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| | Trials of Conscience: |
 | | He was fairly moderate in his beliefs and politics except for a passionate hatred for sophists whom he believed had led to the destruction of democracy in Athens. | | | At the trial of Thereamenes (who himself had originally been a member of the Thirty, but alienated Critias, Plato's uncle and leader of the radical oligarchs, by opposing the frequency of executions) the Thirty took the precaution of filling the council chamber with Spartan soldiers and young aristocratic thugs who supported the Thirty. | | | They summoned five citizens to their chambers and ordered them to arrest Leon of Salamis (a wealthy metic, i.e., resident alien, who lived in a suburb of Athens). |
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http://abacus.bates.edu/~mimber/Trials/w2c1.htm
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| | The Trial of Socrates |
| | When the Thirty Tyrants took power, they murdered or drove out of the city all who were of the democratic party. | | | Thought 50 years had passed, the dictatorship of Critias and the Thirty Tyrants must still have been a hateful memory. | | | Under the Thirty Tyrants, Socrates said, he had also resisted an unjust order. |
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http://www.geneseo.edu/~harrison/humn1_html/trial.html
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| | Fidelio Article - Plato's Dialogues, the Tragedy of Athens, and the Complex Domain |
| | Plato's close relatives, Critias and Charmides, who were leaders of the Spartan-imposed Thirty Tyrants that briefly ruled the city in 404, were killed in the overthrow of the Tyrants by the radical Democrats. | | | Plato was not engaged in a sociological exercise there—he was reliving a history which claimed the lives of his close relatives. | | | Born in 427, Plato spent the first decades of his life amidst the catastrophes of war, defeat, tyranny, and its twin—mob-rule. |
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http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_02-06/034_plato.html
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| | Plato's Apology |
| | Socrates was tried under the auspices of the restored democracy and, although the actual prosecutor in his trial was the obscure Meletus, the prosecution was instigated by Anytus, one of the democratic leaders exiled during the rule of the Thirty. | | | Political ideology, however, was not the only motive behind the reign of terror established by these oligarchs who became commonly known as the "Thirty Tyrants". | | | but the fact that he had remained in the city throughout the rule of the Thirty certainly did not endear him to the democrats who had to go into exile. |
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http://depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/studyguide/apology.htm
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| | Tyranny and the Triumph of Democracy, by Dylan Craig |
| | [9] This Athenian 'duty' - to kill tyrants - was soon to become encoded in law, as all council members had to swear to kill anyone who aspired to tyranny and seize their property – the pro-democracy forces were taking no chances. | | | Secondly, it is worth noting that an attempt was made in 509 B.C. by certain members of the aristocracy to return to an oligarchic system, an attempt which was once again thwarted by Cleisthenes. | | | Far from being mercenary-backed coups, however, these attempts had been a far more 'soft' option than a modern tyrant could have opted for. |
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http://www.eyeballkid.co.za/tyranny.html
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| | Greek Philosophy: Socrates |
| | Socrates was brought to trial and executed in 399. | | | Sparta set up an oligarchy of Athenian nobles (among them Critias, a former associate of Socrates and a relative of Plato), which because of its brutality became known as the Thirty Tyrants. |
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http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/SOCRATES.HTM
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| | A Biblical Interpretation of World History, Chapter 11, Part 2 |
| | Instead of administering the state, the thirty spent most of their time executing democratic leaders, suspected democratic leaders, potential democratic leaders, and even those who protested that there were too many executions. | | | On his way north the Spartan general, Phoibidas, helped a pro-Spartan faction seize power in Thebes, and left some troops to garrison the citadel of Thebes, the Cadmeia. | | | Early in life he traveled to Egypt and Babylon, and may have gotten some of his ideas there. |
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http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/worldhis/Hist11b.html
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| | The Council of the Areopagus |
