|
| |
| | Sumeria, Ancient Sumeria (Sumer), A history of Ancient Sumer Including its Contributions |
 | | Sometime before the 25th century bc the Sumerian Empire, under the leadership of Lugalanemundu of Adab (flourished about 2525-2500 BC), was extended from the Zagros to the Taurus mountains and from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. | | | By the 23rd century bc the power of the Sumerians had declined to such an extent that they could no longer defend themselves against foreign invasion. | | | It is highly probable, in fact, that the ancient legends and myths of Mesopotamia supplied material that was reworked by the biblical authors. |
|
http://history-world.org/sumeria.htm
|
|
| |
| | Encyclopedia4U - Sumer - Encyclopedia Article |
| | The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities, and the mudbrick walls failed to deter foes who had the time to pry out the bricks. | | | Historian Alan Marcus says: "Sumerians held a rather dour perspective on life". | | | The Sumerian dingirs (gods) each had associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with the political power of the associated cities. |
|
http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/s/sumer.html
|
|
| |
| | alt.mythology Sumerian Mythology FAQ, ver. 2.0 |
| | From: cbsiren@cisunix.unh.edu (Christopher B. Siren) Newsgroups: alt.mythology, alt.magick.tyagi Subject: alt.mythology Sumerian Mythology FAQ, ver. | | | Many of the myths are more developed here, some of which are only glossed over in _The Sumerians_, however in some cases _The Sumerians_ holds the more complete or updated myth. | | | 2.0 Date: 10 Sep 2000 03:53:52 GMT Message-ID: <8pf0kg$qol$1@tabloid.unh.edu> Reply-To: cbsiren@cisunix.unh.edu Summary: This posting contains a description of the pantheon and cosmology of the Sumerians, who lived in what is now southern Iraq over 4000 years ago. |
|
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/mythology/sumer-faq
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian Information of the Annunaki -- compared to the Anakim |
| | This is located in the country of Iraq, in the city of Babylon, fifty miles south of today’s Baghdad. | | | As you would suspect Ridu is the same as Eridu. | | | Anu’s father was Anshar (Sumerian god of the celestial world who was born of the serpents Lakhmu and Lakhamu), as the sky and male principle. |
|
http://www.mazzaroth.com/ChapterThree/SumerianInfoOfAnnunaki-Anakim.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | More credibility is given to inclusion of Sumerian in proposed super-families like Nostratic or Dene-Sino-Caucasian, but the mere identifiability of these super-families is itself controversial. | | | Sumerian is distinguished from other languages of the area such as Hebrew, Akkadian, which also comprises Babylonian and Assyrian, and Aramaic, which are Semitic languages, and Elamite, which may be an Elamo-Dravidian language. | | | Sumerian has also been claimed to have two tenses (past and present-future), but these are currently described as completive and incompletive aspects instead. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language
|
|
| |
| | The Sumerians |
| | They believed that Nammu had created the fish they saw and the birds, wild pigs and other creatures that appeared on the marshy wet lands - a story of creation around two millennia before the Hebrews would put their own story of the creation into writing. | | | The Sumerians believed that the sun, moon and stars were gods. | | | The Sumerians believed that humanity had been created to serve the gods, and they served their gods with sacrificial offerings and supplications. |
|
http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch01.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian |
| | Sumerian speaking people settled in the land they called Sumer, in a region of the | | | Gods and Goddesses who were born on earth (the new generation) and those born in heaven. | | | The Sumerian language is the oldest sophisticated form of writing in existence, and dates from at least 3400 B.C.E. These early writings, however, are neither crude nor primitive, and no other source as been identified as to where it might have been developed. |
|
http://www.halexandria.org/dward183.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian Lexicon |
| | The Sumerian lexicon has benefitted from several classes at UCLA with Dr. Robert Englund. | | | The earliest and most important words in Sumerian had their own cuneiform signs, whose origins were pictographic, making an initial repertoire of about a thousand signs or logograms. | | | Download the Sumerian Lexicon as a Word for Windows 6.0 file in a self-extracting WinZip archive. |
|
http://www.sumerian.org/sumerlex.htm
|
|
| |
| | Planet X, Nibiru, Ancient Astronauts, NASA, UFO's |
| | This section contains a vast amount of information relating to the theory of "Ancient Astronauts". | | | The Orpheous Theory is one of the latest theories released which explains that a "rogue planet" collided with our primitive earth, creating our moon. | | | This information poses an interesting Hypothesis that the "Annunaki" are the GODS as described by the Sumerians, and they had "Android Beings" helping them. |
|
http://xfacts.com/x.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian Myths |
| | Sumerian cities were close agglomerations of one or two story mud brick dwellings. | | | The Sumerians developed one of the earliest civilizations on earth (3500-1750 B.C.), but the existence of such a people and civilization was not even suspected until the middle of the 19th century. | | | Eventually, after a half-century of decipherment and excavation, the existence of the Sumerian language, people, and civilization was confirmed. |
|
