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| | sicily |
 | | Charles I, king of Sicily, an Angevin, had aroused the hatred of the Sicilians by imposing heavy taxes and especially by putting the island under the control of French officials and soldiers. | | | ROGER II (1095-1154), first king of Sicily (1130-54), who created a state in which Arabs, Greeks, Italians, and Jews lived together in peace and in which the arts and letters flourished. | | | He benefited from the schism between the Orthodox and Catholic churches 1054, because his success against the Byzantines and his plan to rid Sicily of Arabs brought him back into papal favour. |
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http://website.lineone.net/~johnbidmead/sicily.htm
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| | The Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St George Delegation of Great Britain and Ireland |
| | In 1816, the Bourbon rule of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily were amalgamated to form the new Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. | | | The revolutionary element was strongest at first in the island of Sicily and at the beginning of the 1848 King Ferdinando’s troops were unable to suppress the uprising. | | | Prince Ferdinando Pio donated part of the Bourbon Archive to the Italian Republic whom he recognised as the legitimate successor to the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. |
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http://www.constantinian.org.uk/rf-dinhist.htm
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| | Frederick II (1215 - 1250) |
| | Two Sicilies had been a political football for so long, however, that it should come as no surprise to find that it remained so. | | | The danger, as the papacy saw it, was that the pope would be between the Hammer (Germany) and the Anvil (Two Sicilies) and could be crushed at any time. | | | The Sicilians did not like their French overlords and so, with the support and promised alliance of the king of Aragon (in Spain), began plotting their overthrow/ |
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http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/frederick_ii.html
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| | A Discussion by Prof. Kerr of the Original Analysis of the Disputed Bourbon-Two Sicilies Succession Doctrines Public ... |
| | Although the Two Sicilies had been usurped in 1860, diplomatic protests by King Francis II and the Count of Caserta had kept their interntional claims alive under the criteria of public international law. | | | “For the rest, however, the two States are supposed to live their own domestic political life, under possibly different constitutional systems.” | | | did not expire with the fall of the Two Sicilies in 1860 due to the possibility however remote |
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http://www.dynastic-law.com/1973.html
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| | Two Sicilies, kingdom of the on Encyclopedia.com |
| | TWO SICILIES, KINGDOM OF THE [Two Sicilies, kingdom of the] The name Two Sicilies was used in the Middle Ages to mean the kingdoms of Sicily and of Naples (see Sicily and Naples, kingdom of). | | | Author: Publication: Maps.com World History Maps Source: MAPS | | | Alfonso V of Aragón, who in 1442 reunited the two kingdoms under his rule, styled himself king of the Two Sicilies. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/t/twos1icil.asp
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| | Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 1848-49 |
| | Luigi Settembrini's 1847 Protest of the People of the Two Sicilies, although suppressed, was passed from hand to hand and inspired an elite of potential rebels. | | | In September, Ferdinand dispatched a force of twenty thousand to seize Messina. | | | Ferdinand's January 18 offer of autonomy to Sicily was rejected, and on January 27, his troops had to be withdrawn from Palermo. |
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http://cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/rz/twosicil.htm
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| | Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies - Sacred Military Constantinian Order |
| | the Bourbon Two Sicilies - and a Prince of the Spanish Royal Family, who is claiming some rights over his entitlement to the Bourbon family of the Two Sicilies and therefore the Constantinian Order. | | | The issue, as said, has been now peacefully solved: however, since the propaganda led by this prince could mix up the ideas of non experts and mislead others, we quickly give details on this matter and try to provide a clear and unquestionable explanation of the truth. | | | In fact, after the death of the last King of the Two Sicilies, Francis II, in 1894 without heirs, the title of Head of the Royal House and therefore Grand Master of the Order went to his brother Alfonso, Count of Caserta (1841-1938). |
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http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/ordcost/ord_rc.htm
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| | HOBBIES - Order of St. Januarius - Djordje Andric |
| | Saint Januarius, who is often invoked against eruptions of Vesuvius, is portrayed on the badge of the Order holding a book with two phials of blood and the motto "In Sanguine Foedus". | | | This phenomenon, which has been recorded for the past five hundred years, has been carefully observed and no satisfactory rational explanation has been produced to discount the miraculous nature of the liquefaction. | | | Hence, the king was able to concentrate his energies on beautifying his capital, paying off the National Debt (accomplished in a particularly short time) and reducing taxation. |
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http://www.andric.org/stjanuarius.html
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| | Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In January 1848 another rising in Sicily was the signal for revolutions all over Italy and Europe; it was followed by a movement in Naples, and the king granted a constitution which he swore to observe. | | | Sicily, whence the Royalists had been expelled, was subjugated by General Filangieri, and the chief cities were bombarded, an expedient which won for Ferdinand the epithet of King Bomba. | | | Married his first cousin Maria Princess of the Two Sicilies and had issue. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies
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| | WHKMLA : History of the Two Sicilies, 1735-1799 |
| | In 1763/1764 Naples was struck by a severe famine. | | | Jews, banned from Naples since 1541, were readmitted. | | | Don Carlos, son of the King of Spain, was crowned King of Two Sicilies (1738); Spain renounced her claims, the Two Sicilies thus becoming a sideline of the Spanish Bourbon Dynasty. |
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http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/nap17351799.html
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| | FRANCIS II. OF THE TWO SICILIES - LoveToKnow Article on FRANCIS II. OF THE TWO SICILIES |
| | A conspiracy in Sicily was discovered and the plotters punished with brutal severity, but Rosalino PiI6 and Francesco Crispi had organized the movement, and when Garibaldi landed, at Marsala (May 186o) lie conquered the island with astonishing ease. | | | OF THE TWO SICILIES - LoveToKnow Article on FRANCIS II. | | | Cavour again proposed an alliance to divide the papal states between Piedmont and Naples, the province of Rome excepted, but Francis rejected an idea which to him savofired of sacrilege. |
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http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FR/FRANCIS_II_OF_THE_TWO_SICILIES.htm
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| | Two Sicilies Succession Dispute (La Successione alla Dignita di Capo della Casa di Borbone Due Sicilie) |
| | Fearing that his son Carlo would be made to put aside the Two Sicilies claim should his wife become Queen, and angry at the Spanish Court, he had his secretary draw up the notoriously badly drafted “ | | | The Two Sicilies King was angered because his own rights to the Spanish Throne - and hitherto he had followed immediately after the youngest brother of Ferdinand VII - were considerably diluted. | | | Since the circumstances envisaged in the Pragmatic Decree were the only ones which permitted a dynastic renunciation and Two Sicilies civil law prohibited renunciations of future inheritance (as did French law where the decree was signed, and Italian law to which its signatories were subject as citizens), it could not bind the signatories. |
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http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/bourbon/twosicilies/dispute.htm
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| | HISTORY OF THE HOUSE OF BOURBON - TWO SICILIES - The Royal House of Bourbon - Two Sicilies |
| | Meanwhile the claim to Sicily was continued by the Duke of Anjou who had been crowned by the Pope Kings of Naples. | | | When the Anjou heir lost the throne of Naples to Alfonso V, King of Aragon, in 1435, he was able to united both claims to the throne of Sicily, taking the historic title of King of the Two Sicilies (Rex Utriusque Siciliae). | | | Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) |
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http://www.borbone-due-sicilie.org/english/history.html
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| | Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies - Best of Sicily Magazine - Constantinian Order of St George - Carlo Duke ... |
| | The Bourbons of Naples, who lived in exile from early 1861 until July 1943, when Allied troops liberated Sicily from Fascism and the House of Savoy (its own dynastic heads unjustly exiled from 1946 until 2002), ruled Sicily from Naples from 1734 until 1860. | | | As Hereditary Prince of the Two Sicilies, Prince Carlo is first in line to be head of his dynasty after his father, who lives in the South of France. | | | She is the first Sicilian royal princess born in Italy since the House of Bourbon of the Two Sicilies was exiled following the annexation of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily to the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. |
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http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art98.htm
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| | ABOUT THE ROYAL HOUSE OF BOURBON - TWO SICILIES - The Royal House of Bourbon - Two Sicilies |
| | The last reigning King, Francis II, and his brother and successor (in 1894) Alfonso, Count of Caserta, continued to maintain their claim to be the legitimate successors to the throne of the Two Sicilies and refused to recognize the unification of Italy. | | | The present Head of the Royal House continues to affirm his deep affection for the Kingdom of his ancestors, and his 3rd daughter, Princess Ines, in 2001 married into an ancient Neapolitan noble family, further cementing his links with southern Italy. | | | Since the end of the Two Sicilies Monarchy in 1860 the head of the Bourbon-Two Sicilies royal house has lived in exile. |
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http://www.borbone-due-sicilie.org/english
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| | DECREE NOMINATING HRH DON CARLOS THE INFANTE OF SPAIN - Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George |
| | H.R.H. don Carlos has never made any pretension to the throne of the Two Sicilies nor sought to put himself at the head of a Bourbon Monarchist movement but has limited his claims to the prerogative of awarding the Dynastic Orders of his line. | | | [3] Those who oppose H.R.H.'s rights as Head of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies claim that the Act of Cannes of 1900 permanently removed him from membership of the Two Sicilies family and made him a member of the Spanish Royal Family, as if the two were mutually exclusive. | | | H.R.H. don Carlos is specifically described as being "de Borbón-Dos Sicilias" (Bourbon-Two Sicilies), evidence that his line has always been part of the Two Sicilies Royal Family. |
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http://www.constantinianorder.org/english/specdoc_decree_infante.html
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| | Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George |
| | Dynastic Law and Two Sicilies Succession Dispute Discussion Forum (Please be scientific, scholarly and polite) | | | Kerr of the Original 1973 Analysis of the Disputed Bourbon-Two Sicilies Succession under the Doctrines of Public International Law - by Stephen Kerr | | | History and Documents - Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies (Official Website) |