| | It is interesting to note, however, that the prestige of the Areopagus was undiminished, despite the body’s having been one focus of the tyrants’ government. | | | The orator Andocides describes how the tyranny was overthrown and how the Athenians drew up a temporary constitution to govern the city during the time of confusion (Andoc. | | | According to Xenophon, the government was to consist of Thirty Tyrants, “who would collect the ancestral laws and govern according to them” (οἳ τοὺς πατρίους νόμους συγγράψουσι, καθ’ οὓς πολιτεύσουσι) (Xen. |
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http://www.stoa.org/projects/demos/article_areopagus?page=16&greekEncoding=UnicodeC
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| | The Greeks - Socrates |
| | Though the details are vague, many historians believe Socrates was one of these specially appointed citizens, since several of his former pupils were also members of the Thirty Tyrants. | | | A period of savage repression followed, including hundreds of political killings and the exile of thousands. | | | But by also associating with tyrants, Socrates had unintentionally made himself appear as an enemy of democracy. |
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http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/characters/socrates_p9.html
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| | Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, page 369 |
| | Under the rule of the Thirty Tyrants, however, the brothers were accused in 404 of being enemies to the existing government; their property was confiscated and Polemarchus executed, while Lysias with the greatest difficulty managed to escape to Megara. | | | After the fall of the Thirty, in which he had eagerly co-operated, he returned to Athens, and gave his time to the lucrative occupation of writing legal speeches for others, after obtaining high repute as an orator, in 403, by his accusation of Eratosthenes, the murderer of his brother. | | | He returned to Athens in 412, and lived in the Piraeus in comfortable circumstances, being joint possessor, with his eldest brother Polemar-chus, of several houses and a manufactory of shields, where 120 slaves were employed. |
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http://www.ancientlibrary.com/seyffert/0372.html
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| | Hieroglyphics to Holy Twain * People, Places, & Things * Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last ... |
| | One of the sons of Pisistratus (Peisistratos) who was assassinated in 514 BCE by Harmodius and Aristogiton in a failed attempt to kill both of Pisistratus’ sons, Hippias and Hipparkhus. | | | Hippokrates of Gela; A tyrant of the city of Gela on the island of Sicily from 498-491 BCE. | | | Having lost the war to the Spartans, the citizens of Athens elected thirty men to lead the new post-war government; these men became known as the Thirty Tyrants; the short lived government they comprised was an oligarchy. |
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http://www.messagenet.com/myths/ppt/_h1003.html
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| | tyrant: Definition, Synonyms and Much More From Answers.com |
| | Later ancient Greeks, as well as the Roman Republicans, were generally quite wary of anyone seeking to implement a popular coup. | | | Tyrants were generally installed by popular coups, and were often popular rulers, at least in the early part of their reigns. | | | Cypselus was the first tyrant of Corinth in the 7th century BC, and managed to bequeath his position to his son, Periander. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/tyrant
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| | William Smith : A Smaller History of [Ancient] Greece - Thiry Tyrants, Death of Socrates |
| | It happened that the vessel which proceeded to Delos on the annual deputation to the festival had sailed the day before his condemnation; and during its absence it was unlawful to put any one to death. | | | Alcibiades had been included by the Thirty in the list of exiles; but the fate which now overtook him seems to have sprung from the fears of the Lacedaemonians, or perhaps from the personal hatred of Agis. | | | The year which contained their rule was not named after the archon, but was termed "the year of anarchy." The first archon drawn after their fall was Euclides, who gave his name to a year ever afterwards memorable among the Athenians. |
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http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greece-14-socrates.asp
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| | Thirty Tyrants on Encyclopedia.com |
| | War in Iraq: Tyrant gone but tyranny still remains.(News) | | | Balkans Conflict: The tyrant who thinks he is Saddam; Power-crazed murderer's dream destroyed.(News) | | | TYRANT MILOSEVIC FACING POLL DEFEAT; Civil war fear as Serbs vote.(News) |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/T/ThirtyT1y.asp
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| | Sokrates and Alkibiades |
