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| | Encyclopedia article: Treaty of Versailles |
 | | Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong (additional info and facts about Shandong), China (A communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world) to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. | | | Because of this, the result was said to be a compromise that nobody liked. | | | In effect, Clemenceau and many other French wanted to impose policies deliberately meant to cripple Germany militarily, politically, and economically. |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/t/tr/treaty_of_versailles.htm
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| | Gibraltar on the Rocks by Thomas D. Grant - Policy Review, No. 116 |
| | The Treaty of Utrecht is an instrument on which, ironically enough, Spain in some part bases its claim to Gibraltar. | | | The United States approach to missile defense cannot logically or in principle survive the erosion of rebus sic stantibus that Spain’s arguments about the Treaty of Utrecht would unavoidably cause. | | | Spain bases its position on Gibraltar on alleged obligations arising from the Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713. |
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http://www.policyreview.org/dec02/grant.html
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| | UTRECHT (TOWN) - LoveToKnow Article on UTRECHT (TOWN) |
| | In Utrecht, however, power was henceforth concentrated in the gild,s, which became not only trade but political associations, which together constituted the sovereign community. | | | The gilds and burgher militia were deprived of all voice in the government, and the town council became an hereditary body. | | | The adhesion of Utrecht to the party of revolt was the work of the aristocratic party, and the critical state of affairs made it for a while dominant in the town. |
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http://1.1911encyclopedia.org/U/UT/UTRECHT_TOWN_.htm
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| | Treaty of Utrecht Renunciations to France and Spain Philip V Headship Royal House of France Bourbon Orléans |
| | As long as Austria maintained a claim to Spain, however, this renunciation was (in the words of the French official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ledran, see later) provisional and doubtful. | | | The renunciations also brought in the issue of the Austrian claim. | | | To provide a surety of his rights and those of his descendants, Philip V determined to insure for his family the same guarantee that had governed his rights to the throne of France. |
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http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/bourbon/france/success/sucprt2.htm
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| | The French Treaty Shore: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |
| | The Newfoundland government became increasingly impatient with French presence on the Shore - indeed, with the very existence of the treaties - and vigorously campaigned against French claims of an exclusive right, and the illegality of settlement. | | | Insisting on their alleged exclusive right, the French forced Newfoundland schooners fishing on the Shore to move on to the Labrador coast, and apparently pressured a significant number of settlers to move away. | | | However, there was an attempt to find a solution at the end of the American Revolutionary War. |
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http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/french_shore.html
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| | September 28 |
| | This elite was creole by nature, and they began supplanting the English born elite in the late Seventeenth Century. | | | This exploited slave labor is critical to the story of all locals in the New World, including the Virginia Tidewater. | | | Out of the Treaty, Britain access to various key ports, and critical to the history of Virginia, a monopoly on the Spanish slave trade. |
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http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~smlili/September28.html
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| | Multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary-General- TREATY I-XXI--2.asp |
| | See also note 1 under "Czech Republic" and note 1 under "Slovakia" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume. | | | See also note 2 under "Germany" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume. | | | Article 9: The Government of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic considers that the principle of international law according to which a ship on the high seas is not subject to any jurisdiction except that of the flag State applies without restriction to all government ships. |
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http://untreaty.un.org/ENGLISH/bible/englishinternetbible/partI/chapterXXI/treaty2.asp
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| | Gibraltar |
| | After the expulsion (1492), we don't hear of any Jewish presence until 1713, when Britain signs the Treaty of Utrecht, which made the peninsula a British dependency. | | | Another extant document indicates that a number of secret Jews, fleeing persecution in Andalusia, sought permission to settle on Gibraltar in 1473. | | | It wasn't until 1462 that Spain finally shut the door of Gibraltar to the Muslims. |
