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| | 755 - 1002 Umayyad Dynasty |
 | | A Umayyad prince defeats and executes Tumlus - a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before (Livermore, 1966). | | | The Umayyad Abd al-Rahman I crosses to Spain, defeats Yusuf al-Fihri, and becomes independent emir of Spain (Collins, 1983). | | | Abd al-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid inspired revolt (Collins, 1983). |
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http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/0711/0755.htm
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| | Post Umayyad Spain & North Africa |
| | It is clear that the Fatimid, in impugning the legitimacy of the Umayyad, both as a member of that family and as a caliph, had in mind his own Sunni subjects and other Sunnis farther west, among whom the Umayyad might win, or had already won, support against him. | | | A century and three-quarters earlier, when the first 'Abd al-Rahman had called himself simply amr, without laying claim to caliphal titulature, it had been abundantly clear that to claim anything more would have been absurd. | | | The details of this episode are a little opaque, but there appears to have been a meeting of some sort of shura, possibly a form of electoral college, which agreed upon a field of three candidates, all of them Umayyad princes: 'Abd al- Rahman b. |
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http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/spain/PUSandNA.htm
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| | Umayyad History |
| | Upon the death of Muawiya II (683-684), civil war broke out between two Arab factions, the Qaysites and the Kalbites, the latter of whom supported the candidacy of Marwan b. | | | Although the Qaysites had been defeated by the Kalbites in 684, thus reasserting Umayyad control of Syria, Qaysites still held out in northern Iraq. | | | Ali in 740, while Berber revolts in North Africa that same year effectively cut off what is today Morocco and Spain from Umayyad rule. |
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http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/umayyads/umayyadhistory.htm
(2294 words)
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| | The Revolution |
| | This is not to mention the way he was murdered or the treatment given to his family who had the highest esteem and respect of all Muslims Consequently, all Muslims dissociated themselves from the Umayyad's deeds and policies. | | | The Abasides came and soon their conduct was exposed as not that which the family of the Prophet were advocating. | | | Another revolution at Madina was aiming at doing away with the Umayyad’s deviated regime Al-Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi led another revolution which stormed the Umayyad's regime in Iraq. |
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http://www.imam-hussein.org/english/Muharram-revolution_result.htm
(692 words)
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| | History of Iran-chapter 3, part II |
| | Despite this considerable disadvantage, the unanimous hatred of the Muslim population towards the Umayyad dynasty eventually leaned the heavier side of the scale towards Abu Muslim. | | | Abu Muslim was initially a mojahed, but he later realised the corruption of the Umayyad Caliphs, and established an opposition in support of the claims of one family to the Caliphate. | | | With their moral support and the backing of his troops, Abu Muslim marched towards the Umayyad capital, Damascus. |
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http://www.iranologie.com/history/history6.html
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| | Umayyads |
| | The time of the Umayyads was not a time of conversion to Islam, as people converting to Islam, were exempted from certain taxes, like the jizya, the tax of the dhimmis. | | | But even with the Umayyads out of Damascus, they were not all cut away from power, as some members of the family moved to Muslim Spain, where their leader seized the position as emir. | | | The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the Abbasids. |
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http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ummawiyy.htm
(410 words)
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| | Syria - Umayyad Caliphate |
| | Foreign trade expanded, and educated Jews and Christians, many of them Greek, found employment in the caliphal courts, where they studied and practiced medicine, alchemy, and philosophy. | | | They lived aloof from the people and at first made little effort to convert Christians to Islam. | | | This system prevailed throughout Islam and has survived in Syria's legal codes. |
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http://countrystudies.us/syria/5.htm
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| | Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East |
| | The criticisms that religious men in Medina and elsewhere had voiced of Umayyad policy - particularly the pursuit of worldly goals - were not lost on 'Umar who, reversing the policy of his predecessors, discontinued the levy of a poll tax on converts. | | | In the East, Umayyad rule in Transoxania brought the Arabs into contact with the Turks who, like the Berbers, embraced Islam and, in the course of time, became its staunch defenders. | | | On the contrary, the Muslims permitted Christians and Jews to practice their own faith and numerous conversions to Islam were the result of exposure to a faith that was simple and inspiring. |
