the leader of the Meccan Quraysh. | | | This claim began a highly violent and hostile period in Islamic history. | | | Shi'ites opposed to the Ummayads would support only an 'Alid, or a descendant of Ali. |
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http://faculty.juniata.edu/tuten/islamic/family.html
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| | ARAB WORLD The expansion of Islam |
| | Al-Fitna Al-Kubra, 'the great upheaval', put an end to the Medinan Caliphate, and Mu'awiya became the first Ummayad Caliph, with his capital in Damascus. | | | His choice went to his son, Yazid, who duly went on to become the second Ummayad Caliph. | | | The Abbassid branch overthrew the Ummayads in the middle of the 2nd century AH (8th century AD) and shifted the seat of power to Iraq, where the second Abbassid Caliph built Baghdad, not far from the site of ancient Babylon. |
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http://www.imarabe.org/ang/perm/mondearabe/theme/docs/3.html
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| | Cleric joins martyrs of religion steeped in blood |
| | But Ali was murdered in his turn by the followers of the Ummayads and when Ali's son, Hussein, tried to succeed his father, he, too, was slain, in the southern Iraqi town of Kerbala. | | | Mohammed's successors, the caliphs, combined, as he had, the powers of mediaeval Europe's popes and emperors, of religious and temporal leadership. | | | The Ummayads regained power, and held it for well over a century. |
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http://www.opinion.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1999/02/23/wrak123.html
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| | Islamic flags |
| | The reason for their black color was that during Hashmi Movement (the movement to kick out Ummayyads), the Abbassi leader Imam Ibrahim was killed by the Ummayad government. | | | In his mourning Abbasis adopted black color, which later became their symbol when they came to power. | | | Ummayads of Iberia ruled Muslim Iberia and for sometime parts of North Africa. |
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http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/islam.html
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| | et - Full Story |
| | Muaawya asserts his right to rule the Islamic polity; Muaawya founds the Ummayad dynasty on hereditary rule. | | | 747 AD The descendents of the Prophet (PBUH)’s uncle Al-Abbas revolt against the Ummayads, claiming right to rule. | | | Ali fights the governor of Syria Muaawya (Uthman’s relative) who refused to swear allegiance to the new caliph; the factionalization of the Muslim community into three groups: the Ummayads, Ali’s supporters (Shi’a) and Kharijis (a group that turned against Ali) |
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http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3348
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| | iranFilter Shi'ism |
| | The Shi'ites claim that 'Ali was the second Muslim after Muhammad's first wife, Khadija, while Sunnis, who kept faith with the Ummayads claim him as the third, putting Abu Bekr before him. | | | The vast majority of Shi'ites are the twelve imam or twelver shi'ites (ithna 'ashari) and live today primarily in Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon. | | | Shi'ism "Shi'ia" literally means, "The Party of 'Ali", and the divisions between the Ummayads and the followers of 'Ali gave rise, in the longer term to a lasting sectarian division. |
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http://iranfilter.com/link.php/438
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| | Damascus_Timeline |
| | Islam was plagued by the assassination of Uthman (third caliph) and civil war. | | | They were from a clan called the Ummayads and were known as religious and modest leaders, but their clan later began enriching themselves. | | | The successors of Muhammad - Abu Bakr and Umar - were called caliphs (a short form of Commander of the Faithful). |
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http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/IBn_Battuta/Damascus_Timeline.html
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| | Short Introduction to Shi'ism |
| | The Ummayad army returned to Yazid with the heads of Husayn and his followers on their spears. | | | The Ummayad caliph Yazid, wishing to stamp out all possible opposition from Kufa, sent an army to intercept Husayn. | | | He was not opposed by Ali's older son Hassan, who abdicated the title in his favor. |
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http://faculty.juniata.edu/tuten/islamic/shiism.html
(802 words)
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| | websites |
| | Images from world history – Syria under the Ummayads and ‘Abbasids (7-11 c. | | | All the cities are listed in this site not to mention a large number of business listings, |