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Gibraltar.html
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| | Acadian Genealogy Homepage; Acadian Oaths |
| | However, nothing could be further from the truth from a political and nationalistic view. | | | Many of the history books about Canada and Acadia, claim that the year 1710 marks the end of French rule in Acadia. | | | This statement may be true from the point of view of treaties and geography. |
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http://www.acadian.org/oaths.html
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| | Newfoundland and Labrador Constitutional Documents |
| | Treaty ending the Seven Years War by which French fishing rights, guaranteed by the Treaty of Utrecht, were reaffirmed; St.-Pierre and Miquelon were returned to France by Britain; and Spain renounced its claims to the Newfoundland fisheries. | | | Reaffirmed the rights of American fishermen under the Treaty of Versailles, 1783, after the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. | | | Treaty ending the American Revolutionary War, which granted American fishermen the right to use unoccupied harbours along the "American Shore" of Newfoundland and Labrador. |
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http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Rapids/3330/constitution/union.htm
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| | French and Indian War |
| | The English claimed it on two grounds, both of which were as shadowy as the claims of the French: first, the early charters of Virginia and of other colonies (based on the Cabot discoveries) which covered the unknown regions westward to the equally unknown "South Sea"; and second, the claims of the Iroquois. | | | The Iroquois had been acknowledged British subjects by the Treaty of Utrecht, and their lands were therefore British territory, and their conquests were considered British conquests. | | | Source: "History of the United States of America," by Henry William Elson, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1904. |
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http://usahistory.info/French-Indian-War
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| | TREATY OF UTRECHT, SECTION XV, 1713 |
| | In view of the White supremacist attitudes prevailing at the time, the fact that First Nations, including the Mi'kmaq, were left out of the treaty negotiations, not even advised about its signing, should come as no surprise. | | | Their rights, as free and independent peoples were being abrogated and First Nations and African lands were also being taken. | | | The Mi'kmaq responded in no uncertain terms that they did not come under the Treaty of Utrecht, would not recognize a foreign king in their country, and would not recognize him as having dominion over their land. |
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http://www.danielnpaul.com/TreatyOfUtrecht-1713.html
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| | The Treaties of Utrecht |
| | This page presents the treaties of Utrecht in their historical context and analyzes their content. | | | Treaty of the Quadruple Alliance, Aug 2, 1718 | | | This renunciation was accepted by the king of Spain on 20 Jan 1720 and the treaty of the Quadruple Alliance of 1718 ratified by him on Feb 17, 1720. |
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http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/utrecht.htm
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| | Letters |
| | The Treaty was not a well thought out document. | | | It was signed on the 13th day of July 1713 (it had to be, you would say, on a 13th day and on a 13th year, which some people would say is a bad omen). | | | The British would have been out and Gibraltar would have been Spanish. |
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http://www.panorama.gi/archive/010409/letters.htm
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| | The Treaty of Utrecht |
| | It did signal a major victory for England in their attempt to gain a foothold in Atlantic Canada. | | | The Treaty of Utrecht, also called the Peace of Utrecht, ended hostilities between Britain and France both in Europe and in America. | | | And by 1744, England and France would be at war again. |
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http://www.porttoulouse.com/html/the_treaty_of_utrecht.html
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| | Treaty of Utrecht - A Modern Interpretation |
| | UN Resolutions supporting Spain's claim would result in a gross violation of Gibraltarian rights to self-determination. | | | This is confirmed in the Treaty of Versailles 1783. | | | This part of the Treaty is superceded by UN and EU legislation and Directives on Free Movement, but is still used by Spain as an excuse (among many other equally invalid excuses) to hold up traffic and trade at the frontier. |
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http://home.freeuk.net/gibraltar/docs/utrecht.html
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| | Gibraltar Action Group - The extinction of the Treaty of Utrecht |
| | Depetre's articles in what was then the Official organ of the Spanish Regime, intended to deny the legality of British sovereignty over Gibraltar. | | | These were intended to show the invalidity of the Treaty of Utrecht and consequently deny the British sovereignty of Gibraltar. | | | The fact that the United Kingdom and Spain are now suggesting the abrogation of the Treaty of Utrecht is further proof of the irrelevance of the treaty in respect of the our right to self-determination. |
