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| | Mid-nineteenth century Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Failing in the attempt to overthrow her own constitution, she attempted to undermine the rule of the municipalities in 1840; this proved to be her undoing. | | | Espartero's constitution included provisions for the freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and, most importantly, a more liberal suffrage than the Constitution of 1845 allowed for. | | | Even before the constitution had been passed, Espartero endorsed Pascual Madoz's desamortización against church property in Spain; the plan was strongly opposed not only by the moderados in the cortes, but also by the queen and General O'Donnell. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-nineteenth_century_Spain
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| | Spain |
| | The town of Olivenza (Extremadura) and its adjoining countryside is claimed by Portugal, but the Spanish public is not generally aware of that claim. | | | Following the victory of the nationalist forces in 1939, General Francisco Franco ruled a nation exhausted politically and economically until his death in 1975. | | | The talks have been frozen, after the result of a referendum in Gibraltar where 98% of the people opposed them. |
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http://hallencyclopedia.com/Spain
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| | Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives |
| | Spanish merchants and local government authorities, considered by the rebels to be enemies of the fatherland, were taken prisoner. | | | Spanish authorities on the island believed that newspapers contributed to the spread of new ideas that could seriously threaten the established order. | | | Censorship of the press, government repression, and political persecution were particularly effective in silencing the liberal camp. |
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http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/prhtml/bras.html
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| | WHKMLA : History of the Two Sicilies, 1815-1848 |
| | An 1828 attempted coup to again force the promulgation of a constitution was suppressed by Neapolitan troops (the Austrian troops had left the previous year). | | | In October 1815, Joachim Murat landed in Calabria, in an attempt to regain his kingdom; the government responded to acts of collaboration or of terrorism with severe repression; by June 1816 Murat's attempt had failed and the situation was under control. | | | In the 1840es, underground literature (political pamphlets etc.) evaded censorship; a September 1847 rising, before being suppressed, crossed from mainland Calabria over to Sicily. |
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http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/nap18151848.html
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| | SSHL: Collections: Latin American Studies: Elections |
| | Ramírez 1989: “In 1854 the Conservative Party of the Granadans, who called themselves the Legitimists, and the Liberal Party of the Leonese, known as the Democrats, entered into a new conflict whose consequences were to be more bitter and tragic than ever” (page 50). | | | Cruz 2002: “In 1854, the Conservatives of Granada replaced the Constitution of 1838 with a new charter, which had been under discussion since 1844. | | | This document vastly strengthened the powers of the executive, with a view to legitimizing the authority of a strong central government. |
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http://sshl.ucsd.edu/collections/las/nicaragua/1811.html
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| | Oneview |
| | In the first case some modern historians in Spain have elaborated the theory that the Spanish government knew that the independence of Cuba was inexorable, but since the unilateral abandonment of Cuba could bring tensions in the army and the population, the loss had to be justified by being one through a military defeat. | | | On March 21, the American commission that investigated the sinking of the MAINE, accepted the thesis of the planned explosion and the American public opinion, instigated by the "yellow press," increases the pressure on the government to fight in Cuba. | | | While the conservative governments of Cánovas del Castillo advocated continuation of the war against the insurgents "to the last man and the last peseta", the liberal governments of Sagasta wanted to leave Cuba without giving the appearance of fleeing or a claudication, but did not find the occasion. |
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http://www.spanamwar.com/Spanishview.htm
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| | Journal of San Diego History |
| | The Spanish ships were to a large extent supplanted by the Boston traders who brought in the luxury goods the upper class desired. | | | Duhaut-Cilly, in his account of his visit to California, commented that Echeandía "enjoyed the most extensive power, and he frequentIy made ill use of it," With the diputación, he was, according to Duhaut-Cilly, a complete despot and allowed no voice to be raised against anything he proposed. | | | The liberal fervor of the Constitution of 1812 carried over in some respects into the Mexican Constitution of 1824, whose federal framework was modeled after that of the United States. |
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http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/66july/pueblo.htm