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http://www.myarabicstory.org/SYRIA/websites.htm
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| | Ta'ziyeh: Performing Iran's Living Epic Tradition - Arts & Culture - Asia Society |
| | Killed by the Ummayads (later to become the Sunnis), the death of Hussein is the signal event separating Shi'ism as a branch of Islam. | | | This could be a description of Ta'ziyeh Khani, the Iranian epic drama that commemorates the martyrdom of Hussein, the grandson of Mohammad, together with his companions and sons on the plain of Karbala (just outside modern Baghdad) in the 61st year of the Muslin era (680 C.E.). | | | The Ta'ziyeh Khani are, indeed, plays of "life and death," born "in a moment of mortal threat." By allowing us to experience this dramatic tradition as it continues to be performed in modern Iran, the Lincoln Center Festival has accomplished a remarkable feat against many odds. |
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http://www.asiasociety.org/arts/taziyeh/riggio.html
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| | Biography of Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad 'Ali ibn Muhammad Ibn Sa'id |
| | An adherent of the Zahirite theological sect, he attacked the most venerable religious authorities of Islam, who virtually ‘excommunicated’ him and ordered his writings to be burnt. | | | By the age of 30 he had become prime minister to Abdurrahman V (1023–4), but on the fall of the Ummayads, he retired from public life. | | | By common consent ‘the greatest scholar and the most original genius of Moslem Spain’, born in Córdoba, Spain. |
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http://www.allbiographies.com/biography-AbuMuhammadAliibnMuhammadIbnSaidIbnHazm-46121.html
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| | IMHO: Historical Aside |
| | While the issue was initially one of leadership, the Shi'ites later developed a theological rationale for their oppositional stance, both to the Ummayads and later to the Abbasids, and their movement produced a number of doctrinal offshoots and its own schools of legal interpretation. | | | A second purely intra-Islamic debate that escalated with the Muslim's spreading conquests and one related to the issue of succession was the very conception of the religious community. | | | Umar won, giving his name to the first dynasty of caliphs. |
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http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~kramarsky/kramarskyblog/archives/000116.html
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| | UNF Medieval Europe: Class 7: Arab Kingdoms and Islamic Empires |
| | Understand why the Ummayad state -- based in Damascus -- can be characterized as an "Arab Kingdom," while the Abbasid state -- based in Baghdad -- can be characterized as an "Islamic Empire." | | | Introduction: Arab Kingdoms and Islamic Empires: Ummayads, Abbasids, and Turks | | | Last class an exercise in macro and micro history trying to explain both the larger causes and immediate factors behind the truly explosive growth of Islam.] The factors - religious background, Persia, Arabness - all contribute to its development. |
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http://www.unf.edu/classes/medieval/med-07.htm
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| | 495g/595g Colloquium Islam & The West |
| | trace the development of Islam from its early military conquests through its political apogee in the great Empires of the Ummayads and Abbasids, the Ottomans and the Moguls, to its political nadir in the colonial and post-colonial periods of the twentieth century; |
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http://w3fp.arizona.edu/judaic/Syllabi/495g595g.htm
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| | Untitled |
| | Imam Musa Ibn Ja’afar was born during the struggle between the Ummayads and the Abbasids. | | | He was only four years old when Abul Abbas “Saffah”, “The Shedder of Blood”, came to the throne as the first Abbasid caliph. |
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http://www.al-islam.org/kaaba14/10.htm
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| | Byzantium Faith and Power 1261–1557 |
| | Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 C.E.): the Second Islamic Dynasty of caliphs who seized power from the Damascus based Ummayads in 750 C.E. The Abbasids were descendents of Abbas, the uncle of Muhammad; they ruled from their imperial capital of Baghdad, later from Samara, and then once again from Baghdad. |
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http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/byzantium_III/glossary_a.html
(1771 words)
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| | ipedia.com: History of Spain Article |