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http://www.dynastic-law.com/law.html
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| | WHKMLA : History of Two Sicilies (Naples), ToC |
| | For documents on the history of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, click here | | | WHKMLA : History of Two Sicilies (Naples), ToC | | | World Statesmen : Italian States 1760-1860, by Ben Cahoon, scroll down for Two Sicilies; Kingdom of Naples, from Liber Patrum, list of Kings 1266-1501 |
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http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/xnaples.html
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| | The Political Graveyard: Italy |
| | Edward Joy Morris (Charge d'Affaires to the Two Sicilies 1850-53) | | | William Boulware (Charge d'Affaires to the Two Sicilies 1841) | | | John Rowan (Charge d'Affaires to the Two Sicilies 1848) |
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http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/IT.html
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| | Bourbon-Two Sicilies Royal Family |
| | Fourth - Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies | | | Between 1806 and 1814 Naples was under the control of France with the French General Joachim Murat becoming King of Naples. |
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http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Bourbon_Two_Sicilies_Royal_Family.htm
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Ferdinand II (Two Sicilies) |
| | Ferdinand abolished the constitution that Sicily had adopted in 1812 and the two parts of his kingdom were united under one government. | | | After the execution of his father by the French Revolutionary Tribunal, Louis Philippe became the central figure about whom his supporters, the... | | | Ferdinand I (of Two Sicilies) (1751-1825), King of the Two Sicilies (1816-1825); as Ferdinand IV, he was also King of Naples (1759-1806, 1815-1825),... |
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http://uk.encarta.msn.com/Ferdinand_II_(Two_Sicilies).html
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| | Two Sicilies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Though ruled as a unit for a century, the island and mainland parted ways when the Sicilian Vespers rose up and threw off Neapolitan rule, accepting in its stead Aragon. | | | The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was the new name that the Bourbon King Ferdinand IV of Naples bestowed upon his domain (including Southern Italy and the island of Sicily) after the end of the Napoleonic Era and the full restoration of his power in 1816. | | | HRH Prince Casimiro of the Two Sicilies (born 1938) |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Sicilies
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| | Sleeve Notes - Concertos for the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
| | The city of Naples first rose to notoriety under the 'Gothic' rule of the Angevins (1266-1443) when its most celebrated representative, King Robert, filled his court with cosmopolitans. | | | He achieved unexpected fame, probably as a result of two of his works, the intermezzo La Serva Padrona and his Stabat Mater; at his early death contemporaries believed that they had lost a genius. | | | Concertos for the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies |
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http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/notes/55005.html
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| | Spain Cedes Sicily to Count of Savoy |
| | Sicily found that she had become the property of a new player, Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy. | | | Young Charles (who was later to rule Spain as King Charles III following the death of his father in 1746) carried out his assignment efficiently and in 1738 he was crowned King of a new and independent nation that he welded together, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. | | | Yet one must hope that the Duke did not print too much stationery with his new title, because he had to return the island to King Philip V of Spain just five years later. |
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http://www.boglewood.com/sicily/utrecht.html
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| | The Avalon Project : Sicilian-American Diplomacy - Treaty with the Two Sicilies; December 1, 1845 |
| | ARTICLE I. There shall be reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation between the United States of America and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. | | | And in like, manner, the cottons of the United States of America, which may be imported directly in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, whether in vessels of the one or other nation, shall not pay higher or greater duties than the cottons of Egypt, Bengal, or those of the most favored nations. | | | It is hereby declared, that the stipulations of the present treaty are not to be understood as applying to the navigation and carrying trade between one port and another, situated in the states of either contracting party, such navigation and trade being reserved exclusively to national vessels. |
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http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/sicily/sic1845.htm
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| | The Almanach de Chivalry , Royal Orders of The House of Bourbon . |
| | It was Re-established on I January 1819 by Ferdinand I King of the Two Sicilies to reward military valor and merit, and received its name to celebrate the reunification of the dominions located on both sides of the Lighthouse (Naples and Sicily) into one kingdom. | | | It was established on 3 July 1738 by Charles of Bourbon, King of Naples and Sicily, to celebrate his marriage to Princess Maria Amalia Walburga of Poland and Saxony. | | | As main duty, the Knights had to "increase, at all costs, the Holy Religion" and "virtuously operate” to be "an heroic example of piety towards God and loyalty towards their Prince". |
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http://almanachdechivalry.com/_wsn/page4.html
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| | Two Sicilies |
