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Swiss German Morphology and Lexicon

Other interesting lexical features of Swiss Standardb> German the specific formations used to combine words; in some cases, words are simply put together in ways that would be considered sub-standardb> in the Federal Republic, while in other cases, the constructions, such as the infixed -s- or -en- in compounds, may be used irregularly.
This usage of dialect in areas once reserved for Standardb> German is contrasted with the increasing independence of the Swiss Standardb> German lexicon from that of the Standardb> German spoken in the Federal Republic.
This has in some ways led to the standardization of a High German usage, often in somewhat stilted but and formal situations, but in a Standardb> German that varies slightly from the one used in Germany and Austria.

http://www.nthuleen.com/papers/130paper2.html (3405 words)



German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Standardb> German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school.
As Germany was divided into many different states, the only force working for a unification or standardisation of German during a period of several hundred years was the general preference of writers trying to write in a way that could be understood in the largest possible area.
Outside of Europe and the former Soviet Union, the largest German speaking communities are to be found in the USA and in Brazil where millions of Germans migrated in the last 200 years; but the great majority of their descendants no longer speak German.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language (3957 words)



German language - Wikipedia

Standardb> German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school.
The High German dialects spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in the former Soviet Union) have several unique features, and are usually considered as a separate language, Yiddish.
Central German dialects include Ripuarian, Luxembourgish, Moselle Franconian, Rhine Franconian, Hessian, Thuringian, and Upper Saxon, and are spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of France, and in Germany approximately between the River Main and the southern edge of the Lowlands.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language (3957 words)



German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Standardb> German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school.
Although a dialect continuum still exists at certain places along the Dutch-German language border this is fading away because of standardisation in both countries, as can be seen in the pictures to the right in which the dialectal borders and the standardb> borders can be seen.
The High German varieties spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in the former Soviet Union) have several unique features, and are usually considered as a separate language, Yiddish.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language (4161 words)



German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Standardb> German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school.
The High German dialects spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in the former Soviet Union) have several unique features, and are usually considered as a separate language, Yiddish.
German is spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, in two-thirds of Switzerland, in two-thirds of the South Tyrol province of Italy (in German, Südtirol), in the small East Cantons of Belgium, and in some border villages of the South Jutland County (Nordschleswig) of Denmark.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language (3461 words)



Low Saxon (Low German)

However, this has come to be used for German dialects that are spoken in the German state of Saxony (Sachsen), originally a non-Saxon state that was given this name because of 15th- and 16th-century dynastic maneuvers.
However, its label “German” led to language policies that were an extension of German ones as they were before Lowlands Saxon came to be officially recognized in Germany.
German thus became the language of prestige, and the indigenous Saxon language soon came to be relegated to the status of a working-class and peasant language.

http://www.lowlands-l.net/talk/eng/lowsaxon.html (3461 words)



Syllabus for German Immigrant Culture in America: Lesson 4

While non-standardb> dialects tended to form stable speech communities in rural areas, the situation was different for the mass of German immigrants who established ethnic enclaves in American cities during the 19th and 20th centuries.
In many cases groups of German immigrants settled in such a way as to establish speech islands characterized by a distinct local dialect.
Pennsylvania German and the Swiss German of New Glarus, WI, are both Upper German dialects, while the German at Dubuque, IA and the Mennonite dialect of Manitoba are Low German.

http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/merrill/lesson4.html (1120 words)



Ethnologue report for language code:gsw

Standardb> German is taught in some primary schools, and used in local newspapers.
Standardb> German is the language of instruction in school.
All speakers are actively or passively bilingual in Standardb> German.

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gsw (311 words)



THE FRENCH AIR FORCE

Reporters on the scene confirmed the German domination of the skies, and the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Luftwaffe came to be accepted as one of the principal causes of the French collapse.
The relevance of the French experience for leaders of the United States Air Force lies in the fact that the institutional struggle for autonomy and the operational necessity for cooperation are permanent and uncongenial elements of every defense establishment.
Pierre Cot, The Defeat of the French Air Force," Foreign Affairs, 19 (October 1940-July 1941), pp.

http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1985/sep-oct/kirkland.html (311 words)



Articles - Swedish language

The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of German speaking immigrants.
Standardb> Swedish, which is derived from the dialects spoken in the capital region around Stockholm, is the language used by virtually all Swedes and most Finland-Swedes.
The Swedish linguist Ulla-Britt Kotsinas, who is a scholar frequently cited on the subject of Rinkeby Swedish, argues that these varieties are primarily spoken by teenagers from

http://www.kamero.net/articles/Swedish_(language) (311 words)



LINGUIST List 6.1307: Dialect

I'd say that the reason why Northern German dialect speakers as well as Swiss German speakers understand Standardb> German is exactly the same as the reason why quite a lot of Danes understand Standardb> High German: they have been exposed to it in school.
And Ole should not underestimate the difference between Swiss and Standardb> German: it is greater than the difference between Danish a, say, _any_ kind of Norwegian.
I suspect that while the northern German dialect and the Swiss one may be

http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/6/6-1307.html (517 words)