| | There were, however, some unofficial and very political reasons for his execution, including his preaching on and practicing withdrawal from the political life of the city and, according to Xenophon (Mem. | | | One condition of the ouster of the Thirty Tyrants and the restoration of democracy was a rather broad amnesty, but the Athenians were still in a mood to punish the anti-democratic aristocrats who had formed and supported the Thirty, and whom the Athenians blamed for their defeat in the war. | | | 1.2.12), his relationship with Alkibiades and with Kritias, the leader of the Thirty Tyrants. |
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http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/rosivach/cl115/people/sokrates-alkibiades.htm
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| | PH@school: Literature 7e: World Masterpieces: Unit 4 Internet Activities |
| | Gather information about the trial and death of Socrates, as well as about the political situation in Athens during the time of the Thirty Tyrants. | | | Socrates was disliked by many of his fellow citizens due to his views and his high opinion of himself. | | | More seriously, he had been associated with several men who were part of the group of "Thirty Tyrants" who briefly overthrew the Athenian democracy. |
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http://www.phschool.com/atschool/literature/world_masterpieces_7e/Student_Area/WM_SU4_ACT4.html
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| | Critias, Greece, ancient history |
| | In Eleusis a mass execution of 300 men was ordered. | | | He was well hated by then, and was one of the reasons Socrates was persecuted, since the philosopher had been his teacher. | | | On his return he was elected to the dictatorial, Sparta friendly government that consisted of 30 tyrants. |
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http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/history/ancient/critias.htm
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| | Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.) |
| | Taking the aristocratic side in politics, and being connected with some of the men who established on oligarchy in 403, he formed hopes of wise government which were speedily dissipated. | | | At Dion's invitation he visited the elder Dionysius at Syracuse; his free speech offended this tyrant, who caused him to be sold as a slave on his voyage homeward to Ægina. | | | After the restoration of democracy, and the martyrdom of Socrates, Plato retired to Megara, and lived for some time with Eucleides, a philosopher of that city. |
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http://www.usefultrivia.com/biographies/plato_001.html
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| | Socrates |
| | In Athens at this time there were no public prosecutors; private individual citizens brought criminal charges to the government official (the King Archon). | | | Socrates had been friends with, and teacher to, some of the Thirty Tyrants -- including Critias, leader of the extremists, and Charmides. | | | In 403 (aged 66), while Athens was under the rule of the Thirty Tyrants, Socrates did not obey the Tyrants' order -- given to him and four others -- to arrest the wealthy Leon of Salamis, reputedly a just democrat, for execution, in order to confiscate his large estate. |
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http://home.wlu.edu/~mahonj/Ancient_Philosophers/Socrates.htm
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| | Notes and Queries - October 3 2002 |
| | Professor Hutchinson claimed that this was achieved by the installation of forty tyrants. | | | However this was not the case, there were in fact only thirty tyrants. | | | Professor Hutchinson, no doubt understandably blinded by his rage at the injustice of the Spartans managed to come up with a whole ten extra tyrants.So let us remember, there were thirty tyrants. |
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http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~phl102y/nq10-03.html
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| | The Baldwin Project: The Story of the Greeks by H. A. Guerber |
| | By order of the Spartans, Solon's laws were set aside, and thirty men were chosen to govern the city. | | | The Athenians suffered so sorely under the government which the Spartans had thus forced upon them, that they soon began to long for the return of Alcibiades, who, whatever his faults, was always generous. | | | These rulers proved so stern and cruel, that they were soon known as the Thirty Tyrants, and were hated by every one. |
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http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=guerber&book=greeks&story=alcibiades2
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| | Essay Depot - Why was Socrates found guilty? Was he fairly tried and condemned? |
| | Thus it may have been that these ties were the real reason for his trial, but due to the amnesty the charges had to rest elsewhere. | | | His associations with Critias and Charmides would have made it easy for Socrates to be such a scapegoat, were it not for the amnesty declared following the Thirty Tyrants which did not allow him to be tried for such ties. | | | Sparta established a government of oligarchs known as the Thirty Tyrants in 404 BC. |
