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| | Christian History Handbook: Ancient: Appendix VII |
 | | The last ditch attempt at reviving state polytheism by legal and military suppression of non-cooperating religions such as Christianity ultimately failed and was replaced by the long-honored policy of religious freedom for all groups, albeit in a form reflecting the attitudes of the Hellenists and including Christianity. | | | He and his successors maintained their independence until Roman troops restored Imperial power there in 533 A.D. As Arian Christians the Vandals actively persecuted the orthodox catholic Christians because of their alleged disloyalty during the repeated attacks on the Vandals by imperial forces. | | | At least he did rule in the Christian's favor in a court dispute between the Christian congregation at Rome and the tavern-keepers organization regarding the ownership of a piece of property. |
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http://www.sbuniv.edu/~hgallatin/ht3463aa07.html
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| | Chapter Three |
| | We are now looking at a politically and socially changing world where theatre activities are spreading all over, but new playwrights are not making enough of a mark to have their works saved for posterity. | | | The Roman Fasces would be picked up by later civilizations, especially the Nazis and Mussolini's "Fascist" regime. | | | Mysterious they are, both because we know very little about these people who established a vibrant civilization over much of Italy, and because what we do know about them is fragmentary and strange. |
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http://members.aol.com/clasz/chap3.html
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| | Imperial Rome |
| | The Mediterranean, thus left practically without patrol, was swarming with pirates; for the Roman conquests in Africa, Spain, and especially in Greece and Asia Minor, had caused thousands of adventurous spirits in those maritime countries to take to their ships and seek a livelihood by preying upon the commerce of the seas. | | | The praetorians were no match for the trained legionaries of the frontiers, and did not even attempt to defend their Emperor, who was taken prisoner and put to death after a reign of sixty-five days. | | | The Germans were on the point of being completely subjugated and put in the way of being Romanized, as the Celts of Gaul had already been. |
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http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Rome2.html
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| | Roman Emperors - DIR Trajan Decius |
| | His decision may have been motivated by his son's death (despite his insistence otherwise) or it may have been an attempt to salvage what had been a failed campaign. | | | It was, however, this plan which set him on a collision course with the growing Christian population in the Roman Empire. | | | The story is further confused by the claim that Valens had ruled in Illyricum; SHA TT 20. |
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http://www.roman-emperors.org/decius.htm
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| | Best of Gibbon's DECLINE & FALL |
| | This disgraceful act of cruelty which might be imputed to the fury of the troops, was followed by the deliberate murder of Withicab, the son of Vadomair; a German prince, of a weak and sickly constitution, but of a daring and formidable spirit. | | | There are few observers who possess a clear and comprehensive view of the revolutions of society, and who are capable of discovering the nice and secret springs of action which impel, in the same uniform direction, the bland and capricious passions of a multitude of individuals. | | | Chapter 16: The Conduct of the Roman Government towards the Christians, from the Reign of Nero to that of Constantine (180 - 313 A.D.) |
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http://www.his.com/z/gibbon.html
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| | Selection from The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |
| | The Emperor Maximus advanced to meet the furious tyrant, but the stroke of domestic conspiracy prevented the further eruption of civil war. | | | THE Praetorians had violated the sanctity of the throne by the atrocious murder of Pertinax; they dishonoured the majesty of it with their subsequent conduct. | | | But while Roman society persisted in a state of peaceful security, it already contained within itself the seeds of dissolution. |
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http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/historyde_eb.html
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| | Medieval History Time-Line |
| | Sigismund was very sad when they burned Huss at the stake and said that the thought had never crossed his mind that Huss was also a Czech nationalist who opposed imperial authority in his homeland of Bohemia. | | | Anyway, from this time until 313, Christians were subject to the sort of persecutions that, once they got in power, they practiced against the Jews. | | | This event, shocking to the Romans, has been generally regarded by historians as marking the beginning of "the Barbarian Invasions." |
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http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/texts/timeline.html
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| | The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire X |