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http://home.freeuk.net/gibraltar/articles/utrechtdead.htm
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| | JewsGilbraltar2 |
| | 10 of the Treaty of Utrecht was to prevent residence or entry into the town of Gibraltar by Jews and Moors, but, as has already been stated, we needed provisions and building materials. | | | The sultan of Morocco, after the Siege of 1728 agreed in 1729 to sign a treaty with Great Britain. | | | In 1655, we find Spanish Jews forming a community in England, and the next stage in the story is when the British took the Rock in 1704. |
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http://www.haruth.com/JewsGilbraltar2.html
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| | Old World Auctions - Lot Detail |
| | The treaty was flawed and resulted in little more than a temporary truce because its articles left the door open to further disputes, ultimately resulting in the Seven Years' War. | | | The Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713, ended the war between Great Britain and France known as the War of the Spanish Succession. | | | The road to Brussels and Ostend is shown at lower left. |
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http://www.oldworldauctions.com/detail.asp?owa_id=2145217879
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| | BBC NEWS World Europe Analysis: Gibraltar not done deal yet |
| | The government says: "The people of Gibraltar, like all colonial peoples before them, enjoy the inalienable right to self-determination, that is, the right to determine their own future." | | | The treaty put an end to the War of Spanish Succession - one of those long European conflicts about who should be on the throne of some country. | | | But Spain has been reluctant to agree that Gibraltar should have the final say, as they regard this as a bilateral issue between two states. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/europe/2125161.stm
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| | Utrecht -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Although none of them ever actually met Caravaggio (d. | | | Utrecht has long been a center of politics, culture, and religion in The Netherlands. | | | A musical giant of the late baroque period, George Frideric Handel was born in Germany but spent most of his adult life in England. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074567
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| | Personalities of Louisiana: Charles III of Spain |
| | Stanislaus loses his claim to the throne of Poland. | | | The preliminaries of peace between Britain and the Bourbon nations were signed on January 20, 1783 at Versailles and the definitive Treaty of Versailles is signed by all parties on September 3, 1783. | | | At the same time he is strongly urged by some of his councilors, Aranda for one, that Britain's problem is his opportunity. |
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http://www.enlou.com/people/charlesiii-bio.htm
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| | The Jacobite Revolution Pt. 3 - The '15 and the '45 |
| | James was forced to seek refuge elsewhere and ended up living in Spain, where he continued to seek support. | | | This final installment of the three-part story covers the time period between 1713 and 1747. | | | In March 1713, France and England signed the Treaty of Utrecht, a codicil of which forbid the French from continuing to harbor James Stuart III (James VIII in Scotland), the current leader of the Jacobite cause and a claimant for the throne of England. |
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http://www.tartans.com/articles/jacobite3.html
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| | Gibraltar Local Information Services - Gibraltar News |
| | They may have discussed a number of ideas and I would be speculating on whether one idea or another idea was compatible with the Treaty of Utrecht - we do not yet have a wish list from the Government of Gibraltar. | | | From that first scan or first view of them were any of them incompatible in your view with the Treaty of Utrecht? | | | Are any of those ideas that have been floated with you contrary to the Treaty of Utrecht or would they infringe the Treaty of Utrecht? |
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http://www.panorama.gi/archive/990615.html
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| | Utrecht (city) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In 1580 this predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the one in Utrecht, which had become an archiepiscopal see in 1559. | | | Utrecht is also home to the FC Utrecht football club, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. | | | In 695 he was appointed archbishop of the Frisians and in 703 or 704 Pepin II of Herstal gave him Utrecht as see for his missionary activities further north. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)