Dirk H.R. Spennemann, Stamps and Postal History of the German Marshall Islands. Eagle Issues

The first consignment of overprinted issues of the standardb> German Eagle stamps with the overprint Marshall-Inseln was received on Jaluit on 2 September 1899, first sold on 27 September 1897 and first cancelled the day after.
Large numbers of the 1000 3Pfennig stamps supplied to Jaluit never made it to the counter, but were acquired for speculative purposes by the German postal agent's father-in-law, German traders (Hütter; Mittel, Jentsch, Petersen, Krümling) and other colonial administrators, among them apparently the German administrator (Landeshauptmann), Eugen Brandeis.
By 1896, when the currency in German East Africa had been switched from Pesa to Imperial German currency, a new overprint was used, consisting of the colony's name set diagonally from bottom left to top right.

http://marshall.csu.edu.au/html/Stamps/Stamps_Eagles_Text.html (517 words)



CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Denmark

One of the German vassals, Count Henry of Schwerin, raised the standardb> of revolt and made prisoner his Danish lord (1223), whereupon the subjugated nations cast off the yoke.
Christian V (1670-1699) adopted the French regime as far as possible, invited German nobles into his country, and granted them extensive privileges.
Christian II was the first who tried to overthrow the power of the princely hierarchy, and for this purpose invited (1520) a German, Martin Reinhard, to preach in Copenhagen in the spirit of Luther, but as the people did not understand him, he remained in the country only a short time.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04722c.htm (517 words)



Alemannic German - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Swiss authors often consciously employ Helvetisms within Standardb> German, notably Jeremias Gotthelf in his novels set in the Emmental, and more recently Tim Krohn in his Quatemberkinder.
Since Standardb> German itself is based on Upper German dialects (Standardb> German has Apfel "apple", agreeing with Alemannic Öpfel, as opposed to Central German Appel, see High German consonant shift), it would be more artificial to consider Alemannic a separate language from German than it would be to say the same of Low German.
Since the Standardb> German is used in writing, and orally in formal contexts, throughout the Alemannic speaking regions (with the exception of the Alsace), Alemannic is not considered a language separate from German, even by its speakers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German (806 words)



ANS: a general orthography for the Low Saxon language

Much of this is due to the fact that for centuries it has been overshadowed and suppressed by Dutch and German respectively and that there has been practically no governmental support for it.
Each writer tries to write his or her home dialect, supposedly 'phonetically', using Dutch or German spelling conventions, many of which are unsuitable for this language.
In Germany, Low Saxon tends to be known as 'Low German' ('Plattdeutsch' or 'Niederdeutsch'), while in the Netherlands it tends to be known as 'Low Saxon' (Nedersaksisch).

http://www.ans.phileon.nl (806 words)



Phrasebase - Frisian Language Facts And Information

Standardb> German, Low Saxon, and some English are used as second languages, but fluency is limited.
Mooringer has 70% lexical similarity with Standardb> German, 55% with English, 66% with Eastern Frisian; Föhr has 69% with Standardb> German, 62% with English, 68% with Western Frisian, 73% with Eastern Frisian, 86% with Mooringer, 91% with Amrum; Sylt has 64% with Standardb> German, 61% with English, 79% with Mooringer, 85% with Föhr.
71% lexical similarity with Standardb> German, 61% with English, 74% with Eastern Frisian.

http://www.phrasebase.com/languages/index.php?cat=59 (806 words)



Articles - Germanic languages

In addition to the standardb> Latin alphabet, various Germanic languages use a variety of accent marks and extra letters, including umlauts, the Ã (Eszett), Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, È, and Ã and Ç·, from runes.
During the Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the second Germanic sound shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low German, with graded intermediate Central German dialects.
By Early modern times, the span had extended into considerable differences, ranging from Highest Alemannic in the South (the Walliser dialect being the southernmost surviving German dialect) to Low Saxon and Frisian in the North, and although both extremes are considered German, they are hardly mutually intelligible.

http://gaple.com/articles/Germanic_languages?mySession=80f69fa15b174a6e03d... (806 words)



Swiss German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There are specific settings where speaking Standardb> German is demanded or polite, e.g.
Basel German is a mix between High and Low Alemannic (most, but not all, Alemannic dialects spoken in Germany are Low Alemannic), and Chur German is basically High Alemannic without initial [X] or [k_X].
There are a number of distinct dialects in Swiss German (yellow).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_German (806 words)



Ethnologue report for Germany

Standardb> German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standardb> in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Mooringer has 70% lexical similarity with Standardb> German, 55% with English, 66% with Eastern Frisian; Föhr has 69% with Standardb> German, 62% with English, 68% with Western Frisian, 73% with Eastern Frisian, 86% with Mooringer, 91% with Amrum; Sylt has 64% with Standardb> German, 61% with English, 79% with Mooringer, 85% with Föhr.
Dialects: German with a heavy cryptolectal lexical influsion from Rotwelsch, Yiddish, Romani, and Hebrew.