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| | Revolutionary Spain by Karl Marx |
| | In 1791 the royal power and the ruling forces of the ancient society it represented, had not yet undergone those transformations which were to enable them to enter into combination with, and to take place within the elements of the new society. | | | There were some moments in his political life, as for instance the decree of September 30, 1823, | | | the authors of the Constitution and their adherents, while the minority consisted of men who had conspired to re-establish the Constitution. |
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http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1854/revolutionary-spain/ch09.htm
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| | WAIS Documents |
| | Many observers think the German constitution superior to the American one, which is blamed for permitting the blatant corruption of the American system. | | | The Spanish constitution of 1812 was largely derived from the French constitution, and in turn it inspired Latin American constitutions. | | | The principle issue is devolution, which is similar to the fight for states' rights in the U.S. It will be interesting to see who much the British invoke the American model. |
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http://www.stanford.edu/group/wais/Constitution/constitution_britain.html
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| | Basque Studies Course Syllabi |
| | Consequently, political and cultural discourses have had to deal with questions such as the existence of several nations within the nation, forms of autonomy and federal relationship between territories within the State. | | | A constitution without a Bill of Rights: national supremacy. | | | American public opinion and the constitution of 1812. |
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http://basque.unr.edu/07/7.3.1t/Syllabi/SyllabusPortillo22003.htm
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| | The Avalon Project : International Law |
| | It happens that the long peace which extended from 1815 to 1854 was, both at its beginning and at its end, all but broken up by the denial of these simple rights of which I have been speaking. | | | Perhaps the most democratic of them was the one known as the Spanish Constitution of 1812. | | | Bernard, 'we mean a Community or number of persons permanently organised under a Sovereign Government of their own, and by a Sovereign Government we mean a Government, however constituted, which exercises the power of making and enforcing law within a Community, and is not itself subject to any superior Government. |
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http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/econ/int03.htm
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| | Battle of Trocadero - definition of Battle of Trocadero in Encyclopedia |
| | The spirit of the ambush entered into their politics. | | | The ministers' monarchic governments were alarmed by the capture of Ferdinand VII of Spain by armed revolutionary liberals opposed to absolutism, who sought a constitutional monarchy for Spain. | | | The Spanish campaign became in their counsels an argument for force and for adventures by right Divine. |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Battle_of_Trocadero
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| | PuertoRico |
| | Despite several rebellions, most of them inspired by the Latin American liberator, Simón Bolivar, Spain's military might concentrated on these islands halted any revolution. | | | A Spanish envoy who came to the island in 1765 was appalled, and his report to the crown inaugurated a period of economic, administrative, and military reform. | | | Slavery was abolished in 1873 by the First Spanish Republic, which also granted new political rights to the islanders. |
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http://cms.westport.k12.ct.us/cmslmc/foreignlanguages/centamerica/puertorico.htm
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| | Mexico - Iturbide and the Plan of Iguala |
| | The coup leaders, who had been assembled as an expeditionary force to suppress the American independence movements, compelled a reluctant Ferdinand to sign the liberal Spanish constitution of 1812. | | | Iturbide's assignment to the Oaxaca expedition coincided with a successful military coup in Spain against the new monarchy of Ferdinand VII. | | | Iturbide, a former royalist who had become the paladin for Mexican independence, included a special clause in the treaty that left open the possibility for a criollo monarch to be appointed by a Mexican congress if no suitable member of the European royalty would accept the Mexican crown. |
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http://countrystudies.us/mexico/13.htm
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| | Publications |
| | This report summarizes–on a not-for-attribution basis–the discussions at the day-long conference and also includes excerpts from presentations made at the conference and reception by Emilio Lamo de Espinosa, Javier Rupérez, and Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo. | | | The conference was divided into four sessions, including: 1) The Role of Political Institutions in the Consolidation of Spain’s Democracy: Monarchy, Parliament, and Judiciary; 2) The Spanish Constitution in Principle and Practice; 3) Managing Pluralism; and 4) Contemporary Challenges of Democratic Performance: Parties and Campaigns. | | | Both the conference and the reception were made possible with the generous financial support of Lucent Technologies and Telefónica, a Spanish telecommunications company. |
