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| | Welcome to the Caribbean - HIstory |
 | | When Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean in 1492 there were three groups of Indians living on the islands. | | | Even on his deathbed Columbus believed that the island chain he had "discovered"-stretching from Florida southward to the coast of Venezuela-were the spice islands of the East Indies. | | | The purpose of Columbus' expedition was to find a new route to China. |
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http://www.welcometothecaribbean.com/history.htm
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| | Slavery |
| | The main difference between the Buccaneers and the Maroons is that while the former clung to the European culture and society with which they were familiar, the latter attempted to create their own. | | | Whereas the Native Americans seemed to be more susceptible to this (though many did not abandon their ancient beliefs), as they essentially held many similar beliefs to begin with, the slaves in the Caribbean were far more opposed to becoming Christians. | | | This is all just to show that Ward left no stone unturned in his investigation. |
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http://www.trincoll.edu/~tgodfrey/slavery.htm
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| | Sugar plantations in the Caribbean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This organization was the first sugar trading organization which had a large voice in parliament. | | | On the British islands, sugar was the only crop grown, and on the French islands, sugar was their most important crop. | | | In the 1800s sugar dominated Martinique, Grenada, Saint Croix, Jamaica, Barbados, Leeward Islands, Saint Domingue, Cuba and many other islands that were run by the French or British. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean
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| | Slavery - definition of Slavery in Encyclopedia |
| | In the early 1990s evidence of illegal "forced labor and debt bondage" amounting to slavery was unearthed in the Amazon region. | | | Caribbean slavery was different in that it gave the masters complete freedom over the control of his slave. | | | Caribbean slavery gave the masters complete freedom over the control of his slave. |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Slavery
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| | Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean |
| | But in the early 1860s this ended for Cuba, the last slave-importing region in America, and the Cuban planters decided to experiment with forced labor of Mayan Indians brought from Yucatan and indentured Chinese servants, all of whom worked alongside the African and American-born black slaves. | | | By the early decades of the 19th century, these two islands held 160,000 slaves and were also beginning to supplement this sugar plantation labor force with indentured workers from Africa and other regions. | | | It was thus the Dutch from Brazil who brought the sugar technology, machinery, and even slaves to the struggling English island of Barbados and the French islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. |
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http://archive.blackvoices.com/research/encarta/tt_1033.asp
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| | The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas The American ... |
| | Some brief comments on his primary source base will show the problems of drawing decisive conclusions from the published primary sources of the British Caribbean. | | | Not only this, anthropometricians have claimed that they were taller than European workers of the period and that they were almost as tall as white Americans, the latter apparently being the tallest population of the era. | | | This article, then, focuses specifically on sugar planting but is intended more broadly as an interpretation of slaveholders, economic self-interest, and the consequences of profit-based decisions for life and labor under slavery. |
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http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.5/ah001534.html
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| | COCOS Hotel, Antigua - the most beautiful island in the Caribbean |
| | There is no watersport that cannot be found on the island! | | | But most people come to Antigua for her beaches and the "sea life": Antigua's waters are home to an astonishing range of fish for diving enthusiasts, and her constant trade winds provide excellent fuel for indulging in your sailing passions. | | | The capital of the island is also only a short drive of 20 minutes from COCOS. |
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http://www.cocoshotel.com/location.htm
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| | Plantation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Plantations are grown by state forestry authorities (for example, the Forestry Commission in Britain) and/or the paper and wood industries and other private landowners (such as Weyerhaeuser and International Paper in the United States). | | | Some large environmental organizations are critical of these high-yield plantations and are running an anti-plantation campaign, notable the Rainforest Action Network and Greenpeace. | | | From 1980 to 2000 about 50% of the 1.4 million hectares of pulpwood plantations in Indonesia have been established on what was formely natural forest land. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation
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| | Final Essay |
| | Caribbean Slave Society and Economy, New York, 1991. | | | The common ones identified in Cuba were the following which were named in Paquette’s book "Sugar is Made With Blood." Below he lists a number of tribal groups which were prominent slaves in Cuba’s plantations. | | | Benitez-Rojo, also believing that the plantation system was something positive, believed so because they created an economy in the primarily primitive Caribbean and it help them construct a structured economical system. |
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http://www.trincoll.edu/~tosorio/final.htm