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http://www.essaydepot.com/essayme/929
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| | Why Socrates Should Be Found Guilty? |
| | Hitler did no want any coup or riot against his government nor did the Athenians. | | | The democrats felt since Socrates was the teacher of these Thirty Tyrant leaders, that he was responsible for their misdeeds. | | | He did not believe in the same Gods as the Athenians did. |
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http://www.freeessays.cc/db/35/peh232.shtml
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| | Socratic Ignorance in Democracy, the Free Market, and Science |
| | Well, of course, the exile of the democrats from Athens, after the fall of the city in 404, and during the Spartan occupation and the regime of the Thirty Tyrants. | | | The next point, logically, is at 32c, where Socrates relates his experience under the Thirty Tyrants. | | | He says that Chaerephon was his friend and the friend of many of the jury, sharing their exile and their return. |
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http://www.friesian.com/socrates.htm
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| | Biography Item - Plato |
| | Plato reacted to these events by refusing to take part in politics. | | | Some of Plato's relatives were in this group, and he was asked to join. | | | At the end of the Peloponnesian war a group of wealthy and important men tried to take over Athens and rule as an oligarchy (know as the Thirty Tyrants) in 403 BC. |
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http://intranet.lissjunior.hants.sch.uk/greece/ancientgreece/content/html/portal/pg000591.htm
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| | The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire X |
| | As far as the barrenness of materials would permit, we have attempted to trace, with order and perspicuity, the general events of that calamitous period. | | | His noble birth, his mild but unblemished manners, his learning, prudence, and experience, were revered by the senate and people; and if mankind (according to the observation of an ancient writer) had been left at liberty to choose a master, their choice would most assuredly have fallen on Valerian. | | | Invincible in arms, during a thirty years' war, he was at length assassinated by the emissaries of Sapor, king of Persia. |
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http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap10.htm
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| | Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Book 5 |
| | —Theramenes, one of the tyrants, killed; Thrasybulus overthrows the tyrants; his act of oblivion, IX. | | | Thirty governors of the state were appointed, who became absolute tyrants; for, at the very first, they organized for themselves a guard of three thousand men, though, after so much slaughter. | | | By these deputies he was beset, and, as he could not be killed openly, was burnt alive in the apartment in which he slept. |
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http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans5.html
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| | LYSIAS - LoveToKnow Article on LYSIAS |
| | This was his only direct contact with Athenian politics. | | | One of their earliest measures was an attack upon the resident aliens, who were represented as disaffected to the new government. | | | During his later~ years Lysiasnow probably a comparatively poor~ man owing to the rapacity of the tyrants and his own generosity to the Athenian exilesappears as a hard-working member of a new professionthat of writing speeches to be delivered in the law-courts. |
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http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LY/LYSIAS.htm
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| | Thirty Tyrants - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Hundreds of Athenians were killed (they were ordered to drink hemlock) and thousands more were exiled. | | | The Thirty Tyrants were a pro-Spartan oligarchy installed in Athens after Athens' defeat in the Peloponnesian War in April 404 BC. | | | This page was last modified 05:16, 30 September 2005. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants
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| | Lysias on Encyclopedia.com |
| | The tyrants had deprived him of his wealth, and he adopted the profession of writing speeches for litigants. | | | Lysias escaped to Megara, from which he returned when the tyrants were expelled (403 BC). | | | He prosecuted Eratosthenes for his brother's death, and his oration against Eratosthenes is a model of Greek oratory. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/l/lysias.asp
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| | CRITIAS - LoveToKnow Article on CRITIAS |
