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| | c. The Umayyad Caliphate. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |
 | | The uprising tapped the support of the mawali, or non-Arab converts to Islam, who were emerging as an important social group with grievances against the regime for being treated as second-class Muslims and having to pay the taxes demanded of non-Muslims, despite their conversion. | | | After Mu& death, Husayn had attempted to wrest political control from the Umayyad government. | | | On his way to Kufa in search of military support he and his followers were surrounded by Umayyad troops at Karbala and then killed after being deprived of water for days. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/67/289.html
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| | 755 - 1002 Umayyad Dynasty |
| | The Umayyad Abd al-Rahman I crosses to Spain, defeats Yusuf al-Fihri, and becomes independent emir of Spain (Collins, 1983). | | | A Umayyad prince defeats and executes Tumlus - a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before (Livermore, 1966). | | | Abd al-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid inspired revolt (Collins, 1983). |
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http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/0711/0755.htm
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| | Islam and Fragmentation, to 1200 CE |
| | From among the ruling Umayyad family a conspiracy arose against him, which was joined by some generals from Syria& army - an army tired of constant campaigning. | | | Grants of money and land had been accruing to members of the Umayyad clan, to Muhammad& family and to various other Arab leaders. | | | Ubaydullah began a dynasty called the Fatimids, claiming descent from Muhammad& daughter Fatima. |
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http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h08is.htm
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| | History of the Muslims, empires of Islam |
| | Ali was assassinated in 661 by Muawiyah, the founder of the Umayyad Dynasty, who took his place as caliph. | | | The Umayyad clan of the Koreish Jewish tribe, had been "late" converts to Islam. | | | European history has remained transfixed on the Christian Crusades of the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, it has largely ignored these Muslim attacks and invasions...When accusing the West of imperialism, Muslims are obsessed with the Crusades, but they have forgotten their own longer and more gruesome Jihad |
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http://biblia.com/islam/history.htm
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| | New Page 1 |
| | at a time when the Umayyad dynasty was already in the state of (complete) dissolution, when its Arab group feeling was wiped out, and when each amir had (independent) control over his particular region. | | | The Saljugs seized power after the Daylam, and the (caliphs) were ruled by them. | | | They had no longer any group feeling left, because, for three hundred years, the Arabs had been dominated by luxury and had perished. |
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http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_02.htm
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| | Umayyads |
| | The time of the Umayyads was not a time of conversion to Islam, as people converting to Islam, were exempted from certain taxes, like the jizya, the tax of the dhimmis. | | | But even with the Umayyads out of Damascus, they were not all cut away from power, as some members of the family moved to Muslim Spain, where their leader seized the position as emir. | | | The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the Abbasids. |
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http://i-cias.com/e.o/ummawiyy.htm
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| | History of Iran-chapter 3, part II |
| | Despite this considerable disadvantage, the unanimous hatred of the Muslim population towards the Umayyad dynasty eventually leaned the heavier side of the scale towards Abu Muslim. | | | Abu Muslim was initially a mojahed, but he later realised the corruption of the Umayyad Caliphs, and established an opposition in support of the claims of one family to the Caliphate. | | | With their moral support and the backing of his troops, Abu Muslim marched towards the Umayyad capital, Damascus. |
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http://www.iranologie.com/history/history6.html
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| | Islam Social Organization |
| | Husayn was unalterably opposed to the Umayyads, but before he could organize an opposing army, he and his family were massacred by Yazid, the second Umayyad ruler, at Karbala in Iraq. | | | .) While the Umayyads nominally claimed the religious leadership as well, this was not a major emphasis of their activities. | | | This brought a number of different ethnic groups and nationalities into the umma. |
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http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/ReligioNet/ER/Islam/iorg.htm
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| | Introduction |
