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| | sehepunkte - Rezensionsjournal für die Geschichtswissenschaften - 4 (2004), Nr. 6 |
 | | Some readers will find her analysis too indebted to a particularly German tendency of social history, which sees the forms of political life as determining its possibilities, and this book is not free from the strongly structuralist tendencies of this tradition of historical analysis. | | | Not even between the formation of the Rankean school and 1918, the heyday of historical scholarship on the German Protestant Reformation, did their appear a full-scale, archivally based treatment of this first Protestant political formation in the Empire. | | | Otherwise, historians of the German Reformation have had to rely on studies of special subjects, such as the debate on church property, or from special perspectives (Pomerania, the Swiss Protestant cities, Strasbourg), with only a rare attempt at an overview. |
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http://www.historicum.net/sehepunkte/2004/06/2453.html
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| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | Every question had to be referred by the commanders in the field to the League's council of war, where it was generally made the subject of acrimonious discussion between representatives of the south German cities and the Princes, or between the adherents of the adventurous Philip of Hesse and the sluggish Elector of Saxony. | | | The Emperor had nothing to fear from the Kings of France and England, who were then engaged in a bitter war; and Christian III of Denmark had been alienated by the Schmalkaldic Leaguers refusal to assist him in 1544, and alarmed by the admission into it of the Elector Palatine, | | | A proposal for the preservation of peace would naturally meet with much support ; but that support was neutralised by the conviction that the League, which Charles proposed to establish on the model of the old Swabian League, was really designed to strengthen the Habsburgs against other Princes and against the nation itself. |
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http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh208.html
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| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | He was chafing at the support given by the Schmalkaldic League to his two towns of Brunswick and Goslar, which had been condemned by the Kammergericht to restore the confiscated goods of the Church ; and with a view to consolidating his | | | This was a particularly dangerous cause of friction, because Catholic Princes had other than religious motives for executing the judgments of the Court against their Protestant neighbours; as executors of the Court's decrees they could legally seize the lands of recalcitrant cities or lords, and under the guise of religion extend their territorial power. | | | The cities of the Hanseatic League had long enjoyed the most complete autonomy, and whatever authority neighbouring Princes and Prelates could claim within the walls of any of them was a mere shadow. |
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http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh207.html
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| | Johann Friedrich (1503-1554) |
| | Last elector of the Ernestine branch of the Saxon House of Wettin and leader of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League. | | | Johann Friedrich, wounded and taken prisoner, was condemned to death but saved himself by acquiescing to electoral and territorial losses. | | | His Naumburg coup, when he forced the replacement of an elected Catholic bishop by a Protestant one, however, helped convince Karl V. to take up arms against the Reformation. |
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http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/britannicapages/JohannFriedrichSaxony/JohannFriedrichSaxony.html
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| | John Frederick I: Information From Answers.com |
| | A leader of the Schmalkaldic League, he vacillated in loyalty to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, but he was thrown into opposition when Charles undertook the Schmalkaldic War to crush the independence of the imperial states in Germany and to restore Christian unity. | | | Captured (1547) in the battle of Mühlberg, John Frederick was forced to renounce the electorate in favor of his cousin and enemy, Maurice, duke of Saxony. |
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http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2039&dekey=JohnFred&gwp=8&curtab=2039_1&sbid=lc01a
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Smalkaldic League |
| | In self-defence against the treasonable machinations of the confederation, a Catholic League was formed in 1538 at Nuremberg under the leadership of the emperor. | | | Confident of its support, the Protestant princes introduced the new religion in numerous districts, suppressed bishoprics, confiscated church property, resisted imperial ordinances to the extent of refusing help against the Turks, and disregarded the decisions of the Imperial Court of Justice. | | | The compact was entered into for six years, and stipulated that any military attack made upon any one of the confederates on account of religion or under any other pretext was to be considered as directed against them all and resisted in common. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14058b.htm