| | This heroic chief escaped the power of a foe, who might either have honoured or punished his obstinate valour; but many thousands of his fellow-citizens were involved in a general massacre, and Sapor is accused of treating his prisoners with wanton and unrelenting cruelty. | | | The Romans had long experienced the daring valour of the people of Lower Germany. | | | The voice of history, which is often little more than the organ of hatred or flattery, reproaches Sapor with a proud abuse of the rights of conquest. |
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http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap10.htm
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| | Outlines of Roman History, Chapter 27 |
| | The reign of Septimius is noted for the reforming of the praetorian guard, which Augustus had organized and Tiberius had encamped near the city. | | | Instead of a government controlled by a proud and selfish oligarchy, we see a government controlled, generally speaking, by a wise and patriotic prince. | | | The name of Caracalla is infamous, not only for his cruel proscriptions, but especially for his murder of Papinian, the greatest of the Roman jurists, who refused to defend his crimes. |
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http://www.forumromanum.org/history/morey27.html
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| | Montesquieu: The Spirit of Laws: Book 2 |
| | Hence, by rendering the suffrages secret in the Roman republic, all was lost; it was no longer possible to direct a populace that sought its own destruction. | | | Hence the more nations such a sovereign has to rule, the less he attends to the cares of government; the more important his affairs, the less he makes them the subject of his deliberations. | | | We know that though the people of Rome assumed the right of raising plebeians to public offices, yet they never would exert this power; and though at Athens the magistrates were allowed, by the law of Aristides, to be elected from all the different classes of inhabitants, there never was a case, says Xenophon, |
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http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_02.htm
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| | Ancient Galleries |
| | From Aristophanes "The Clouds" this is supposed to be a portrait of Socrates, who was politically assassinated by Aristophanes for his part in the Thirty Tyrants as tutor of one of the most notorious political tyrants in Athenian history; he was forced to accept either exile or poison. | | | He chose to drink hemlock and died a martyr to intellectual freedom. | | | Greek masks -- not Roman copies -- are so rare that they have shown up in Sotheby's and Christie's only a few times in the past decade. |
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http://www.ancientgalleries.com/index2.html
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| | Lecture 9: From "Polis" to "Cosmopolis" -- Alexander and Hellenistic Greece, 323-30 B.C. |
| | And I mention this now in order to suggest that the mystery cults would contribute to the overall Christianization of the Roman Empire. | | | In other words, when Christianity did make its appearance, the mystery cults had already prepared the groundwork for its acceptance by the Roman people. | | | Still, people came to listen to him and for this reason they were called Stoics; and his followers were given the same name, although they had previously been called Zenonians, as Epicurus also says in his letters. |
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http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture9b.html
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| | Arianna Online Forums - HE WHO MUST BE READ!! |
| | Later ancient Greeks, as well as the Roman Republicans, were generally quite wary of anyone seeking to implement a popular coup. | | | A tyrant cannot be called to account for his actions. | | | Tyrants were generally installed by popular coups, and were often popular rulers, at least in the early part of their reigns. |
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http://www.ariannaonline.com/forums/showthread.php?t=24838
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| | World Almanac for Kids |
| | The title of tyrant connoted that political power had been illegally seized, rather than that it was abused. | | | Roman punishment of all the rebellious cities was heavy, and the campaigns fought on Greek soil left central Greece in ruins. | | | Similar ruling bodies were established in the cities and islands of Asia Minor. |
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http://www.worldalmanacforkids.com/explore/nations/greece2.html
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| | Rome at its Height |
| | Augustus Caesar converted the Republic into an empire in about 14 BC by concentrating the major offices of the Republic in his own person and maintaining the fiction that he was preserving and maintaining the Republic. | | | The Romans were unwilling to give up their reverence for Rome's long tradition of republican government even when such a form of government could no longer effectively manage Roman affairs. | | | Someone who had joined the Roman army had decided upon his life's work since the standard enlistment was for twenty-five years. |
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http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/roman_empire.html
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| | Roman Emperors - DIR Claudius Gothicus and Censorinus |