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http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Sec4.htm
(1225 words)
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| | Search Results for umayyad - Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Its loyalty was suspect, for Umayyad sentiment lingered on, and the last... | | | The end of the Umayyad dynasty meant a shift in power from Syria to Iraq. | | | The capital was moved to Damascus (in modern Syria) and the courts were thronged with male and female... |
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http://www.britannica.com/search?query=umayyad&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT
(544 words)
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| | Umayyad from LiveJournal |
| | Then I read that Saddam was trying to convey himself as the modern-day Saladin. | | | How would you respond to the Claim that Sufism is bid'a? | | | Most Sunnis also honor Husain, but some Wahhabis and secularists have criticized him (he was after all the leader of a revolt that seemed to fail in the outward world... |
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http://www.ljseek.com/search/Umayyad
(693 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | A fantastic numismatic study using the coins as a means of elucidating historical information of the Umayyads in Syria. | | | A history of Morocco through its numismatics, although it contains information about lesser dynasties that did not issue coins. | | | The Coinage of Spain under the Umayyad Caliphs of the East, 711-750. |
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http://www.islamiccoinsgroup.50g.com/Jims_Bibliography.txt
(16790 words)
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| | The Jerusalem Archaeological Park - homepage |
| | The Umayyad caliphate ended in 750 with the assassinations of Marwan II in Egypt and of the rest of the dynasty in Ramla by the Abassids. | | | The Umayyad period (660-750 CE) is characterized by the reorganization of the Arab empire. | | | Most of these battles were brutally suppressed by the Umayyads - a fact that won them a harsh image among their opponents, who also named them ‘kings’ (a degrading title, as opposed to ‘caliphs’). |
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http://www.archpark.org.il/netscape/article.asp?id=239
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| | Umayyad Dynasty |
| | With the Umayyad dynasty, the political center of Islam shifts from Medina to Syria. | | | In 656 he was killed by a group of those supporting the claims of 'Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad. | | | The immense financial resources of the Islamic state, whose exchequer was swollen by the accumulated booty of the Arab conquests, were at the disposal of the Umayyad builders. |
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http://users.telerama.com/~jdehullu/islam/more_006.htm
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| | Grabar. Ceremonial and Art |
| | Following several attempts against his life, Mu'awiyah, or Uthman or Marwan, is supposed to have decided to build a fence which would allow him to direct prayers without fear of assassination. | | | Most studies of Islamic political theory are based on texts which are not earlier than the eleventh century, and which attempt to formulate a theory of authority according to what it should be and should have been under Islamic law. | | | In early Islam the meeting at the mosque known as salat jama'ah, "general prayer," which was to be the nucleus out of which the present day cult developed, was not a religious but a political meeting. |
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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/grabar1.html
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| | Aanjar: Commercial Hub of the Umayyad Dynasty |
| | Thought to be the summer home of Caliph Walid I, Aanjar survived only a few decades before the Umayyads were defeated by their rivals, the Abbasids (who founded the second Arab Islamic dynasty). | | | The Umayyad caliphs were notable for establishing a large empire, which extended from Spain, through North Africa, to Central Asia. | | | The Umayyad Dynasty, which flourished for 100 years (660-750 AD) in the first century after Mohammed, was the first of two dynasties of the Arab Islamic empire. |
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http://www.destinationlebanon.com/anjarmore.asp
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| | BBC News MIDDLE EAST Inside the Umayyad mosque |
| | The Umayyad mosque is one of Islam's holiest sites | | | This is not the ordinary sound of the Muslim call to prayer. | | | And it comes from the Umayyad mosque at the heart of the city, built on land that has been sacred for three millennia. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/middle_east/newsid_1315000/1315190.stm
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| | Harvard University Press/The Second Umayyad Caliphate |
| | Against the ambitions of his contemporary rivals, the Abbasids and the Fatimids, he quickly reasserted Umayyad dynastic claims to the unique and universal leadership of the Muslims. | | | As he and his successor promoted their legitimacy, they generated an ideology that infused and defined the political culture of al-Andalus. | | | This study of the tenth-century caliphates deepens our understanding of the political culture of the Iberian Peninsula at the height of centralized Islamic rule. |