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| | Slavery in America |
| | By the end of the 1700s, slaves were so synonymous with sugar that abolitionist groups attempted to convince people to stop using sugar to help end slavery. | | | From the very beginning of sugar cultivation in the New World, there were not enough European settlers to satisfy the labor requirements for profitable sugar plantations. | | | Arab traders and Moorish conquerors spread the plant throughout the Mediterranean region, introducing it in Spain around 714 A.D. Centuries later, under Spanish sponsorship, Christopher Columbus is believed to have carried sugar cane stem cuttings from the Canary Islands to Hispaniola on his second voyage, planting the seed-cane in Santo Domingo by December 1493. |
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http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_sugar.htm
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| | Popa's Tales: Sugar and Spice |
| | Sugar cane originated in Southeast Asia, migrated to Persia and then moved with the Arab conquests to the eastern Mediterranean and Italy. | | | This policy immediately caused attacks from the natives on the Europeans. | | | He brought sugar cane seedlings to the Caribbean on his second voyage of 1493. |
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http://www.paracompusa.com/SmartScience/Popa/Vol3-1.html
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| | 2001: A Sea Odyssey – Sugar Plantation |
| | One has been rebuilt and the other is still in ruins. | | | Most slaves were men, women, and children who were kidnapped in Africa and sold as slaves. | | | The sugar plantations are now all gone on Antigua, but today we’ll visit the remains of an old one to see how the sugar was produced and how people lived and worked here. |
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http://www.theoceanadventure.com/2001SO/Day23.html
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| | Martinique Plantations. Caribbean Sugar Plantations |
| | The governor of the island tries well to make some come in greater number of France, going even until obtaining that condemned or beggars are sent to him, but the newcomers being far from being enough with the task, another solution should soon be considered. | | | Many plantations close their doors then, or are reconverted on a remunerative market: Rum. | | | At the beginning of the XX century, Martinique becomes world exporting first of this drink, before a terrible blow again comes to strike its staggering economy: the eruption of Mount-Pelé in May 1902. |
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http://www.zananas-martinique.com/en-martinique-heritage/plantations.htm
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| | Caribbean Guide - Economy |
| | Because most of the Caribbean's import-export business is with the United States and the majority of Caribbean tourists are U.S. citizens, the influence the U.S. economy has on the islandsâ economy is significant. | | | While their export bases are fairly limited, many islands are beginning to diversify their industries. | | | Based on per capita income, the islands of the Caribbean are classified as middle-income countries except for Guyana and Haiti, which are classified as low-income countries. |
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http://caribbean-guide.info/past_and_present/economy.jsp
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| | Articles - Rum |
| | The popularity of rum continued after the American Revolution with George Washington insisting on a barrel of Barbados rum at his 1789 inauguration. | | | Produced by the Malay people, brum dates back thousands of years. | | | Marco Polo also recorded a 14th-century account of a "very good wine of sugar" that was offered to him in what is modern-day Iran. |
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http://www.free-biz.org/articles/Rum
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| | Definition of Sugar plantation system |
| | Sugar plantations in the Caribbean islands and Brazil were an system that had to be followed to an exact science in order to profit from the production. | | | The slaves working the sugar plantation were caught in an unceasing rhythm of arduous labor year after year. | | | The sugar was then shipped back to Europe and for the slave labor the routine started all over again. |
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http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Sugar_plantation_system
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| | Southampton |
| | 'Using documents held in the City archives and the Hampshire Records Office, we were able to identify several wealthy eighteenth-century residents who had plantations in the Caribbean and owned slaves,' says MA student Neil Anderson. | | | The students researched local archives, tracking down slavery handbills and inventories of plantation owners who lived in the City. | | | While other British ports, such as Liverpool and Bristol, have already acknowledged their role in the transportation of slaves with permanent exhibits, there has until now been no account of Southampton's involvement. |
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http://website.lineone.net/~stkittsnevis/southampton.htm
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| | Regional: Caribbean: Barbados - Open Site |
| | The island was uninhabited when first settled by the British in 1627. | | | The gradual introduction of social and political reforms in the 1940s and 1950s led to complete independence from the UK in 1966. | | | Slaves worked the sugar plantations established on the island until 1834 when slavery was abolished. |
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http://open-site.org/Regional/Caribbean/Barbados
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| | [No title] |