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http://www.ned.org/forum/reports/spain98/toc.html
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| | Essays.cc - Process Of Web Page Development |
| | This caused increased difficulties in Central America due to unwelcome new and higher taxes and demands for “patriotic donations” to support Spain against the French. | | | The reinstatement of the constitution by the Spanish in 1820 created political factions that are the basis of the Liberal and Conservative parties that dominated Central America for the following century. | | | The Spanish government paid the new rulers over the land very little, because they had to fund the many wars they were fighting. |
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http://www.essays.cc/free_essays/d1/xaf59.shtml
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| | The Peninsular War and the Constitution of 1812. |
| | The Peninsular War and the Constitution of 1812. | | | The Spaniards called it the War of Independence, and it was an all-encompassing national war. | | | This was an act that took place with all the legal formalities and was adhered to by all the principal institutions and personnages of the kingdom. |
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http://www.sispain.org/english/history/peninsul.html
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| | Spanish Constitution of 1978 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography |
| | These "special" sections indicate what the drafters of the constitution considered fundamental about the regime they were establishing: that the "fundamental rights and public liberties" cannot be changed without regime change; and that Spain is a constitutional monarchy. | | | Guarantee democratic life within the Constitution and the laws according to a just economic and social order. | | | Consequently, the Cortes approve and the Spanish people ratify the following Constitution. |
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http://www.arikah.com/encyclopedia/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978
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| | Spanish Constitution of 1812 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | When Ferdinand's ferocious misrule resulted in a mutiny of army officers in 1820, the Constitution of 1812 was the unifying document of the liberals, who wished to see a constitutional monarchy in Spain. | | | At the time the Cortes adopted the Constitution, they were taking refuge at Cádiz from the Peninsular War, which the Spanish call the Guerra de la Independencia, a war against the French Empire and the installed king Joseph. | | | Since 1812, Spain has had a total of seven hundred and fifty million constitutions, including the one of 1978, currently in force on the planet kevlaar as of 2005. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812
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| | Handbook of Texas Online: CONSTITUTION OF 1824 |
| | Constitutional government in Texas began with the Mexican federal Constitution of 1824, which, to some degree, was patterned after the United States Constitution but resembled more the Spanish Constitution of 1812. | | | Congress was made the final interpreter of the document; the Catholic religion was made the state faith; and the church was supported by the public treasury. | | | They were required to separate executive, legislative, and judicial functions in their individual constitutions, which were to be in harmony with the national constitution, but local affairs were independent of the general government. |
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http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/CC/ngc2.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Mexico |
| | This revolution restored the liberal Spanish constitution of 1812 and emphasized representative government and individual liberty. | | | A new centralist constitution, which stripped the Mexican states of their autonomy, was enacted in 1836. | | | In 1834 a political crisis resulted in the overthrow of the constitution of 1824, which had created the federal republic of Mexico. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576758_14/Mexico.html
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| | Constitution of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This page was last modified 08:31, 10 October 2005. | | | Due to its turbulent history, Spain has had many constitutions since the first one was drafted in 1812. | | | Spanish Constitution of 1812 (nicknamed "La Pepa" because it was approved in St. Joseph's day, whose name can be aliased as "Pepe" in Spanish) |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain
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| | Hispanic Online.com-Travel |
| | The city was founded by the Spanish in 1565, and holds the claim as the oldest continuously occupied city in the United States. | | | The house that stands was built in the early 1700s, but documents show that there has been at least some sort of structure on the site since the early 1600s. | | | The Spanish left their mark on the city by way of architecture. |
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http://www.hispaniconline.com/lstyles/travel/staug.html