| | He was slain in battle against Thrasybulus and the returning democrats. | | | Returning to Athens he was made ephor by the oligarchical party; and he was the most cruel and unscrupulous of the Thirty Tyrants who in 404 were appointed by the Lacedaemonians. | | | He was banished (probably in the democratic reaction of 407) and fled to Thessaly, where he stirred up the Penestae (the helots of Thessaly) against their masters, and endeavoured to establish a democracy. |
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http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CR/CRITIAS.htm
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| | Lysias |
| | Lysias' putting on trial one of the Thirty Tyrants called Eratosthenes proved to be a turning point in his life. | | | When the Thirty Tyrants seized power, Lysias' brother was put to death and Lysias himself fled for his life to Megara. | | | On his return to Athens, he and his brothers continued, despite the political situation, to do well financially, by running a shield factory. |
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http://idcs0100.lib.iup.edu/AncGreece/lysias.htm
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| | Ancient Greece: The Spartan Hegemony: 404-371 BC |
| | Members of the democratic factions fled the city and raised armies in Corinth and in Thebes. | | | The oligarchy ruled with an iron fist, often ordering summary executions of its political opponents (as Socrates tells us in The Apology); for this, the thirty members of the oligarchy were called "the Thirty Tyrants," or simply, "the Thirty." Eventually the Athenians were allowed by Sparta to return to a democratic constitution. |
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http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/SPARHEGE.HTM
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| | Lysias, from Lives of the Ten Orators, at Peitho's Web |
| | But when Iphicrates made himself responsible for Timotheus's actions, and would purge himself of the allegation of treason made also against him, Lysias wrote an oration for him to deliver in his defence; upon which he was acquitted, but Timotheus was fined in a considerable sum of money. | | | But after the fight at Aegospotami, when the Thirty Tyrants had usurped the government, he was banished thence, after he had remained in Athens seven years. | | | His goods were confiscated; and having likewise lost his brother Polemarchus, he himself escaped by a back door of the house in which he was kept for execution, fled to Megara and there lived. |
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http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/plu10or/plulys.htm
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| | The Baldwin Project: The Story of the Greeks by H. A. Guerber |
| | The Spartans, in the mean while, had been changing rapidly for the worse; for the defeat of the Athenians had filled their hearts with pride, and had made them fancy they were the bravest and greatest people on earth. | | | He had seen the sufferings of the Athenians, and his sympathy had been roused. | | | So he began plotting against the Thirty Tyrants, assembled a few brave men, entered the city, drove out the Spartans, and overturned their government when they least expected it. |
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http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=guerber&book=greeks&story=thirty
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| | Chapter Thirteens <i>to</i> Thorn in the Flesh of T by Brewer's Phrase & Fable |
| | Thirty Years' War A series of wars between the Catholics and Protestants of Germany in the seventeenth century. | | | So called because thirteenpence-halfpenny was at one time his wages for hanging a man. (See Hangman. | | | So those military usurpers are called who endeavoured, in the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus (253-268), to make themselves independent princes. |
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http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/255/1185/24373/1.html
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| | Class outline: Athens defeated, Socrates condemned: crisis and critique |
| | The trial of Socrates took place in 399 B.C. in the aftermath of the war, at a time when Athenians were looking for the causes of their military and political failures. | | | The regime of the THIRTY TYRANTS lasted for little more than a year, but it represented a reign of terror with the execution of political opponents and a confiscation of properties. | | | In the aftermath of the disastrous defeat, a party of wealthy citizens sought to replace the Athenian constitution and establish an OLIGARCHY. |
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http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~demilio/2211unit2/socrates.htm
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| | Exegesis & Explication: Marriage |
| | This blog is a part of the revolutionary Thirty Tyrants network. | | | This is a paragraph of text that could go in the sidebar. | | | The Thirty Tyrants Programme demands that these issues be attacked from all angles and all disciplines. |
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http://daseinschockrock.blogspot.com/2005/06/marriage.html