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Germany (1147 words)



Codes for the representation of names of languages (Library of Congress)

Saxon, Low; German, Low; Low Saxon; Low German
Low German; Low Saxon; German, Low; Saxon, Low
Low Saxon; Low German; Saxon, Low; German, Low

http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html (1147 words)



Low Franconian language: Information From Answers.com

In Germany it is common to consider the Limburgian dialects as Low Franconian; in The Netherlands and Belgium however they are seen as Middle German or High German.
This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the linguists of the Low Countries define a Low German dialect as one that has only taken part in the fourth phase of the High German consonant shift.
Low Franconian is any of several West Germanic languages spoken in The Netherlands, northern Belgium, and South Africa.

http://www.answers.com/topic/low-franconian-language (1147 words)



Ethnologue: Switzerland

GERMAN, STANDARDb> [GER] 98,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA).
Not intelligible with Standardb> German, but all speakers are actively or passively bilingual in Standardb> German.
93.3% of German speakers speak a Swiss German dialect, and 66.4% speak dialect only, and no high German (1990 census).

http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/ethno/Swit.html (508 words)



Nazi Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standardb> of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially communists and some types of socialists, were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed.
By the Nuremberg Laws passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment.
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the control of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)), or Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as chancellor and head of state.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany (4509 words)



Historical Maps: German dialects (text)

The best standardb> German is spoken today roughly in the area marked by the five small and medium-sized towns 1 to 5 in the map (that is, roughly, the area south of Hanover).
In the 19th century, when the Germans fought for the unification, it was almost automatically that the High German variation of Luther became the standardb> school language.
The two groups Middle German and Upper German were combined under the tern "High German" (Hochdeutsch).

http://www.tr62.de/german.html (1612 words)



Low Saxon language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The distinction between Low Saxon, East Low German and Low Franconian (on one side) or High German (on the other side) is not precisely defined; there are several clines that vary smoothly from one dialect to another.
In Germany it is considered, together with East Low German as part of a language called Plattdüütsch.
Over $105,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Saxon_language (1612 words)



Articles - Yiddish language

In the native Germanic vocabulary of Yiddish, the differences between standardb> German and Yiddish pronunciations are mainly in the vowels and diphthongs.
Use of the Western Yiddish dialect began to decline in the 18th century, as The Enlightenment and the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) led German Jews to view Yiddish as a "corrupt German".
Farther east, where Jews were not surrounded by German speakers, the Eastern Yiddish dialect continued to thrive.

http://gaple.com/articles/Yiddish?mySession=5f26e7e45276f1f675e4f586727c668b (1612 words)



THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE -- OLD ENGLISH NOTES: (ANGLO-SAXON)

Standardb> German can be considered the creation of Martin Luther who naturally used his own dialect (he hailed from Thuringia) for his German translation of the Bible.
Low Saxon has recently been granted some official recognition in both the Netherlands and Germany, but its use as a written language is hampered by the lack of a widely accepted standardb> orthography and the existence of many dialects (which form an almost continuous spectrum between Standardb> Dutch and Standardb> German).
Once there were also German speaking areas in what is now Poland, the Czech Republic and even in the Russian exclave Kaliningrad (between Poland, Lithuania and the Baltic) but after World War II most of the ethnic Germans were deported to present-day Germany.

http://www.geocities.com/meister_z/OEHIST.htm (1612 words)



Swiss culture - information about culture in Switzerland : Standardb> languages and dialects

Teachers in the German part of Switzerland complain that many pupils find it difficult to master standardb> German, and that their studies suffer as a result.
This poses a problem within Switzerland: French and Italian speakers who learn German at school are taught the standardb> language, and find they still cannot communicate with their compatriots.
I speak Bernese German and I write in German.

http://www.swissworld.org/eng/swissworld.html?siteSect=601&sid=4039995&rubricId=14010 (1038 words)



German Unification

The makers of German unification pursued one overriding goal: all the effort they put, all the measures they took, and all the ideas they had within the framework of GEMSU they aimed at adjusting the standardb> of living in the East to that of the West.
But German unification was more than a mere incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The two newly founded German states became subject to fundamentally different social, political, and economic systems: the East adopted a socialist, planned economy and the West developed a democratic, social market economy.

http://www.fatemi.com/CONFERENCES/prey1.html (14211 words)



Essentialist Explanations

Standardb> German is essentially southern grammar and lexis with northern phonology.
German is essentially a language developed by a group of Teutons who gathered in the forest one day to come up with a language that their enemies would have no chance of grasping.
Ido is a essentially a Jewish language spoken by an anti-Semite.

http://mercury.ccil.org/~cowan/essential.html (8792 words)

Topic: Standard <b>German<

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