| | Castejón (1975: 134) reports that, sailing from Lisbon, Umayyad naval vessels reached America, from whence they returned with specimens of plants and men, and having left a Kufic inscription that was found by later Christian conquistadors. | | | Ismaili missionaries had already been noted in Umayyad al-Andalus, and some allege that Ibn Hafsun pledged his support to the Fatimids as part of his own fitna against the state (Fierro 2001: 171). | | | The story of Muhammad& rise to leadership of the disparate Arab tribes of the Hejaz is well known, though few at the time of his hijra or flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E. would have anticipated the rise of the Islamic movement that was to follow. |
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http://perso.wanadoo.es/neil/Caliph.htm
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| | A timeline of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians |
| | : the Marinid dynasty collapses in Morocco and is succeeded by the Sadid synasty | | | : the Sadid dynasty collapses in Morocco and is succeeded by the Alawis | | | : the Almohads, led by Abdul-Mu'min, conquer Morocco from the Almoravids and cause the collapse of the Almoravid dynasty |
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http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/arabic.html
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| | Abbasid Dynasty ... youregypt.com |
| | Driven by their hatred for the Umayyad dynasty on the belief that they represent the legitimacy in ruling Moslems, the Abbasids vigorously fought over the Umayyads. | | | They asserted themselves as rulers of the Moslem world in 750 AD and they conducted their rule from Iraq. | | | Winning battle after another, they finally seized Al-Fustat, the then Arab capital of Egypt. |
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http://www.youregypt.com/ehistory/history/islamic/abbasid
(272 words)
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| | A Taste of Maghribi History |
| | Numerous Arab and Berber dynasties succeeded the Idrisids. | | | The first Arab rulers established the Idrisid dynasty which ruled for 150 years. | | | By the 8th century several Muslim heresies found staunch supporters, if not a home, in the Maghrib, just as had many Christian heresies. |
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http://home.earthlink.net/~lilinah/Library/HistoryMaroc.html
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| | Dynasties and Empires - 30-Days Muslim World Prayer Guide |
| | The successor dynasty, Abbasid caliphate (750 — 1258), brought the rule of Islam into a new dimension of political power and wealth. | | | Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid caliphs, became a major center for the political and economical activity of the empire. | | | However, after World War II most of these colonies became independent and joined the United Nations — Iraq in 1932, Syria in 1947, Indonesia in 1950, Egypt in 1952, Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan in 1956, Malaysia in 1957, Nigeria in 1960 and Algeria in 1962. |
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http://www.30-days.net/islam/empires.htm
(548 words)
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| | Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East |
| | The criticisms that religious men in Medina and elsewhere had voiced of Umayyad policy - particularly the pursuit of worldly goals - were not lost on 'Umar who, reversing the policy of his predecessors, discontinued the levy of a poll tax on converts. | | | In the East, Umayyad rule in Transoxania brought the Arabs into contact with the Turks who, like the Berbers, embraced Islam and, in the course of time, became its staunch defenders. | | | On the contrary, the Muslims permitted Christians and Jews to practice their own faith and numerous conversions to Islam were the result of exposure to a faith that was simple and inspiring. |
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http://www.islamicity.org/Mosque/IHAME/sec4.htm
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| | HIS 101 - Lectures |
| | Arising from nomadic and mercantile society, the Arab Muslims drew deep inspiration from cultural traditions of the complex societies of the post-classical world. | | | Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, the end of the dynasty | | | 310) - "Traditionalists"; political and theological sect within Islam; supported the legitimacy of the Umayyad caliphs. |
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http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/his101sr/lectures/lecture07.htm
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| | Grabar.Formation of Islamic |
| | In Umayyad Islam this affirmation of victory was totally bound with missionary zeal. | | | He would hardly have been able to win over, as he did, the majority of the Muslims of his time against internal political threats. | | | In what was in the seventh century the Christian city par excellence Abd al-Malik wanted to affirm the superiority and the victory of Islam. |
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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/grabar2.html
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| | ayatollah - In the Shiite branch of Islam, a high-ranking religious authority regarded by his followers as the most ... |