| | There were follow-up operations on both land and sea, but the Gothic War had essentially been won. | | | This deity had appeared on Roman coins in the reigns of Galba and Severus Alexander. | | | Aurelius Claudius, known to history as Claudius Gothicus or Claudius II, was born in either Dalmatia or Illyria on May 10, probably in A.D. 213 or 214. |
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http://www.roman-emperors.org/claudgot.htm
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| | Trials of Conscience: |
| | What does Riggsby believe was the purpose of the Roman trial? | | | note: you will have to write one essay on Greek material (either on Socrates' trial or Cohen) and one essay on Roman material (either on the trial of Rabirius or Riggsby). | | | Does his analysis explain the trial of Rabirius? |
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http://abacus.bates.edu/~mimber/Trials/midterm.htm
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| | Edward Gibbon resources |
| | XVI The Conduct of the Roman Government towards the Christians, from the Reign of Nero to that of Constantine | | | IV The Cruelty, Follies, and Murder of Commodus -- Election of Patinax -- His Attempts to Reform the State -- His Assassination by the Praetorian guards | | | XV The Progress of the Christian Religion, and the Sentiments, Manners, Numbers, and Condition of the Primitive Christians |
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http://www.robotwisdom.com/jorn/gibbon.html
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| | Plato and his democratic views... - www.ezboard.com |
| | Plato's invisioned form of government would be run by learned philosopher-kings. | | | Plato was invited to join the Tyrants, however he never made up his mind in time to join due to the swift collapse of the junta (it only lasted 8 months time). | | | Like his teacher Socrates, he opposed the institution of Athenian democracy both in form and in theory. |
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http://pub18.ezboard.com/fbalkansfrm45.showMessage?topicID=28.topic
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| | Apollonius.Net - Synchronized Chronologies Of Rome |
| | 135 Total Roman Victory in Palestine and Expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem | | | Who Wrote an Exposé Against the Christian Sect of Cataphryges, | | | Yet they were names to conjure with in the schools of rhetoric all throughout the Roman world, until the Christian Fathers and the rhetoric of the pulpit took the place of the declaimers [sophists/rhetoricians]. |
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http://www.apollonius.net/chronology.html
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| | Thirty Tyrants - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Hundreds of Athenians were killed (they were ordered to drink hemlock) and thousands more were exiled. | | | The Thirty Tyrants were a pro-Spartan oligarchy installed in Athens after Athens' defeat in the Peloponnesian War in April 404 BC. | | | The Thirty Tyrants were overthrown by Thrasybulus, with help from Thebes, the following year. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants
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| | Revelation Two - Second Age |
| | His eccentricity and debauchery and the imposition of his religion on the Romans led to an insurrection in which he was killed. | | | Sebastian a Roman commander and a defender of the Christian faith was shot with arrows under orders of the Emperor Diocletian by his own troops in 288. | | | Around A.D., Christians were given freedom of religion. |
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http://www.mazzaroth.com/ChapterSix/RevelationTwoSecondAge.htm
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| | Historia Augusta |
| | The text may have been part of an attempt to deduce from the splendor of Roman history that the pagan traditionalists were right, and Christianity was, from an historical point of view, an unRoman activity. | | | Information from Herodian, who wrote a Roman history covering the years 180-238, is also included, and several other sources may have been used to (Cassius Dio, Dexippus, Eunapius, and the so-called Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte). | | | This is interesting, because the four first authors lived during the reign of Diocletian, who persecuted the Christians, whereas Pollio and Vopiscus lived during the reign of the first Christian ruler of the Roman empire. |
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http://www.livius.org/hi-hn/ha/hist_aug.html
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| | Search Results for thirty-thirty - Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | He was noted for his administrative reforms and for his diplomacy and military command during the Thirty... | | | Schubert, who lived only thirty-one years, was not fully appreciated during his own lifetime. | | | The thirty-second President brought America out of the Great Depression and guided the nation through World War II. |
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http://www.britannica.com/search?query=thirty-thirty&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT
(520 words)
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| | Chapter Thirteens <i>to</i> Thorn in the Flesh of T by Brewer's Phrase & Fable |
| | Thirty Years' War A series of wars between the Catholics and Protestants of Germany in the seventeenth century. | | | So called because thirteenpence-halfpenny was at one time his wages for hanging a man. (See Hangman. | | | So those military usurpers are called who endeavoured, in the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus (253-268), to make themselves independent princes. |