| | The ancient Kingdom of Asturias clung to the loose mountains of northeastern Spain, with its capital at Oviedo, while the Basques in Navarre retained sovereignty through the period of Muslim rule. | | | Sancho III of Navarre - a man of considerable military skill - placed his son Fernando on the throne of the County of Castile in 1028, propelling Christian Spain yet further into the south. | | | The military decline of the Ummayads in Spain led to the creation in 913 of the Kingdom of Leon. |
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http://www.ipedia.com/history_of_spain.html
(3377 words)
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| | A Brief Course of Islam |
| | Ummayads who usurped the Caliphate were corrupt, worldly and tyrannical | | | The sufferings of the Imams at the hands of the Ummayads: some banished, others poisoned, or forced to retire, while witnessing the tyrannies of Ummayads – great lessons in Covenant and Covenant breaking | | | Substantial agreement on issue relating to Qur’an and the life of Muhammad |
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http://bci.org/bahaistudies/courses/Islam.htm
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| | Act Locally |
| | But the Baghdad victory is still fresh and there appears little chance that Iraq will ever be developed as the 51st State. | | | And wait and see Democracy turn on like a light bulb in a region that hasn’t had a free election in nearly five millennia of history under the Assyrians, Sassanians, Macedonians, Abbasids and Ummayads, Tartars, Mongols, English and now the Americans. |
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http://www.laalternativepress.com/v02n01/polis/haefele.php
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| | Al-Qatta'i |
| | The Caliphs who ruled the Muslim world from their capital in Damascus were called the Ummayads, and they managed to hold power for a little more than one hundred years, from roughly the 630s until about 750. | | | After that, a new dynasty rose to the east, in Baghdad, and they were called the Abbassids. | | | A little Islamic history to provide the background for the next stage of the history of Cairo: |
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http://menic.utexas.edu/menic/cairo/history/qattai/qattai.html
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| | Islamic History and Culture - Art and Architecture in Islam - Architecture of Muslim Caliphate in North Africa |
| | This ex-Vandals ravaged region was steered to civilisation and prosperity quickly restoring its important position in the Mediterranean region and later gaining strategic significance in the Muslim world. | | | The arrival of Islam to North Africa at the hands of Uqba Ibn Nafi (d.683) annexed this region to the Caliphate in the East, becoming firstly part of the Ummayads and later a province of the Abbasids. | | | Summarised extracts from a full article, see resources below, where a homogenous survey on the Architecture of Muslim Spain, end notes, references and bibliography are given. |
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http://www.islamic-paths.org/Home/English/History/Art_Arch/Architecture_N_Africa.htm
(1120 words)
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| | The New Jersey Scholars Program 2004 |
| | With Yoavs [History and Politics teacher] straightforward and hard-hitting style, we absorbed the most meticulous details on the Ummayads, the Ottoman Empire, and the 1967 War. | | | With Amys [Religion teacher] diligence yet open-mindedness, we read parts of the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, the Quran on the same night while contemplating the importance of God and spirituality. |
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http://www.lawrenceville.org/njsp/2004GraduationRemarks.html
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| | phorum - Our World Forum at Asiawind - Re: THE EMERGING GEOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF EURASIA |
| | A year later in 751, a 30.000 strong Chinese army aided by their Turgesh Turk allies, foes of the Karluks, led by the general Gao Xianqi (a Silla Korean) was defeated by an Arabic-Karluk army at the Talas river in the high Pamir region. | | | In A.D. 749-750 the Abbassids seized control of the Caliphate from the Ummayads who had enjoyed a traditionally warm relationship with Tang China, the capital was transferred to Baghdad leading to increased Abbassid expansionism eastwards and westwards. | | | All posters should read, understand and agree to the forum policy and etiquette before posting. |
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http://www.asiawind.com/forums/read.php?f=3&i=3359&t=3351
(432 words)
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| | L E B A N O N |