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http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/SAFSEC.html
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| | Umayyad |
| | A branch of the Ummayad family, led by Abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil, was able to reach Cordoba and to reestablish Umayyad rule (780–1031) in Muslim Spain. | | | Marwan II - Marwan II, 684–750, last of the Umayyad caliphs. | | | The most notable of these movements was the Abbasid, which eventually succeeded in toppling the last Ummayad caliph, Marwan II, in 750. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0849981.html
(529 words)
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| | Collapse of the Umayyad empire |
| | Umayyad skepticism was a convenient target which everywhere enabled religious feelings to be marshaled against them. | | | Only the unity of the Bedouin tribes could have maintained their power, and the Umayyads could not preserve this unity. | | | No member of the house of Umayya on whom the Abbasids could lay their hands was spared. |
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http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980429/1998042903.html
(635 words)
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| | Tthornton : Umayyad Spain ( al-Andalus ) |
| | Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (New York: Little, Brown, 2002) | | | The Umayyad capital from 929 to 1031 was Cordoba. | | | The caliphate of al-Hakam II (961-976) marked the high point of Islamic civilization in Muslim Spain (initiated by the exiled Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman in 756). |
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http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/umayyad_spain.htm
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| | Caliph Yazid and the Umayyad dynasties |
| | Upon this Byzantine administration they simply imposed a ruling Arab caste. | | | It was charistically Umayyad that he should have passed a third of his nights listening to the history of the Arabs. | | | The tolerant policies of the Umayyads and their cooperation with the native Christian populations enabled the latter to play an important role by handing on to the conquerors much of their Greco-Aramaic culture and civilization. |
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http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980323/1998032326.html
(841 words)
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Umayyad |
| | Umayyad, also Omayyad, first great Arab Muslim dynasty of caliphs (religious and secular leaders) founded by Muawiyah I in 661 and lasting until 750.... | | | The Umayyad caliphs were descendants of aristocratic caravan merchants, the Umayya, to which Muawiyah, the first Umayyad caliph, belonged. | | | Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian. |
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http://ca.encarta.msn.com/Umayyad.html
(87 words)
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| | Islamic History: The Umayyad Dynasty - ReligionFacts |
| | The Umayyad family established a system of hereditary succession for the leader of the Muslim world. | | | Nonetheless the new religion penetrated deeply, to the point where conversions were discouraged since they might have been motivated by avoiding taxes, rather than true belief, and choosing a religion should override such economic concerns. | | | The majority of this new empire was of course non-Muslim, and aside from a protection tax (jizya) the conquered people found their religions tolerated. |
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http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history/umayyad.htm
(165 words)
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| | Pilot Guides.com: The Road to Mecca: Umayyad Mosque |
| | Umayyad Mosque is a must see historical site in Damascus. | | | This is ground that has been held sacred for at least three millennia. | | | In 661 AD under the Umayyad Dynasty, after Damascus became the capital of the Islamic Empire, the mosque became a purely Muslim place of worship. |
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http://www.pilotguides.com/destination_guide/middle_east_and_north_africa/syria_jordan_and_lebanon/umayyad_mosque.php
(778 words)
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| | Archaeological Sites in Israel - Jerusalem: Umayyad Administration Center and Palaces |
| | Not known previously, they were obviously an administrative center of the Umayyad government. | | | The new rulers, of the Umayyad Dynasty (660-750), aimed at changing the character of the city — from a Byzantine-Christian city of many churches, to a Muslim religious center and the administrative seat for a subdivison of their empire. | | | The area south of the Temple Mount, which had sloped southwards, was leveled by earth fills and massive building foundations which entirely covered the Byzantine structures below. |
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http://www.newyork.israel.org/mfa/go.asp?MFAH00vd0
(630 words)
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| | Damascus, Syria |