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http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/255/1185/24373/1.html
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| | Regalianus: Information From Answers.com |
| | After the defeat of Ingenuus by Roman emperor Gallienus, Regalianus' supporters panicked and killed him. | | | Regalianus (died 260) had been made general by emperor Valerian and like many others of his rank he was proclaimed Roman emperor in 260 after the capture and execution of Valerian by Shapur I of Persia. | | | His power was centered at Carnuntum, a garrison town on the upper Danube and coins have been found bearing his name. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/regalianus
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| | Gallienus |
| | From 253 to 260 he reigned conjointly with his father, during which time he gave proof of military ability and bravery. | | | During his reign the empire was ravaged by a fearful pestilence; and the chief cities of Greece were sacked by the Goths, who descended on the Greek coast with a fleet of five hundred. | | | His generals rebelled against him in almost every province of the empire, and this period of Roman history came to be called the reign of the Thirty Tyrants. |
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http://www.nndb.com/people/597/000104285
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| | Thirty Tyrants (Roman) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This page was last modified 13:25, 29 November 2005. | | | The Thirty Tyrants, or Thirty Pretenders (Latin: Tyranni Triginta) were a group of thirty men and two women declared by the author of the notoriously unreliable Historia Augusta, writing under the name Trebellius Pollio, to have been pretenders to the throne of the Roman Empire in the time of the legitimate emperor Gallienus. | | | Modern scholar analysis differs from Magie's interpretation, that was rather based on how convincing the author of the Augustan History was: coins of for example the Gallic Emperor Victorinus turned up, and his mother Victoria seems to have had some influence for appointing the next emperor, Tetricus I. edit] |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants_(Roman)
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gallienus |
| | These men were also called "The Thirty Tyrants". | | | A bloody persecution of the Christians broke out in 257- 258, instigated by imperial edicts; they were accused of failure to take up arms in defence of the empire from its invaders. | | | Among them were Postumus in Gaul, and Ingenuus in Pannonia, over whom Gallienus won a partial victory, with the help of Aureolus, the commander-in-chief of the imperial armies. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06366a.htm
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| | James Harrington: The Commonwealth of Oceana 1656 |
| | The constitution of the late monarchy of Oceana is to be considered in relation to the different nations by whom it has been successively subdued and governed. | | | And if the royalists be “flesh of your flesh,” and nearer of blood than were the Albans to the Romans, you being also both Christians, the argument is the stronger. | | | The Romans having governed Oceana provincially, the Teutons were the first that introduced the form of the late monarchy. |
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http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/harrington-james/1656/oceana/ch02.htm
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| | Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 29 (v. 1) |
| | He assumed the purple in Gaul after the death of Postumus, and was killed by his own soldiers, because he would not allow them to plunder Mogun-tiacum. | | | The work arose, he says (Dedic.), from a conversation he had with the emperor Nerva at Frontinus's house at Formiae. | | | Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 29 (v. |
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http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0038.html
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| | History Links |
| | The Roman Catholic Church's Canon of biblical books, Council of Trent. | | | The Fall of the Roman Empire: Some explanations, and a Bibliography. | | | A.D. Origins of Equestrian Officials and of Roman legionaries. |
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http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/histlink.html
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| | Republic |
| | Thrasymachus, in a speech demonstrative of his rhetorical prowess, praises the tyrant who is unjust in a grand way. | | | This position is called “immoralism,” the forthright defense of immorality as the most prudent course for a life to take. | | | Plato would have known this by the time he wrote The Republic, so the choice may be a comment on the fleeting, precarious nature of material well-being (as opposed to the lasting value of moral character) (See: Martha Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness). |
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http://www.molloy.edu/academic/philosophy/sophia/plato/plato_rep1_comm.htm
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| | 2. Foreign Invasion and Internal Disarray. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History |