| | Their rule was marked by, on the one hand, the cultivation of science and philosophy, and, on the other, efforts at religious unification by compelling Jews and Christians to convert or leave. | | | Sunnis regard theirs as the mainstream and traditionalist branch of Islam, as distinguished from the minority branch, the Shiites. | | | He was invited to join a revolt against the Umayyads, but was intercepted by an Iraqi force, which killed him. |
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http://www.gc.peachnet.edu/socsci/ehancock/BULLI/Islam-terms.htm
(3590 words)
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| | The Abassid Dynasty |
| | This bred bitter resentment, particularly among Arabs, such as the Khorosanian Arabs, that had helped them rise to power. | | | Both he and his successor, Abu Ja'far al-Mansur (754-775 / 136-158), ruthlessly consolidated power and began a series of administrative moves that would characterize Islamic government for the next several centuries. | | | The Umayyads had always been outsiders—as a wealthy clan in Mecca, they had opposed Muhammad—and the secularism and sometime degeneracy that accompanied their caliphate delegitimized their rule for many devout Muslims. |
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http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ISLAM/ABASSID.HTM
(1383 words)
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| | Umayyad- Sepola Search 2005 |
| | In the East, Umayyad rule in Transoxania brought the Arabs into contact... | | | to wrest political control from the Umayyad government. | | | The Umayyad capital from 929 to 1031 was... |
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http://www.sepola.com/Umayyad.html
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| | Damascus, Syria (Homs Online - Homsonline.com) |
| | This meant a radical change of civilization for this city as it swung from Byzantium and Christianity to the Orient and the Semitic world. | | | This marked the beginning of the city’s golden age which reached its apex in 661, when it became the capital of the Great Arab Empire that stretched from Spain to India, under the Umayyad Dynasty. | | | Once the capital of the Umayyad Dynasty, it now houses the Syrian Government and with a population of 3.5 million, is the hub of Syrian economic affairs. |
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http://www.homsonline.com/Citeis/Damascus.htm
(1041 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | 717 CE: Early Islam - The Umayyads attempt to conquer the Byzantine capital and fail, resulting in the weakening of the Umayyad government. | | | The opposing party, the Sunnites, insist on the customs of the historical evolution of the caliphate rather than a hereditary descent of spiritual authority. | | | 750 CE: Early Islam - The Abbasids overtake the rule of the Islamic world (except for Spain which falls under the rule of a descendant of the Umayyad family) and move the capital to Baghdad in Iraq. |
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http://eawc.evansville.edu/chronology/ispage.htm
(2032 words)
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| | Royalty.nu - Royalty and Religion - The Caliphate, Fatimids, Aga Khan |
| | Describes the early history of the Fatimids, from the founding of the secret society to the rise of the caliphal dynasty to power in North Africa and the founding of Cairo. | | | The standard introductory survey of this complex period in Arab and Islamic history. | | | The History of Al-Tabari: The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate by Al-Tabari, translated by Carole Hillenbrand. |
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http://www.royalty.nu/history/religion/Caliphate.html
(734 words)
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| | Umayyad Dynasty |
| | With the Umayyad dynasty, the political center of Islam shifts from Medina to Syria. | | | In 656 he was killed by a group of those supporting the claims of 'Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad. | | | The immense financial resources of the Islamic state, whose exchequer was swollen by the accumulated booty of the Arab conquests, were at the disposal of the Umayyad builders. |
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http://users.telerama.com/~jdehullu/islam/more_006.htm
(325 words)
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| | The Umayyad Caliphate |
| | The leader of the 'Abassids, Abu'l-'Abbas, went about systematically and ruthlessly killing as many Umayyads as he could find. | | | This is not to say that the Umayyad caliphate was not unmarred by degeneracy and downright cruelty. | | | The Umayyad caliphs could be startlingly brilliant both militarily and politically. |
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Umayyad.html
(2260 words)
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| | Aanjar: Commercial Hub of the Umayyad Dynasty |
| | Thought to be the summer home of Caliph Walid I, Aanjar survived only a few decades before the Umayyads were defeated by their rivals, the Abbasids (who founded the second Arab Islamic dynasty). | | | The Umayyad Dynasty, which flourished for 100 years (660-750 AD) in the first century after Mohammed, was the first of two dynasties of the Arab Islamic empire. | | | The Umayyad caliphs were notable for establishing a large empire, which extended from Spain, through North Africa, to Central Asia. |
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http://www.destinationlebanon.com/anjarmore.asp