| | Following their occupation of the ancient city, the Muslims shared the great Roman temple platform with the Christians, the Christians retaining possession of their church and the Muslims using the southern arcades of the Roman temenos area for their prayers. | | | The minaret of the southeastern corner is called the Minaret of Jesus, because of a local tradition that says this is where Jesus will appear on the Day of Judgment. | | | Since the Umayyad period of its construction the mosque has been rebuilt several times in response to disastrous fires of 1069, 1401 and 1893. |
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http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/syria/damascus.htm
(962 words)
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| | Umayyads - History for Kids! |
| | After the death of Mohammed in 632 AD, the leadership of the new religion, and of the newly united Arab tribes, was taken over by Mohammed's upper-class father-in-law (through his second wife) Abu Bakr. | | | The Sunnis won, and established the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital at Damascus in Syria. | | | Europe, Asia, and Africa before 1500 AD The Umayyads |
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http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/islam/history/umayyads.htm
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| | Damascus Old City and the Umayyad - helpful tips & insights by a travel authority |
| | Today the Umayyad Mosque is the fourth holiest site of Islam (after Mecca, Medina and the Dome of the Rock). | | | Other Umayyad Mosque marvels include the vast courtyard (for scale, notice the blue-robed person in the photo) and the stunning mosaic work on the walls and archways. | | | The top tourist draw of Damascus Old City is the Umayyad (also spelled Omayyad) Mosque. |
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http://www.hillmanwonders.com/damascus/damascus.htm
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| | Architecture Palaces 2 |
| | An Umayyad dynasty was started there by Ab-dal Rahman who escaped from the "deadly dinner" in Baghdad in which the other Umayyad leaders were assassinated. | | | Explore the remains of The Umayyad Palaces of Jerusalem (next to a mosque and a bathhouse with an extensive water-carrying system). | | | There are only the remains of Umayyad palaces for us to see today. |
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http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Architecture/Architecture_Palaces_2.html
(944 words)
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| | Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period |
| | Book Description: The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature is the first general survey of the field to have been published in English for over fifty years and the first attempted in such detail in a multi-volume form. | | | The many classes of literature that accompanied the Umayyad period are reviewed in detail, as are the influences of Greeks, Persians and Syrians on early Arabic literature. | | | Within this period fall major events: the life of the Prophet Muhammad, the founding of the Islamic religion, the great Arab Islamic conquests of territories outside the Arabian Peninsula, and their meeting, as overlords, with the Byzantine and Sasanian world. |
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http://isbn.nu/0521240158
(489 words)
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| | The Umayyad Dynasty and the Abbasids |
| | Who were the individuals who made up these factions? | | | How were rulers shifting more toward “secular” rule during the reign of the Umayyads? | | | How does the family of the Prophet Muhammad play into political and religious struggles in the years following the era of the Rashidun? |
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http://www63.homepage.villanova.edu/mine.ener/UmayyadsAbbasids3.htm
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| | Umayyad Caliphate |
| | Please also see Post-Reform Umayyad Dirhams and their Mint Towns on the mints of the Umayyads. |
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http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/islam/umayyad/umayyad.html
(258 words)
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| | Umayyad period (661-750) |
| | The first Islamic dynasty, the Umayyads commission palaces and religious buildings on and near the erstwhile Temple mount, now called the "Noble Sanctuary" (al haram ash-sharif). | | | The most notable building continues to provide the best-known landmark of Jerusalem, the Dome of the Rock (completed in 691). |
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http://www.bu.edu/people/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period4-2.htm
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| | An Umayyad Grafitto From Southern Jordan Dated 109 AH |
| | With the exception for those images which have passed into the public domain, the use of these images for commercial purposes is expressly prohibited without the consent of the copyright holder. | | | An Umayyad Grafitto From Southern Jordan Dated 109 AH An Umayyad Grafitto From Southern Jordan Dated 109 AH |
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http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/said.html
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| | Muawiya |
| | The founder of the Umayyad dynasty, caliph from 661-680. |
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http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/muawiya.htm
(682 words)
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