| | In the east, Valerian campaigned against Shapur (256–259) but was captured and died in captivity. | | | The entire Roman field army was wiped out, and Decius was slain (the first emperor killed in battle) by the Goths in 251. | | | 218) continued to reign alone, though pretenders appeared throughout the Empire and the period has been called that of the “thirty tyrants” (nine are attested). |
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http://www.bartleby.com/67/257.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Isaura |
| | The site of Isaura Palæa has been discovered at Oloubounar in the vilayet of Koniah, where splendid ruins are still to be seen. | | | In the year 266 of our era Trebullian, one of the thirty tyrants, made Isaura his capital, but he was slain the next year. | | | Ramsay, Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire (Aberdeen, 1906), 25–58; Smith, Dict. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08184a.htm
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| | The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Chapter X |
| | Description of the Ukraine; The Goths invade the Roman Provinces; Various Events of the Gothic War | | | Character and Merit of the Tyrants; Their obscure Birth; The Causes of their Rebellion; Their Violent Deaths | | | Character and Administration of Gallienus; The Thirty Tyrants; Their real Number not more than nineteen |
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http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/gibbone/rome/volume1/cntnt10.htm
(386 words)
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| | Xena meets Socrates - the lost episode - www.ezboard.com |
| | The Thirty Tyrants did rule Athens at the time, this being right after Athens lost the Peloponnesian war. | | | Becker didn't muck around with the history much, either ("triumvirate" is Roman but the principals Becker named were leaders of the period). | | | There's an example of streamlining government for you -- reducing the Thirty to a triumvirate! |
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http://p209.ezboard.com/fxwpwebfrm94.showMessage?topicID=148.topic
(377 words)
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| | Wikinfo Classics |
| | "Classicus occurs first in Aulus Gellius, a Roman author of the second century who in his miscellany Noctes Atticae (19, 8, 15) refers to classicus scriptor, non proletarius. | | | Classics (or Classical Studies), particularly within the Western University tradition, when used as a singular noun, means the study of the language, literature, history, art, and other aspects of Greek and Roman culture during the time frame known as classical antiquity. | | | He was ranking writers according to the classification of the Roman taxation classes. |
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http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Classics
(801 words)
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| | Aureolus |
| | After putting down several uprisings he fell out with Gallienus and was besieged in Mediolanum (modern Milan) in 268. | | | The story is told in the Historia Augusta, where he is listed among the Thirty Tyrants. | | | For the Frankish ruler of Aragon, see Aureolus of Aragon. |
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http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/A/Aureolus.htm
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| | Review 2 |
| | Classical Sculptors and Roman copies of their works |
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http://people.clarkson.edu/~ellen/AncientGreece/review2.html
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| | Electric Renaissance |
| | I have portraits of myself taken at five and twenty, and five and thirty years of age; I compare them with that lately drawn; how variously is it no longer me; how much more is my present image unlike the former, than unlike that I shall go out of the world with? | | | All heat that comes from the fire weakens and dulls me; and yet Evenus said, that fire was the best condiment of life: I rather choose any other way of making myself warm. | | | Why do we not imitate the Roman architecture? |
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http://www.idbsu.edu/courses/hy309/docs/montaigne/montaigne.21.html
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| | Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1998.08.05 |
| | The chapter's centerpiece is the story of Coriolanus and his mother, but Loraux imbues the argument with valuable new-historicist-style insights, like p. | | | Loraux moves in the short (5 pp.) Chapter 3, "The Effective Tears of Matrons," to Roman material as a highly effective contrast. |
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http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr-cgi-dev/1998/1998-08-05.html
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| | MEDITERRANEAN CHRONOLOGY |
| | Athens surrenders; Long Walls destroyed; Thirty Tyrants; Akropolis garrisoned |
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http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/classics/courses/1996/chron.html
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| | Plato's Life in Context |
| | Plague in Athens 430-27 Sophocles' Oedipus Rex 429 Sophocles' Death 405 | | | Fall of Athens: 404, Thirty Tyrants 403, Democracy Restored 399, Socrates Executed |
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http://www.uh.edu/~cfreelan/courses/platotimeline.html
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