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| | Islamset - Spread of Islam: The Rightly Guided Caliphs, Shia Islam, Sunni Islam, Sufism and the Abbasid Dynasty |
| | The Abbasids were Arabs descended from the Prophet's uncle, but the movement they led involved Arabs and non-Arabs, including many Persians, who had converted to Islam and who demanded the equality to which they were entitled in Islam. | | | Husayn had refused to recognize the legitimacy of the rule of the Umayyad Yazid, the son of Mu'awiyah, and was on his way to rally support for his cause in Kufah. | | | His plans were exposed before he arrived at Kufah, however, and a large Umayyad army met him and 70 members of his family at the outskirts of the city. |
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http://www.islamset.com/encyclo/spread_of_islam.html
(1400 words)
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| | The Four Righteous Caliphs |
| | By this time Ali's rule had been reduced to central and southern Iraq; he was murdered by a Kharijite in 661. | | | First, Uthman attempted to retain the unity of the empire by appointing members of his own clan, the Umayyads, to governorships; in particular, the governorship of his kinsman Muawiya was enlarged to include the whole of Syria and northern Iraq. | | | Muawiya became caliph of the entire Muslim empire, thus beginning the period of the Umayyad caliphate. |
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http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/right.htm
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| | Umayyad |
| | A branch of the Ummayad family, led by Abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil, was able to reach Cordoba and to reestablish Umayyad rule (780–1031) in Muslim Spain. | | | Marwan II - Marwan II, 684–750, last of the Umayyad caliphs. | | | Podium: 'Our enemies aim at the destruction of Arab identity'; From a speech by the President of Syria to the 10th regional congress of the Ba'ath Arab Socialist Party, at the Umayyad's Palace in Damascus.(Features) (The Independent (London, England)) |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0849981.html
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| | Wars5 |
| | At that dinner, all were assassinated except for one who was able to escape. | | | Spain remained Umayyad after the arrival of Abd al Rahman who escaped from the assassination attempt of all Umayyads in Baghdad, 750 by the Abbasids. | | | After 90 years of rule, a secret society was able to end this family's rule. |
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http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/War/Wars6.html
(2889 words)
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| | eLibrary Project : 756 |
| | Hondo City Masonic Lodge No. 756 - Hondo, Texas. | | | Faith Masonic Lodge No. 756 -- Oak Ridge - Meets first Mondays, 7:00 pm. | | | Society: Religion and Spirituality: Islam: History: Dynasties and Empires: Ummayad: Ummayad - Cordoba (1) |
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http://elibraryproject.com/info/756.html
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| | Umayyad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This established the Umayyad dynasty, and the capital of the caliphate was moved to Damascus. | | | Later when Ali was assassinated in 661, his son Hasan pledged allegiance to Muawiyah and Muawiyah was declared caliph of all Muslim lands. | | | Muawiyah had been the governor of Syria under the 3rd caliph and his kinsman, Uthman ibn Affan. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad
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| | Marwan I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Marwan's short reign was marked by a civil war among the Umayyads as well as a war against Abdullah bin Zubayr who continued to rule over the Hejaz, Iraq, Egypt and parts of Syria. | | | Marwan's ascension pointed to a shift in the lineage of the Umayyad dynasty from descendants of Abu Sufyan to those of Hakam, both of whom were grandsons of Umayya (for whom the Umayyad dynasty is named). | | | From here, Marwan went to Damascus, where he was made the caliph after Muawiyah II abdicated. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_I
(256 words)
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| | Islamic History: The Umayyad Dynasty - ReligionFacts.com |
| | The Umayyad family established a system of hereditary succession for the leader of the Muslim world. | | | Nonetheless the new religion penetrated deeply, to the point where conversions were discouraged since they might have been motivated by avoiding taxes, rather than true belief, and choosing a religion should override such economic concerns. | | | The majority of this new empire was of course non-Muslim, and aside from a protection tax (jizya) the conquered people found their religions tolerated. |
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http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history/umayyad.htm
(157 words)
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| | 26 |
| | The historians said that he renounced his father. | | | For he was the noblest Umayyad caliph in history. | | | Yazid abdicated the caliphate, for he wanted to save his religion from the succession he inherited illegally from his father, Yazid. |
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http://www.rafed.net/books/other-lang/imam-baqir/26.html
(1906 words)