| | Enduring through the entire Islamic period, however, were the rivalries between the different Arab tribal groupings-the Qays (North) and Kalb, or Yemen (South)-who had settled in the area after the conquest. | | | The decline of the united caliphate of the Ummayads and Abbasids, and the rise of local dynasties, formed the unsettling background to the next stage in the region's history. | | | Early in the 11th century the Druze, an extremist Shiite sect, established themselves in southern Mount Lebanon, becoming sometimes partners and sometimes rivals of the formerly dominant Maronites. |
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http://www.1001medrecipes.com/mLEBANON.htm
(4794 words)
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| | hybridmagazine.com :: indie counter-culture daily, no secret handshakes. |
| | By 1915 this onetime center of the ancient world was largely forgotten except by the nomadic Bedouins whose herds grazed here and across the Jordan River on what would later become known as the West Bank. | | | But the trade routes shifted and Roman conquerers were replaced by Byzantines, Ummayads, Abbasids, Mamelukes and Ottomans. | | | Nabatean trade routes extended into India and China; the Nabatean alphabet would later become Arabic script. |
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http://www.hybridmagazine.com/culture/0502/jordan.shtml
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| | HAM - Asia art - 2 - Mesopotamia & Persia |
| | As soon as there are written records, some 5,000 years ago in the Near East, we find references to many of the sexual practices - homosexuality, male and female transexualism and transvestism, masturbation - familiar to us today, and masturbation is a central theme in the creation myths of Mesopotamia. | | | Although there are some frescoes depicting female nudes in private palaces of the Ummayads, in Persia, there are few surviving works inspired by Eros. | | | We draws attention to the one significant cluster of homerotic images that center around court figures in Persian miniatures of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
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http://www.homoerotimuseum.net/asi/asi02.html
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| | THE ALEVI OF ANATOLIA: TURKEY'S LARGEST MINORITY |
| | They reject all enemies of ehlibeyt, especially the Ummayads who are seen as the personification of evil: they imposed Sunnism as the dominant orthodoxy to enslave the masses; distorted true Islam; destroyed the original Quran and pro-Alid Hadiths, and persecuted the Imams. | | | The Islamic concept of God as patriarchal and authoritarian, judging people by their works, is coupled to the idea of a loving God with whom you can be united by a heartfelt faith and esoteric rites. | | | Alevis venerate Ehlibeyt - the House of the Prophet (Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hassan, Hussein) - seen as transcendent and superior to all others, and offer them love and reverence (sevgi ve saygi). |
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http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/ALEVI.html
(9226 words)
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| | Bilecik Province - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The region was inhabited as early as 3000 BC, and was part of the territory controlled by such noteable civilizations as the Hittites (1400-1200 BC), the Phrygians (1200-676 BC), Lydians (595-546 BC), Persians (546-334 BC), Romans (74-395 AD) and Byzantians (395 AD to late 13th century, with two brief occupations by Ummayads in between). | | | Bilecik is a province in midwest Turkey, neighboring Bursa to the east, Kocaeli and Sakarya to the north, Bolu to the west, Eskişehir to the southeast and Kütahya to the south, spanning an area of 4,307 km |
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http://www.lexington-fayette.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Bilecik_Province
(189 words)
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| | World Heritage Sites in Jordan |
| | Containing remains from the Roman, Byzantine and Early Moslem periods (end of 3rd to 9th century AD), the site started as a Roman military camp and grew to become a town as of the 5th century. | | | Syria under the Ummayads and `Abbasids (7-11th c. | | | Dating from the beginning of the 8th century, this is one of the oldest remaining Islamic baths. |
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http://www.thesalmons.org/lynn/wh-jordan.html
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| | Umayyad - TheBestLinks.com - Ummayads, Abbasids, Abd-ar-rahman III, Abd-ar-Rahman IV, ... |
| | Umayyad - TheBestLinks.com - Ummayads, Abbasids, Abd-ar-rahman III, Abd-ar-Rahman IV,... | | | Ummayads, Umayyad, Abbasids, Abd-ar-rahman III, Abd-ar-Rahman IV, Abd-ar-Rahman... |
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http://www.thebestlinks.com/Ummayads.html
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