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| | Treaty of Utrecht - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This page was last modified 00:13, 16 December 2005. | | | In spite of some doubts of the legality of such measures, Philip V was to renounce the French throne for himself and his descendants, while various French princelings - notably Louis XIV's youngest grandson the Duc de Berri and his nephew the Duke of Orleans - renounced their claims to the Spanish throne. | | | Thus, the Treaties of Utrecht were between Louis XIV of France and Philip V, on the one hand, and Queen Anne of Great Britain, the United Provinces, and the Duchy of Savoy on the other. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1713)
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| | From Revolution to Reconstruction: Documents: Paristreaty 1763 |
| | His Catholick Majesty desists, as well for himself as for his successors, from all pretension which he may have formed in favour of the Guipuscoans, and other his subjects, to the right of fishing in the neighbourhood of the island of Newfoundland. | | | His Britannick Majesty, as Elector of Brunswick Lunenbourg, as well for himself as for his heirs and successors, and all the dominions and possessions of his said Majesty in Germany, are included and guarantied by the present treaty of peace. | | | The definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendship between his Britannick Majesty, the Most Christian King, and the King of Spain. |
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http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1751-1775/7yearswar/paris.htm
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| | Treaties, Laws, Policies, and Court Cases |
| | Treaty of Aix-le-Chapelle – 1688; War of the Devolution | | | Treaty of Ghent – 1814, War of 1812 | | | Treaty of Ryswick – 1697, War of the League of Augsburg |
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http://www.stanford.edu/~csewell/culture/laws.htm
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| | Utrecht, Netherlands |
| | Utrecht was the birthplace in 1459 of Adriaen Florisz, one of the most learned men of his time, tutor to Charles V and later Pope as Hadrian VI. | | | From very early times Utrecht was one of the principal political, economic and cultural centers of the Netherlands. | | | The seat of the provincial administration, with a famous university founded in 1636, it is also an important religious center, the see of a Roman Catholic and an Old Catholic archbishop and the seat of the Oecumenical Council, the supreme Roman Catholic authority of the Netherlands. |
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http://www.planetware.com/netherlands/utrecht-nl-ut-utr.htm
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| | Text Pop-up |
| | This treaty is actually one of a number of "treaties of Utrecht" between different countries marking the end of the War of Spanish Succession. |
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http://www.canadiana.org/citm/_textpopups/constitution/doc10_e.html
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| | Treaties of Utrecht |
| | In the treaty with Prussia, France acknowledged Frederick I's royal title (claimed in 1701) and recognized his claim to Neuchâtel (in present Switzerland) and southeast Gelderland. | | | In return he renounced his claims upon the Spanish throne. | | | In international politics the settlement at Utrecht established a pattern for the next 20 years. |
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http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/UtrechtTreaties/UtrechtTreaties.html
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| | Utrecht, Treaty of |
| | Treaty signed 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession. | | | Philip V was recognized as the legitimate king of Spain, thus founding the Spanish branch of the Bourbon dynasty and ending the French king Louis XIV& attempts at expansion; the Netherlands, Milan, and Naples were ceded to Austria; Britain gained Gibraltar&; the duchy of Savoy was granted Sicily. |
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http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019970.html
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| | Map depicting the Inter-colonial Wars - MAPS |
| | This is an unusual map depicting the Inter-colonial Wars, Year the war began, Name of the War, Year War Closed, Where the Treaty was concluded at, Years war lasted, and Result of the war in the Colonies. | | | This colorful map came from Cram's 1898 "Universal Atlas - Geographical, Astronomical and Historical." In 1869 the George F. Cram Company was established and the Cram name quickly became synonymous with accuracy and innovation. |
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http://www.rare-maps.com/details.cfm?type=maps&auto_key=1560826
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| | Treaty of Utrecht: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |
| | In addition, by article 13 of the treaty, France recognised that the island of Newfoundland was a British possession, though retaining the right to fish on a part of the coast which became known as the "French Shore". | | | They lost their foothold in Italy, and accepted - as did the Spanish - that the crowns of the two countries would never be united. | | | The treaty expanded the British empire in the following ways: |
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http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/utrecht.html
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| | September_28 |