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| | Timeline of the Spanish Royal Family |
| | It had previously been governed as a viceroyalty. | | | On 18 March, the Spanish Cortes Generales (General Courts), which had taken refuge in Cádiz during the Peninsular War, sign the Spanish Constitution of 1812. | | | On 4 May, Ferdinand VII repudiates the Constitution of 1812, despite the promise he made upon his restoration to uphold it. |
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http://www.etoile.co.uk/Spain/Timeline_2.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Mexico |
| | In 1980 Mexico became a party to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a treaty and trade organization that worked to reduce tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers between nations. | | | In 1993 Mexico became the first Latin American member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, an organization dedicated to promoting global free trade. | | | In addition to NAFTA, Mexico is a member of a number of other trade organizations or agreements. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576758_7/Mexico.html
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| | The Independence of Spanish America - Cambridge University Press |
| | Rodríguez argues that independence did not constitute an anti-colonial movement, as many scholars assert, but rather formed part of the broader Spanish political revolution. | | | This book provides a new interpretation of the process of Spanish American independence (1808—26); one which emphasises political processes and cultural continuities, instead of the break with Spain. | | | The liberal tradition of constitutional, representative government that emerged during this period, together with the achievement of nationhood, constitutes the most significant heritage of Spanish American independence. |
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http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?ISBN=0521622980
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| | Researching Constitutional Law on the Internet: World Constitutions/Comparative Constitutional Law |
| | Russian Constitutional Court: Constitutionality of the Russian Federation Law on "Cultural Objects Removed to the U.S.S.R. as a Result of World War II and Located in the Territory of the Russian Federation", No. | | | Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht - Federal Constitutional Court - Federal Republic of Germany (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1992-)(v.1: International Law and Law of the European Communities (1952-1989); v.2: Freedom of Speech (Freedom of Opinion and Artistic Expression, Broadcasting Freedom and Communication Freedom of the Press, Freedom of Assembly) 1958-1995). | | | Constitutional Courts (links to 12 courts worldwide from the International Constitutional Law project (ICL)) |
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http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/conlaw.html
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| | 1812 Constitution Monument St. Augustine Florida |
| | From St. Augustine (in his boyhood) he would have a part in the writing of this constitution. | | | This may be the only monument left in the Western Hemisphere to the Spanish Constitution of 1812. | | | This is located in the plaza in St. Augustine Florida. |
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http://www.drbronsontours.com/bronsonconstitutionmonument.html
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| | Guadalajara Censuses Project Guadalajara Census History: 1600-1850 |
| | This padron was later criticized in 1821, when the orders were given for that fine census to be taken. | | | In fact, the decrease would be rather large when one considers that this census did not count children under the age of two. | | | As early as 1725 half the persons married in the Parish were born elsewhere. |
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http://www.fsu.edu/~guadalaj/english/censuses/censuses.htm
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| | Handbook of Texas Online: ITURBIDE, AGUSTIN DE |
| | Because of his part in the defeat of the revolutionaries in the battle of Valladolid in December 1813, he was given command of the military district of Guanajuato and Michoacán, but in 1816 charges of extortion and violence led to his recall. | | | In 1820 Iturbide associated himself with a revolutionary movement against the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 and issued the Plan de Iguala for a Mexican empire on February 24, 1821. | | | After the treaty of Córdoba gave Mexico her independence, Iturbide entered Mexico City in September 1821 and on May 19, 1822, was proclaimed Agustín I, emperor of Mexico. |
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http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/II/fit1.html
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| | SPAIN |
| | Medal for the battle of Feracamps (1840), carlist war. | | | Spanish constitution of 1812, conmemorative medal of the napoleonic war in Spain. | | | Spanish Mexico: Loyalty to the spanish King (1811), gold plated. |
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http://www.intariamilitaria.com/spanish%20monarquy.htm
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| | Spanish Abroad - History of San Jose, Costa Rica |