http://faculty.gvsu.edu/websterm/SumerianMyth.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian and Babylonian art. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | Invasions of Semitic peoples from what are now Iran and Syria ended the last Sumerian golden age. | | | The art of the Sumerian civilization, as revealed by excavations at Ur, Babylon, Uruk (Erech), Mari, Kish, and Lagash, among other cities, was one of enormous power and originality that influenced all of the major cultures of ancient western Asia. | | | The city of Lagash survived the invasions and was beautified by its governor Gudea with numerous works of art. |
|
http://www.bartleby.com/65/su/Sumerian.html
|
|
| |
| | The Probert Encyclopaedia - Sumerian Mythology |
| | In Sumerian mythology, Siduri- the barmaid is a manifestation of Ishtar who dwells at the lip of the sea, beyond which is the Land of Life, where Utnapishtim lives. | | | In Sumerian mythology, Ki was the personification of the earth. | | | In Sumerian mythology, Ninurta is chamberlain of the Anunnaki. |
|
http://www.fas.org/news/reference/probert/D8.HTM
|
|
| |
| | Sacrifices in the Sumerian Culture |
| | The Sumerians believed the only reason for them to be on this earth were to serve the gods, and therefore they would sacrifice themselves and follow their god/king when he died. | | | Because no one has mentioned these rites in Sumerian texts, some scholars would not believe that they were burials of real kings. | | | The Sumerians were one of the first cultures to arise in Mesopotamia, which is what is now known as the Middle East. |
|
http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/sumerians.html
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian and Austric Language |
| | According to many experts, the Al-Ubaid people were ancestral to the Sumerians, or at least, to their culture. | | | This alternation is evidenced by the prefixes ha- and ga- and also by the use of the sign HA for ku "fish," in Sumerian. | | | sar "to write, inscribe" Sumerian sulatin- Philippines, sorga- "writing," Pagu, sulat- "writing," Philippines, surat- "to write," Ilokano. |
|
http://www.geocities.com/pinatubo.geo/sumer.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sitchin links - The Sumerians |
| | Sumer, Babylon, and Hittites: - Summary of the Sumerian, Babylonian and Hitties cultures and legends. | | | Covers The Sumerian Creation, The Creation of Humans, Enki and the Mother Goddess, Stories of the Organization of the Earth, The Sumerian Flood Story. | | | Hungarian Mythology: - Sumerian influence in Hungarian Mythology. |
|
http://www.geocities.com/sitchin_links/sumer.html
|
|
| |
| | The Sumerian Calendar |
| | Because there was no universal religion, there was no uniformity in the names of months between Sumerian cities. | | | Sumerians numbered their years by the year of the reign of a king, i.e., ‘in the third year of the reign of Lugalzaggesi,’ etc. King lists were kept for dating prior reigns. | | | Sumerian months were strictly lunar and each month began at the first sighting of the new moon. |
|
http://www.jameswbell.com/a005calendar.html
|
|
| |
| | The Sumerian Word of the Week |
| | This sign is also used as a determinative before the names of constellations. | | | This is pronounced (conventionally - of course we have only a very sketchy idea of how Sumerian was originally pronounced, since it died out over 3500 years ago) as "NEE-tach" (the last sound is a guttural, like the sound at the end of the German "Bach"). | | | The phoneme at the end of the sign, which in the past was written "g", is actually an "ng" sound - this phoneme is a recent discovery. |
|
http://www.livejournal.com/community/sumerianwotd
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian Gods and Goddesses |
| | Enlil is said to have been responsible for the me, a set of universal laws governing all existence. | | | The Sumerians thought that a great domed roof contained the sky, the stars, the moon, and the sun which lighted the cities beneath it; they also believed that below the earth swirled the dim netherworld, a fearsome abode of demons and the kingdom of the dead. | | | Nammu, Goddess of the Primeval Sea, "the mother who gave birth to heaven and earth." |
|
http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Sumerian.html
|
|
| |
| | Mesopotamia Art |
| | REMEMBER-the kings were elected at first and then the office became hereditary...the office took on such an aura of grandeur that the Sumerians claimed their monarchs were appointed by heaven. | | | One thing you'll see is that the ancient Sumerians were concerned with some of the same things that occupy our minds in 20th century America. | | | Sumer had a specialized class of professional soldiers...and they were so good at their jobs that they helped transmit Sumerian culture into many other areas. |
|
http://www.dl.ket.org/humanities/connections/class/ancient/mesopart.htm
|
|
| |
| | The Obverse Side of Narmer’s Palette - The Bull Interpretations |
| | On his page 84-86, it claims that in Egypt King Narmer’s name is from two hieroglyphic signs: Nar and Mar. | | | Min would appear to be the deified Menes (Min or Man, the twin Sun-gods of the Sumerians, Aryans and Phoenicians) and seen as associated with Qadesh and Reseph (Resheph). | | | 15 and 17) the fish sign in Sumerian is "Pish" or "Fish" or defined as "mighty fish," the Babylonian god of war or death is named Ner or Nar in Sumerian. |
|
http://www.mazzaroth.com/ChapterFour/NarmersPaletteObverse.htm
|
|
| |
| | [No title] |
| | Beer parlors receive special mention in the laws codified by Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C. Apparently stiff penalties were dealt out to owners who overcharged customers (death by drowning) or who failed to notify authorities of the presen e of criminals in their establishments. | | | Although Sumerian beer was made several millennia after barley was first domesticated, the process used by the Sumerians is a "time platform" from which we can ask questions about earlier practices. | | | Stanza III also introduces us to the gods and goddesses who made up Ninkasi's family. |