| | The contested terrain of empire in the eighteenth century was constituted not just out of appropriated lands and claims of property or conquest but also out of its supposed opposite—the aesthetic, economic, and imaginative practices of “cultivation” or landscaping. | | | BOOK MANUSCRIPTS IN PROGRESS Necromancy of Observance: the Magic Lantern and Technologies of Projection, 1650—1850 Research for this second book project has been supported by postdoctoral fellowships at the UCLA Center for 17th and 18th Century Studies and the William Andrews Clark Library and at the Smithsonian Institution. | | | "Inhuming Empire: Islands as Plantation Nurseries and Graves," presented at the conference on "Eighteenth-Century Islands" at the William Andrews Clark Library, Session 5 of the year-long program "The Global Eighteenth-Century: The Four Corners of the Earth" sponsored by the UCLA Center for 17th & 18th Century Studies, April 2000. |
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http://www.wisc.edu/arth/CasidCV.doc
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| | Making sugar - - Port Cities |
| | Sugar was then broken off in lumps for domestic use. | | | Sugar was not produced as granules or in cubes but rather as large cones. | | | Sugar refineries were established in major British ports like London, Bristol and Liverpool. |
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http://www.portcities.org.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.5567/Making-sugar.html
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| | History and genealogy of the wealthy families of America |
| | Wheat from tenant farms was collected as rents and bolted in the landlords’ gristmills to be sold in the city or exported, in general also by the landlord or his agents. | | | The Yankee traders consequently became the most successful shipping merchants of the American colonies. | | | The most successful of them, the Carters, Randolph, Fitzhugh and Lees, took an active part in colonial politics, controlled the trade of their crops (by owning, ships, wharves and warehouses) and used black slaves as an alternative to indentured (white) servants, which eventually proved more profitable. |
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http://www.raken.com/american_wealth/OTHER/newsletter/chronicle310804.asp
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| | Sugar & Spice |
| | North America’s spices were imported from the islands of the Indian Ocean, the Pacific and the Caribbean. | | | A 1630 list of provisions that settlers to New England were advised to bring included sugar, cloves, cinnamon, mace and nutmeg. | | | Molasses was a lower cost by-product of sugar refining and used widely. |
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http://www.pilgrimhall.org/ThanksPieSpice.htm
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| | On Wine: Caribbean rums work magic in cocktails |
| | Distilled from sugar cane by-products such as molasses, rum is legendary as the staple drink of the British seaman, as well as infamous pirates. | | | Today, commercial rums come in a variety of styles from Caribbean islands and Latin American nations. | | | It also conjures images of exotic mixed drinks in secluded, snug little bays on Caribbean islands where the rum is distilled in small batches for local consumption. |
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http://www.post-gazette.com/food/20010726bev0726fnp3.asp
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| | African Timelines Part III: African Slave Trade & European Imperialism |
| | West Africa, in 1839 its peoples and states challenged by the dislocations of the Atlantic Slave Trade; | | | In the Americas, slave labor became the key component in trans-Atlantic agriculture and commerce supporting the booming capitalist economy of the 17th and 18th centuries, with the greatest demand in the Americas coming from Brazil and the sugar plantations of the Caribbean. | | | In the Islamic world, African slave labor on plantations, in seaports, and within families expanded the commerce and trade of the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf. |
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http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm
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| | Sugar Plantations of Hawai'i |
| | While plantation owners clear-cut lowland rainforests to plant their sugar, immigrant workers introduced new crops to sustain their food and medicinal needs in the new land. | | | A side trip to Volcanoes National Park or a reconstructed Hawaiian village and temple on the idyllic southwest Kona coast will round out your experience. | | | For more information about this project, download the Expedition Briefing |
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http://www.earthwatch.org/expeditions/delle.html?tr=y&auid=661842
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| | Barbados Tourism Encyclopedia: Coral |
| | It is a delicate and critical balance that has supported the great sugar plantations of the past and continues to sustain a diversifying base of agricultural production. | | | The coral rocks that contain the underground water systems, are covered with a thin film of top soil measuring less than a foot on average and hardly more than a few feet at the deepest point. |
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http://www.barbados.org/coral.htm
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| | 17th Century New England |
| | From the site: "Indian slave raiders captured slaves, mostly women and children, by the thousands and sold them to English, French, and Dutch slavers, who shipped them to the sugar plantations in the Caribbean, although some certainly went to the new coastal plantations in Virginia, South Carolina, and French Louisiana." | | | I gratefully acknowledge that funds for this website have come from a Form of 1973 Mentor Fellowship at St. Paul's School. |
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http://www.17thc.us/index.php?id=14
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| | Slave dynasty on Encyclopedia.com |
| | MOIRA'S ROOTS; HOW THE TV REPORTER WEPT OVER THE SLAVE NAMES OF HER ANCESTORS AS SHE RETRACED AN EPIC FAMILY JOURNEY FROM THE SUGAR PLANTATIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN TO THE HEART OF BRITISH LIFE IN JUST FIVE GENERATIONS. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/x/x-s1lavedyn.asp
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