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| | Transatlantic Slave Trade |
 | | Slave vessels sailed from Europe with large crews, including surgeons, carpenters, coopers (barrel-workers), cooks (some of whom were of African descent), sailors (who apprenticed to sea at a young age), and others hired to guard slaves on the African coast and on the Middle Passage, where threats of rebellion and insurrection were constant. | | | The French trade, however, had effectively ended by 1831 after a political revolution in the country. | | | Women and children, some claimed, were never shackled and were allowed to roam above deck with minimal supervision. |
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http://archive.blackvoices.com/research/encarta/trading.asp
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| | The Slave Trade |
| | This marked the beginning of a pattern whereby other concerns, be they political or economic, overrode the moral questions of the slave trade. | | | The Americans opposed this principle, not so much out of a desire to continue the slave trade, but out of a sense of national pride and an appeal to the freedom of the seas. | | | Many Northerners considered it an alien practice even though it had been permitted in Northern states a few decades earlier. |
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http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/slave.htm
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| | Another account describes Newport's participation in the slave trade as such, "No matter what its role may have been in the R.I. economy, the slave trade was not a source of speculation for the ordinary citizen. | | | Interestingly, it has been speculated that Rhode Island's reluctance to join the union may have been due to the fact that illegal smuggling was especially important to its economic success (Coughtry). | | | By 1807, black sea men made up 21% of all Newport crews engaged in West Indian, European, and African trades (Coughtry). |
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http://www.providence.edu/afro/students/kane/triangle.txt
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| | The Slave Trade - Middle Passage - African-American History Through the Arts |
| | The issue at hand concerning the Middle Passage is why 25-30 million people were taken from their homeland to a foreign country to work. | | | It was brought to the New World from Spain by Christopher Columbus, later shipped to the rest of Europe. | | | - Photographic documentation of slaves bought back, out of slavery, by members of Christian Solidarity International from an Arab middleman who has secretly brought enslaved Africans back to their villages. |
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http://cghs.dade.k12.fl.us/african-american/europe/slave_trade.htm
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| | The impact of the slave trade on Africa, by Elikia M’bokolo |
| | Whereas, despite some exports of gold, ivory and hardwoods, it was the trade in human beings that galvanised the energy of the Europeans along the coast of Africa. | | | Further south, in what is now Angola, the Kongo peoples invoked Christianity in the same way, both against the missionaries, who were compromised in the slave trade, and against the local powers. | | | When he came to power in 1506, he protested strongly at the fact that the Portuguese, his brother’s subjects, felt entitled to rob his possessions and carry off his people into slavery. |
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http://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa
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| | SLAVE TRADE |
| | The slaves were classified according to their looks and working capacity. | | | It would be safe to presume that it prevailed in the Deccan, because it prevailed farther north in the country whence the Deccan dynasties had sprung and we may believe Nikitin’s statement that in his time there was a trade in ‘Black people’ in Bidar.” | | | In view of this some sort of barter should have been practised. |
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http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mssmi/ch10.htm
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| | Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789 |
| | Even the most abstract ideals of the [German] SS, such as their intense German nationalism and anti-Semitism, were often absorbed by the old [concentration camp] inmates-a phenomenon observed among the politically well-educated and even among the Jews themselves. | | | Slaves are branded after a second escape attempt. | | | Thomas seems to imply that Africans, since they were involved in the trade, must take some measure of the blame for it. |
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http://www.innercity.org/holt/slavechron.html
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| | Amazon.com: Books: The SLAVE TRADE: THE STORY OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: 1440 - 1870 |
| | The Slave Trade is a massive work that attempts to explain the Atlantic Slave Trade which dominated the European and American waters for over four centuries. | | | The Slave Trade is a massive (900-page) book that attempts to document the entire history of the Atlantic slave trade, a sordid business that somehow prospered for more than four centuries. | | | Join Amazon Prime and ship Two-Day for free and Overnight for $3.99. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0684835657?v=glance
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| | Learn About the UGRR: The Slave Trade |
| | As late as 1865, the American slave ship "Huntress" was known to have escaped the African coast with a human cargo, though evidence indicates this ship probably landed in Cuba. | | | Perhaps one-third of all kidnapped Africans perished before being forced onboard a slave vessel, and perhaps another third died on the voyage across the Atlantic. | | | Though the United States withdrew from the international slave trade in 1808, the internal slave trade between slaveholding states became a multi-million dollar industry during the nineteenth century. |
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http://www.cr.nps.gov/ugrr/learn_a1.htm
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| | MSN Encarta - Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Sumerians in Mesopotamia relied on slave labor before 3000 bc, as did the ancient Egyptians. | | | This transfer of so many people, over such a long time, had enormous consequences for every continent bordering the Atlantic. | | | Most of these workers were feudal serfs who were legally bound to work on the land owned by their landlords (see Serfdom). |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761595721
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| | Bristol and the Slave Trade - Links to Online Resources |
| | You will be able to find other links by doing searches on Google, using keywords such as "slave trade", "bristol", "trans atlantic trade", "middle passage". | | | If you wish to suggest links or report broken ones, please | | | Bristol is still in some denial about the facts and horrors of the slave trade. |
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http://www.hotwells.freeserve.co.uk/slavetrade.html
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| | Slave Castles and Diaspora of Ghana |