| | a former kingdom in Sicily and S Italy that existed intermittently from 1130 to 1861. |
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http://www.factmonster.com/ipd/A0706515.html
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| | 96/12/20 Statement: Establishment of Diplomatic Relations/w Two Sicilies |
| | Until most of Italy was united in 1861 as the Kingdom of Italy, the United States maintained separate diplomatic and consular representatives at Naples. | | | Continuous U.S. diplomatic representation at the court of the Two Sicilies only began in 1831, and then, in keeping with the cautious regard of American republicanism toward European monarchies, such representation was almost always a Charg d'Affaires rather than a full Minister. | | | 96/12/20 Statement: Establishment of Diplomatic Relations/w Two Sicilies |
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http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/press_statements/9612/961220ps2.html
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| | ANTON RAFAEL MENGS - Infanta Maria Ludovica of Spain and the Two Sicilies |
| | Infanta Maria Ludovica was born in Naples on 24 November 1745, the 5 | | | surviving daughter of Charles VII, King of the Two Sicilies (from 1759 King Charles III of Spain, died 1788) and his wife Maria Amalie, Princess of Saxony (1724-1760). | | | She had sixteen children of whom fourteen survived infancy; the eldest son, Francis, succeeded his father as Emperor and founded the Imperial House of Austria-Hungary, the second, Ferdinand, became Grand Duke of Tuscany and was ancestor of the surviving Tuscan line, while the third, Karl, commanded the Austrian armies against Napoleon. |
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http://www.europeanpaintings.com/18thcent/mengsinf.htm
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| | A Traveler's Two Sicilies by William Bonville |
| | Each adventure is introduced by a background brief on the personalities and events against which your encounters with streets and structures obtain vital meanings, meanings usually missing from mere touristic viewings of assorted vestiges of a more or less obscure past. | | | The Two Sicilies even today are a world apart in mood. | | | Exploring the History and Culture of the Two Sicilies |
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http://www.writeronlinebooks.com/book/travelerstwosicilies.htm
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| | Italian State, Two Sicilies |
| | Italian State of Two Sicilies issued its first stamp in 1858. | | | In 1861 the Kindom of Sardinia became the kindom of Italy. | | | Some examples of Italian State of Two Sicilies stamps is as follows: |
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http://www.stampmasteralbum.com/ForeignCountryIdentifier/Hi/ItalianStateTwoSicilies.htm
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| | two Sicilies |
| | Only after 1059 did the Normans make spectacular gains, and for this there were two principal reasons. | | | So, Sinclair, the Muslim historian, actually names the SInclairs as great enemies and warriors in the two Sicilies. | | | As late as 1038 Constantinople had shown real interest in the West, sending an expedition to recover Sicily, Messina and Syracuse. |
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http://sinclair.quarterman.org/archive/1999/msg03180.html
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| | Flag of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies after mid-1700s |
| | Flag of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies after mid-1700s | | | The Kingdom of Naples (later of the Two Sicilies), didn't have its own flag until 1735, when it become fully | | | The State flag was, from that time on, the white Bourbon flag charged with the Kingdom coat of |
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http://killeenroos.com/4/siciflag.html
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| | King of The Two Sicilies Ferdinando II |
| | Father: King of The Two Sicilies Francesco I | | | Child: King of The Two Sicilies Ferdinando II | | | King of The Two Sicilies Ferdinando II Born: 12 JAN 1810 Palermo, SICILY |
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http://worldroots.com/cgi-bin/gasteldb?@I13245@
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| | Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies - Introduction |
| | The official website of the Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies intends to make known – in its various historical political religious and cultural aspects - the August Dynasty that reined over Southern Italy from 1734 to 1861. | | | The present Head of the Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies is His Royal Highness Prince Ferdinand Duke of Castro, sole lawful heir of the last King of the Two Sicilies, Francis II. | | | Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies - Introduction |
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http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/presentazione
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| | Royal House of the Two Sicilies - Site Directory |
| | Interview with Princess Urraca of the Two Sicilies | | | Genealogy: Princes of the House of the Two Sicilies | | | The Constantinian Order and the House of the Two Sicilies |
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http://www.twosicilies.org/eng.html
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| | Two Sicilies |
| | Certainly the partisans of the two claimants make their arguments with great passion. | | | Various interpretations have been made of the acts and statutes involved, and the dispute seems to be without a definitive resolution. | | | Though complicated arguments have been made supporting both sides of the current dispute, essentially it comes down to whether Prince Carlo (1870-1949), validly renounced his rights to the throne of the Two Sicilies in 1900. |
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http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/2sicilies.html
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| | Links: Two Sicilies |
| | Genealogy of the Royal Family of the Two Sicilies |
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http://www.nettyroyal.nl/link/twosicilies.html
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