| | Click on the image to visit his website where you can purchase this book or find out more about the author. | | | Alas, exclaimed historian Carlos Monge Alfaro, early Costa Rica was not a unified province, rather a "group of villages separated by narrow regionalisms." Now the four cities felt and performed as had the city-states of Ancient Greece. | | | Without drawing too much attention, the first wholesale influx was comprised of Spanish and Creole smugglers, whom of which spoke Biesanz et al., "having rebelled against the royal monopoly of commerce by resorting to contraband, were punished by being 'exiled' from Cartago," the colonial capitol city formed by Juan Vasquez de Coronado in 1564. |
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http://www.spanishabroad.com/costarica/sanjose/history.htm
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| | History 131 - Independence - Chronology |
| | Achievement of independence of Paraguay (refusing to join Buenos Aires). | | | adoption of Spanish liberal constitution of 1812, and declaration of constitutional | | | Spanish expedition under General Pablo Morillo restored royal control in |
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http://www.dickinson.edu/~borges/chronologyindep.htm
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| | WHKMLA : History of Savoy-Piemont, 1814-1860 |
| | He was sicceeded by his brother CHARLES-FELIX, who, far from sympathizing with the liberals, appointed Santa-Rosa minister of war. | | | Briefly a liberal constitution (the Spanish constitution of 1812) was introduced. | | | In 1847 the island parliament of Sardinia renounced its autonomous status, and a unified Sardinian-Piemontese parliament was formed which met in Torino. |
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http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/italy/piem181460.html
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| | Additional Reading (from history of Central America) -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of World War II. | | | , Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520–1720 (1973, reissued 1984), is a thorough and well-documented history of the Spanish conquest and the Habsburg period. | | | , A Brief History of Central America (1989; originally published in Spanish, 1985), offers considerable political focus on the 20th century, from a Latin American perspective. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-40858
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| | SHQ Online :: Volume 005 Number 4 :: Footnote n4 |
| | Professor Dealey seeks to show that the constitution of 1824 was influenced more by the Spanish constitution of 1812 than by the constitution of the United States. | | | Poore, Charters and Constitutions, 1712-1727; Bancroft, History of Mexico, V 16-19; Yoakum, History of Texas, I 230. | | | In this connection, see James Q. Dealey's article, The Spanish Source of the Mexican Constitution of 1824, The Quarterly, III 161-169 (January, 1900). |
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http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/publications/journals/shq/online/v005/n4/n4.html
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| | Learn more about 1823 in the online encyclopedia. |
| | December 2 - James Monroe delivers speech to congress that would later be dubbed the Monroe Doctrine | | | Ferdinand VII revokes Spanish Constitution of 1812 and restores absolute monarchy. | | | July 15 - San Paolo fuori le Mura church in Rome almost completely destroyed by fire |
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http://www.onlineencyclopedia.org/1/18/1823.html
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| | Cities of Andalusia - Cádiz |
| | The building has been constructed on an eliptic ground plan. | | | Place where the 1st Spanish Constitution was declared in 1812. | | | Cradle of the first Spanish Constitution in 1812 |
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http://www.andalusia-web.com/cadiz.htm
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| | MSN Encarta - Ferdinand VII |
| | Ferdinand VII (1784-1833), king of Spain (1808 and 1814-1833), whose reign was one of the most disastrous in Spanish history. | | | Become a subscriber today and gain access to: |
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http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552740/Ferdinand_VII.html
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| | thefirstparish |
| | This view, from across the historic Plaza de la Constitucion, shows centuries of reminders of our temporal heritage — the obelisk to the short-lived Spanish constitution of 1812, the entrance to the Cathedral built earlier, and the bell tower added later — amidst the eternal presence of God. |
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http://www.thefirstparish.org/fullstory.asp?id=4213
(841 words)
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| | SunCruise Andalucia |
| | In 1717 the King Felipe V Cadiz was made Head of the Trade Monopoly with the Americas. | | | Here was proclaimed the first Spanish Constitution in 1812. |
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http://www.suncruiseandalucia.com/english/cadiz.htm
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| | TSR: Historical Markers Guide: Goliad County: Manuel Becerra |
| | In 1820 Antonio Maria Martinez, the last Spanish Governor of Texas, called for the formation of the Ayuntamiento of La Bahia as required in the Spanish Constitution of 1812. |
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http://www.texas-settlement.org/markers/goliad/42.html
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