| | Even though the drafters of the Treaty of Utrecht did not intend for the flood of slaves to the colonies, their treaty had a major impact on the course of American history. | | | The treaties were signed in Utrecht in the Netherlands in 1713. | | | Most people are not that familiar with the treaty even though it helped shape the course of American history. |
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http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~eamccr/September_28.html
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| | ACADIAN-CAJUN Genealogy: Acadia ... 1710 to 1729 |
| | Many thought that Acadian would be returned to France after a treaty, as with the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697; but this wasn't the case. | | | The 14th article of the treaty said that the subjects "may have liberty to remove themselves within a year to any other place, as they shall think fit, with all their movable effects. | | | Apparently, though, there was still a time limit of one year from the treaty (which was 3 months before the Queen's letter). |
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http://www.acadian-cajun.com/acadia5.htm
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| | TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents |
| | Gibraltar derives from Gibel Tariq – Tariq’s Mountain – which is named after Tariq Ibn Zeyad who led the eighth-century conquest of Spain by a combined force of Arabs and Berbers crossing from Africa. | | | Gibraltar& unusual status was not acquired until almost 1000 years later, long after the Islamic invaders had been driven out by the Spanish, as a consequence of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht which brought to an end the War of the Spanish Succession and gave the territory to Britain. | | | The presence of a foreign-owned mini-state on the Spanish mainland has been an irritant to Anglo-Spanish relations ever since (though the UK points to the Spanish-controlled enclaves of Ceuta and Mellila on the Moroccan coast). |
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http://www.traveldocs.com/gi/history.htm
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| | Unresolved References: August 2004 |
| | at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Treaty of Utrecht was signed which gave the British ownership of Gibraltar, which they had captured in 1704. | | | Besides just being nosy about people of the past and the events that shaped their lives, history is a study of how those things affect us to this very day. | | | The BBC had an interesting article about Gibraltar and the affects of a treaty that was signed almost 300 years ago. |
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http://unref.blogspot.com/2004_08_01_unref_archive.html
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| | War of Spanish Succession Erupts in Europe |
| | The treaty also included a variety of other territorial realignments among the European states, including a transfer of Sicilian sovereignty. | | | The powers allied against France quickly realized that the goal they had been fighting, namely, to place Archduke Charles on the throne of Spain, was no longer acceptable; a unification of Austria and Spain was every bit as dangerous as a unification of France and Spain. | | | A key element of treaty that emerged was an agreement that Duke Philip of Anjou would retain the Spanish crown that he held as King Philip V, but subject to the condition that Spain and France would never be united. |
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http://www.boglewood.com/sicily/succession.html
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| | British Genocide: North American Indians deciminated |
| | The Chiefs, responding in anger to their dictates, asserted that they did not come under the Treaty and that they would not accept George I as their sovereign. | | | This “legal” hunt ended when the 1748 signing of the Treaty of Aix-La-Chappelle. | | | Two years after Great Britain and France signed the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which transferred to British control French colonial interests in Nova Scotia, the Mi'kmaq entered into a fight for the survival of their civilization with Great Britain that lasted for 50 years. |
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http://www.danielnpaul.com/Col/1999/BritishGenocide.html
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| | Adams Electronic Archive : John Adams autobiography, part 3, "Peace," 1779-1780 |
| | Stanley and The Duke of Bedford, during their Stay at Paris, previous to the last Treaty of Peace, from which it appears, that in their different Projects and Counter Projects, the Articles concerning the Newfoundland Fishery, chiefly referred to what was stipulated in the Treaty of Utrecht. | | | The French Ministers pressed at first, to have Cape Breton ceded to them, and when that was refused, they insisted that they must have some place, as an "Abri" to secure themselves. | | | Pierre was added to it, and the fifth and sixth Articles were agreed upon as they stand in the Definitive Treaty signed the tenth of February 1763. |
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http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A3_4
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| | Map depicting the Intercolonial Wars - MAPS |
| | An unusual map depicting the Intercolonial Wars, Year the war began, Name of the War, Year War Closed, Where the Treaty was concluded at, Years war lasted, and Result of the war in the Colonies. | | | George F. Cram produced this map for Cram's Unrivaled Atlas of the World in 1889. |