| | Although individual clergymen condemned the slave trade as early as the seventeenth century, major Christian denominations did little to further early efforts at abolition. | | | The importation of slaves into the United States was outlawed in 1807. | | | Unlike the Akan groups of the interior, the major coastal groups, such as the Fante, Ewe, and Ga, were for the most part settled in their homelands. |
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http://www.atidekate.com/Diaspora.htm
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| | UNESCO - Slave Trade Archives Project |
| | Slave Trade Archives Project - Feasibility study prepared by the International Council on Archives (ICA) | | | Slave movement during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries | | | USA - University of Wisconsin-Madison - Slave Movement during the eighteenth and nineteenth centurie |
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http://webworld.unesco.org/slave_quest/en/links.html
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| | Timeline: The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | The U.S. Supreme Court hears the case and issues a unanimous opinion declaring the slave trade to be a violation of natural law, meaning it can be upheld only by positive law. | | | June 28: The Anglo-Spanish agreement on the slave trade is renewed, and enforcement is tightened. | | | Several schooners being built for the trade are seized as well. |
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http://amistad.mysticseaport.org/timeline/atlantic.slave.trade.html
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| | The Middle Passage |
| | Before 1800 there was no organized opposition to the slave trade. | | | Many of these slaves were later shipped to ports on the North American mainland after what was called "seasoning," | | | (Slaves where taken and shipped to the New World primarily from an area beginning at |
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http://multirace.org/firstday/first30.htm
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| | Slave Trade Africa |
| | Emancipation of slaves - From slavery to freedom and a new culture is born. | | | Slavery in South Africa, the imposition of enforced servitude by a powerful racist group toward disadvantaged humans of another race. | | | A failed bid by slaves to freedom - Slaves breakout and hold the boat crew hostage |
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http://www.rebirth.co.za/slavery.htm
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| | Slave Trade |
| | Because of this negative image of the slave trader, Roman citizens were often suspicious that they were being cheated. | | | Slaves were one of the higher ranking commodities in the Roman world. | | | After this year, however, Rome declared that another island, Delos, was to be a free port. |
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http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~thurley/trade.html
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| | Slavery: Slave Trade eThemes eMINTS |
| | This site takes a look at the case what Africans who were captured as slaves then killed the captain to try and escape. | | | Learn about a slave from Africa and his experiences through his own writing. | | | These sites provide information on the slave trade that involved the United States and Africa. |
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http://www.emints.org/ethemes/resources/S00000464.shtml
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| | The Slave Trade |
| | The circumstances which gave rise to the Underground Railroad were based on the transportation of Africans to North America as part of the Atlantic slave trade. | | | Without resistance, there would have been no need for the extensive legal codes which upheld property rights in human beings or for the brutal intimidation which always existed just beneath the surface of this coercive social system. |
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http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/slvtrade.htm
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| | The modern West African slave trade |
| | The material in this report is based on a Mission to West Africa by the Society's Secretary-General, supplemented by material from Cleophas Mally of WAO-Afrique. | | | The trade involves most states in sub-Saharan West Africa. | | | The Society, in discharging its historic role, is currently working for the suppression of the slave trade in West Africa and the rescue of slave children. |
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http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/slavetrade.htm
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| | Slavery Images |
| | This collection is envisioned as a tool and a resource that can be used by teachers, researchers, students, and the general public - in brief, anyone interested in the experiences of Africans who were enslaved and transported to the Americas and the lives of their descendants in the slave societies of the New World. | | | It must be emphasized that little effort is made to interpret the images and establish the historical authenticity or accuracy of what they display. |
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http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | From 1441 to 1888, the trans-Atlantic slave trade created an African Diaspora in the forced migration of some 12 million people from many diverse societies and cultures in west and west central Africa to European colonies in the Caribbean Islands, in Central and South America, and in North America. | | | The European colonial enterprise was firmly based on African slavery, and historians have long acknowledged that the very creation of Capitalism as an economic system was inextricably intertwined with the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the wealth generated by the slave trade and the labor of those enslaved peoples. | | | While today’s conference is concerned with contemporary migrations within the Diaspora, there are deep historical roots which can provide important backgrounds, some even predating the trans-Atlantic slave trade: trans-Saharan, trans-Mediterranean, trans-Indian Ocean, and intra-African migrations, going back millenia. |
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http://www.unc.edu/depts/afriafam/AnniversaryConference/baw.htm
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| | Juneteenth.com - The Middle Passage - Tom Feelings |
| | Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. | | | Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World. | | | Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...' |
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http://www.juneteenth.com/middlep.htm
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| | Slave Trade |
| | For the next 300 years, millions of black Africans were shipped across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. | | | During the early 5500's, the Europeans began the slave trade in which they transported the blacks to the Americas. | | | The majority of black Americans (who were once in slavery) trace their origin to an area in western Africa that was controlled by three great and wealthy black empires from about the A.D. 300's to the late 1500's. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/de/slavetrade
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