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| | Thirty_Tyrants_(Roman) |
| | The Thirty Tyrants, or Thirty Pretenders (Latin: Tyranni Triginta) were a group of 32 people declared by the author of the notoriously unreliable Historia Augusta, writing under the name Trebellius Pollio, to have been pretenders to the throne of the Roman Empire in the time of the legitimate emperor Gallienus. | | | Scholarly consensus is that the author artificially increased the number of his protagonists in conscious parallelism with the Thirty Tyrants of Sparta. | | | At least some of these men issued coins. |
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http://www.apawn.com/search.php?title=Thirty_Tyrants_(Roman)
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| | Chapter Think <i>to</i> Thomas and Fair Ellinor of T by Brewer's Readers Handbook |
| | After the contest had been going on for some years, Richelieu joined the protestants (1635), not from any love to their cause, but solely to humiliate Austria and Spain (1618–1648). | | | “The Thirty” put more people to death in eight months of peace than the enemy had done in a war of thirty years.—Xenophon. | | | The Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta is called “The Thirty Years’ War” (B.C. Thisbe, a beautiful Babylonian maid, beloved by Pyramus, her next-door neighbour. |
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http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/174/1130/15036/2.html
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| | Re: Plato, democracy, and the Thirty |
| | While it is true that the experience of the Thirty Tyrants left such a bad taste in Athens that for three generations Oligarchy was not an acceptable form of government, the simple fact is, that once the Thirty were in power, few were eager to take up arms against them. | | | The single most influential event which crippled the Thirty's hold on Athens was their defeat at Thrasyboulos's second attempt to take the city. | | | While true the view MAY have its origin in a source ill-disposed toward democracy, we can say the same thing with regard to view ill-disposed toward oligarchy. |
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http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/subject/hd/fak7/hist/o1/logs/sophia/log.started940311/mail-94.html
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| | Harvard University Press/, |
| | After one political speech in accusation of Eratosthenes (one of the Thirty) in 405, he became at Athens a busy professional speech writer for the law courts. | | | They suggest a passionate partisan who was also a gentle humorous man. We see in him the art of oratory young and fresh. | | | Being a loyal supporter of democracy, Lysias took the side of the democrats at Athens against the Thirty Tyrants in 404, supplying shields and money. |
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http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/L244.html
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| | Chronology of Greek History After the Peloponnesian War |
| | Death of Dionysius I. Dionysius II became tyrant of Syracuse. | | | Thessalian League appealed to Philip II for help against the tyrants of Pherae. | | | Expedition (anabasis) of Cyrus the Younger to take the Persian throne from his brother Artaxerxes II; battle of Cunaxa, with the defeat and death of Cyrus. |
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http://hronos.km.ru/english/greek_hist.html
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| | Re: Plato, democracy, and the Thirty 3 |
| | I suggested that if there was one, it may have been in direct consequence to the actions taken by the Athenian Democracy during the latter years of the Fifth Century. | | | The issue I am attempting to raise, is whether we should instinctfully feel an admiration of the Athenian democracy, and a natural revulsion toward the Oligarchy of 404. | | | His posting was, in turn, made in response to a growing conversation which stemmed from a rather simple question: Does anyone see an anti-democratic view in Plato's writings? |
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http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/subject/hd/fak7/hist/o1/logs/sophia/log.started940311/mail-97.html
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| | Classical Period - Politics - Two Oligarchic Reforms |
| | Furthermore, they restored to the Areopagus the rights it had before the Ephialtic reforms (462/1 B.C.), abolished the courts of jurors and vested the Council of Five Hundred with the powers of a criminal court. | | | They also drew up a catalogue of one thousand trustworthy citizens, who took turns in office and approved the decisions of the tyrants. | | | It was in these circumstances that the Assembly of Citizens, under the pressure from the Spartan Lysander, appointed thirty superior archons known as the Thirty tyrants. |
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http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/05/en/politics/310oligarchies.html
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