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| | Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik |
| | Suleiman was known for his exceptional oratory skills, but his execution of the three generals tarnished his reputation. | | | 674 - 717) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 715 until 717. | | | He ignored his brothers and son, and appointed Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz as his successor on account of Umar's reputation as being one of the most wise, capable and pious persons of that era. |
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http://www.kiwipedia.com/suleiman-of-umayyad.html
(215 words)
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| | The Islamic World to 1600: The Caliphate and the First Islamic Dynasty (Collapse of the Umayyad Dynasty) |
| | Although the wave of expansion undertaken by the Umayyads significantly increased the number of people in the world who were exposed to Islam - particularly the Berbers and Turks - the sheer size of the Islamic empire was a major factor in the demise of the Umayyads as the region's political leaders. | | | The Abbasids promised their supporters, many of whom were mawali, that religion would prevail over race under the new dynasty, and all Muslims would be treated equally. | | | Many of the Umayyads' enemies formed a unified group to oppose the rulers. |
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http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/caliphate/umCollapse.html
(410 words)
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| | Arabia - History - Umayyad Dynasty (Ommiade Dynasty) |
| | Muawwiyah, left by his rival’s death sole though not undisputed emeer-el-moomeneen, or "ruler of the faithful," fixed his seat of government at Damascus, where he and the fourteen succeeding princes of his line ruled for eighty-nine years. | | | Victorious abroad, his dynasty, generally called by European authors the "Ommiade," from the name of Omeyyah, father of the race, was for its first, forty years harassed by frequent insurrections within the limits of the empire. | | | The initial disturbances from which all that succeeded directly or indirectly took rise, were due to the intrigues of the two sons of Ali, Hasan and Hoseyn, both of whom were deeply imbued with Persian superstition, and who thereby soon gave the schism that they headed a religious as well as a political character. |
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http://www.1902-encyclopedia.com/A/ARA/arabia-42.html
(868 words)
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| | Umayyad dynasty |
| | Arabian dynasty of the Islamic Empire who reigned as caliphs (civic and religious leaders of Islam) from 661 to 750, when they were overthrown by Abbasids. | | | A member of the family, Abd al-Rahmam, escaped to Spain and in 756 assumed the title of Emir of Córdoba. | | | His dynasty, which took the title of caliph in 929, ruled in Córdoba until the early 11th century. |
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http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0011428.html
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| | Marwan 2 |
| | Despite being the last ruler of the Umayyad Dynasty, ending his life being killed while trying to flee, Marwan was far from incompetent as a ruler. | | | almost 300 of the Umayyad family are killed. | | | (688-750) Caliph of Sunni Islam 744-750, as the last ruler of the Umayyad Dynasty. |
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http://lexicorient.com/e.o/marwan2.htm
(191 words)
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| | The Caliphate |
| | For many Muslims, this was the golden age of Islamic government when a true Islamic polity was in existence; from some Muslims, such as Shi'ite Muslims, this was the only period when there was legitimate Islamic government. | | | In this view, the founding of the Umayyad dynasty ushered in more than a millenium of illegitmate government. | | | "Uthman was an Umayyad, one of the wealthy clans that had bitterly opposed Muhammad. |
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http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ISLAM/CALIPH.HTM
(1488 words)
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| | Islam Glossary |
| | After the killing of Ali, the Umayyad dynasty became the leaders of the Islamic world. | | | The institution of the caliphs is called the "Caliphate." The office of caliph was held first by the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, then by the Umayyads, and then the Abbasids. | | | After initially opposing Mohammed, the Umayyad family became strong Moslems. |
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http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/religionet/er/islam/IGLOSSRY.HTM
(4460 words)
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| | Abu Sufyan - definition of Abu Sufyan in Encyclopedia |
| | One of Abu Sufiyan's sons was Muawiyah I who established the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs | | | Abu Sufiyan's grand-father was Umayya for whom the Umayyad dynasty is named, and his great-grand father was Abd Shams. | | | Abu Sufiyan's position of power made him an enemy of Muhammad, who he viewed as a threat, and who he tried to muzzle and even kill through various methods. |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Abu_Sufyan
(271 words)
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