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http://www.rare-maps.com/details.cfm?type=maps&auto_key=1560735
(70 words)
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| | The Treaty of Utrecht |
| | It is only by such an interpretation that one is able to reconcile the absolute terms of the cession in the first sentence with the second sentence of Article X. This interpretation is also confirmed by subsequent practice. | | | But that abuses and frauds may be avoided by importing any kinds of goods, the Catholic King \vills and takes it to be understood that the above named propriety be yielded to Great Britain without any Territorial Jurisdiction and without any open communication by land with the country round about". | | | Quite apart from the fact that the decision is contrary to the provisions of the Brussels & Lugano Conventions of which both Britain and Spain are signatories, the interpretation which the Tribunal Supremo gives to the Treaty of Utrecht is grotesquely erroneous. |
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http://www.gibnet.com/texts/gs1_tou.htm
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| | KING GEORGE'S WAR, 1744-1749 |
| | Each nation was jealous of the other, and both labored to predominate at home and to strengthen and extend their possessions in America. | | | Many other familiar names occur in the list of the Adjutant General's Report and in Provincial Papers, but as their residences are not given, we cannot say with authority, that they were Hampton men. | | | "A patched-up peace" was effected by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, October 7, 1748, news of which, however, did not reach the colonies for six months or more, so that hostilities continued into the following year. |
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http://www.hampton.lib.nh.us/hampton/history/dow/chap13/dow13_7.htm
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| | Utrecht, Peace of |
| | Utrecht, Peace of, series of treaties that concluded the War of the | | | By the treaty between England and France (Apr. 11, 1713), Louis XIV recognized the English succession as established in the house of Hanover and confirmed the renunciation of the claims to the French throne of Louis's grandson, Philip V of Spain. | | | France also signed a treaty with Portugal and one with Prussia confirming the kingship of the Prussian rulers. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0850271.html
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| | Gibraltar - A Special Case |
| | Spain has never accepted the effects of the Treaty of Utrecht and claims sovereignty over Gibraltar (interestingly taking a completely contradictory position over its garrison towns in Morocco, Ceuta and Melila). | | | Gibraltar was captured by a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet under Admiral Rooke during the war of the Spanish Succession, and British sovereignty over Gibraltar was formalised in 1713 by The Treaty of Utrecht. | | | There were several Spanish attempts to recapture the Rock without success. |
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http://www.eurolegal.org/britpages/gibspecial.htm
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| | Mr Prior's Examination: with regard to the Treaty of Utrecht (1715) British History Online |
| | I had already heard, that they had consulted their Friends of the Law upon that Point, and had determined to fix upon that Meeting, wherein the Preliminaries were signed, as an Accusation of Treason. | | | IN outward Appearance, they were all very civil; set me a Chair equal to the Table where they sat, and next to Secretary Stanhope, who had the Books and Papers of the Secretary's Office before him. | | | Monsieur de Torcy was publicly in Holland, 1709, conferred with the Pensioner, and the Deputies of the States; and our own Plenipotentiaries, the Duke of Marlborough and Lord Townsbend, reported from those Deputies to Her Majesty, what the French Minister either proposed or granted. |
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http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=37762
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| | Select Articles from the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 |
| | This page is maintained by Noel S. McFerran (noel.mcferran@rogers.com) and was last updated October 26, 2003. | | | Two treaties were signed at Utrecht in 1713, securing peace between the Princess Anne of Denmark (acting for Great Britain) on the one side, and on the other Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain. | | | The following select articles are taken from the first of these treaties, signed March 31 (O.S.), April 12 (N.S.), 1713. |
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http://www.jacobite.ca/documents/1713utrecht.htm
(276 words)
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| | AAMAS 2005 |
| | The city of Utrecht is an interesting place to visit. | | | Academiegebouw, the academic center of the university (in which all official ceremonies of the university take place) is located in a historical building next to the Dom tower. | | | The city of Utrecht is more than 1300 years old and may rightly be called the “Heart of The Netherlands&; for its central geographical position in the country. |
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http://www.aamas2005.nl/about_utrecht.php
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