|
http://www.funet.fi/pub/culture/beer/homebrew/docs/ninkasi_article
|
|
| |
| | SUMERIAN RELIGION |
| | Thank you for your continued devotion and interest in the Ancient Ones... |
|
http://www.mindspring.com/~mysticgryphon/religndx.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian Dictionary to Decipher Ancient Texts |
| | The Sumerians settled and farmed the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, now part of Iraq. | | | That their writings survived to the present day was a lucky byproduct of the Sumerians' choice of materials. | | | Summary The people known as Sumerians are credited with starting the first civilization and building the first cities. |
|
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/07/0723_020724_cuneiform.html
|
|
| |
| | Entrance to the shrine of Inanna, Sumerian Mother-Goddess |
| | Inannas Myths retold - you can listen to it right there. | | | She is the goddess of love, fertility, and war. | | | During and after the decline of the Sumerian kingdom Inanna was replaced by the Semitic goddess |
|
http://inanna.virtualave.net/inanna.html
|
|
| |
| | AncientScripts.com: Cuneiform |
| | On the other hand, complex tokens were used to record manufactured goods as they appeared when Sumerian cities were growing rapidly in size and had flourishing non-agricultural industries. | | | This implies that the temple institution used clay tokens to record goods manufactured for the temple. | | | In fact, one of the earliest examples of complex tokens was found in the temple of Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of love and fertility, in the city of Uruk. |
|
http://www.ancientscripts.com/cuneiform.html
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian Tablets |
| | The Sumerian Flood story is one of the 6 forerunners to the Old Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic, the source for the Old Babylonian myth Atra-Hasis, and for the Biblical account of the Flood (Genesis 6:5-9:29), written down several hundred years later. | | | Text 1, a part of the Sumerian creation story; as a literary debate between the bird and the fish in which they argue for their usefulness in the universe as it was then conceived. | | | A myth was created explaining the circumstances of this event. |
|
http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
|
|
| |
| | ETCSL: full catalogue of Sumerian literary compositions |
| | The ancient practice was to refer to them by their incipits (first lines), but this is clearly less useful for a modern readership, especially when working in translation. | | | Sumerian literary compositions have been edited and translated in modern studies under a range of sometimes confusing titles. | | | This catalogue shows all the compositions which will be included in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. |
|
http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/catalogue.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian numeration |
| | Nissen, Damerow and Englund have identified around 60 different number signs, which they group into a dozen or so metrological systems (see Chapter 6 of 'Archaic Bookkeeping'). | | | Last modified: 3 October 2002 Duncan J. Melville | | | The development of this concept over the third millennium is a fascinating and extremely complex story that is as yet only partially understood. |
|
http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/sumerian.html
|
|
| |
| | Akkadian and Sumerian Studies |
| | Various seminars/specialized courses on Sumerian, Akkadian, and Semitic Philology (or from other disciplines depending on the student interests and orientation), such as the following: | | | In addition to these requirements, students must also meet the field requirements in Akkadian and Sumerian Studies. | | | Students pursuing a graduate degree in Akkadian and Sumerian Studies are required to meet the general graduate requirements for all students pursuing graduate degrees in the Department of Near Eastern Language and Civilizations. |
|
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~nelc/akkadian.html
|
|
| |
| | Akkadian cuneiform |
| | Akkadian, like Japanese, was polysyllabic and used a range of inflections while Sumerian, like Chinese, had few or no inflections. | | | At the same time, many Sumerian words were borrowed into Akkadian, and Sumerian logograms were given both Sumerian and Akkadian readings. | | | The Akkadian script was used until about the 1st century AD and was adapted to write many other languages of Mesopotamia, including Babylonian and Assyrian. |
|
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/akkadian.htm
|
|
| |
| | Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia |
| | Enki and the World Order: A Sumerian High God [At Eliade Site] | | | A 12th century BCE version of a Sumerian account. | | | Sumerian Images in the Louvre [At the Louvre] |
|
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook03.html
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian Text Archive |
| | The Sumerian text files that used to be available from here have found a new and better home on the sites of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI): |
|
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/~jagersma/sta/sta.htm
|
|
| |
| | Dictionaries: Sumerian |
| | Provides complete lexicon of Sumerian logograms and information on the Proto-Sumerian language invention process. | | | Offers a growing collection of transliterated Sumerian texts. |
|
http://www.itcompany.com/inforetriever/dict_sum.htm
|
|
| |
| | Sumerian Language Page |
| | Map of Sumerian Neolithic and Chalcolithic Archaeological Sites |
|
http://www.sumerian.org/sumerian.htm
|
|
| |
| | yourDictionary.com • Language Isolates |
| | Lexicon of Sumerian Logograms by John Halloran • Profile | | | Etruscan Phrases and Word List (with copies of actual tablets) |
|
http://www.yourdictionary.com/languages/isolates.html
|
|
|