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| | 4Reference Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor |
| | 1524 to 6 saw the Peasants' Revolt in Germany and the formation of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League, and Charles delegated increasing responsibility for Germany to his brother Ferdinand while he concentrated on problems abroad. | | | He also attacked the Schmalkaldic League in 1546 and defeated John Frederick I of Saxony and imprisoned Philip of Hesse in 1547. | | | He had been fighting with the Ottoman Empire and its sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, for a number of years. |
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http://www.4reference.net/encyclopedias/wikipedia/Charles_V_Holy_Roman_Emperor.html
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| | Diet of Augsburg |
| | It brought forth the Confessio Augustana, a central document of Lutheranism that was presented to emperor Charles V. After his victory over the Schmalkaldic League, Charles V convened the session of 1547/48 (''geharnischter Reichstag''), where the Augsburg Interim was proclaimed. | | | There were many such sessions, but the three meetings during the Reformation and the ensuing religious wars between the Catholic emperor Charles V and the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the early 16th century are especially noteworthy. | | | This attempt to give Catholicism the priority was rejected by many princes, though, and a resolution of the confessional tensions was only achieved at the session on 1555, where the Peace of Augsburg was concluded. |
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http://diet-of-augsburg.area51.ipupdater.com
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| | New Page |
| | The Schmalkaldic league was an alliance of Protestant princes formed in 1531. | | | In the wake of the Protestant defeat, Charles imposed the Interim of Augsburg in 1548 which required the Protestant princes to restore the Catholic faith. | | | Note how, even though these are separate, they could be combined to provide an excellent ID answer for the first term: |
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http://www.oglethorpe.edu/faculty/~b_smith/Syllabi/bs_RenRef_review.htm
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| | Battle of Mühlberg |
| | This article about a historical battle is a stub. | | | The Schmalkaldic League officers could not agree to any sort of military actions on the battlefield, thereby allowing Charles V and his forces to run through the League's defenses. | | | The Battle of Mühlberg was a large battle in which the Holy Roman Empire decisively dismantled the Schmalkaldic League. |
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http://www.tocatch.info/en/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg.htm
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| | WHKMLA : The Expulsion of Duke Heinrich of Braunschweig by the Schmalkaldic League 1542 |
| | Duke Heinrich, meanwhile, failed in his attempt to find support. | | | After further negotiations, Landgrave Philipp of Hessen and Duke-Elector John Frederick of (Ernestine) Saxony, at Gandersheim, united their forces, consisting of 4,000 cavalry and of 32 units of infantry, in combination with the force raised by Goslar, about 20,000 men. | | | Duke Heinrich remained in exile for a number of years, only returning to resume his rule after the Imperial victory in the Schmalkaldic War in 1547. |
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http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/16cen/braunschweig1542.html
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| | Schmalkaldic League - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | However, new Protestant leagues were created, eventually leading to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. | | | The Schmalkaldic League was a defensive league of Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire in the mid-16th century. | | | Charles defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg on April 24, 1547, capturing many of its leaders. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League
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| | Swabian League. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | The league had a court, a powerful army, and a formal constitution (renewed in 1496, 1500, 1512, and 1522). | | | Many Protestant members in 1531 joined the Schmalkaldic League. | | | The dissolution (1534) of the league resulted from the opposition of interests between its feudal members and its cities and from the religious split caused by the Reformation. |
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http://www.bonus.com/contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/sw/SwabianL.html
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| | WHKMLA : Schmalkaldic War, 1546-1547 |
| | In 1531 Germany's protestant princes and cities founded the SCHMALKALDIC LEAGUE, which was confirmed and extended in 1536. | | | Duke John Frederick, with the League army in Württemberg at the time of the invasion, marched his army home, liberated Ernestine Saxony, occupied Albertine Saxony and invaded BOHEMIA where KING FERDINAND, opposed him. | | | As Duke Maurice was a Lutheran himself, he was seen by his opponents as the Traitor from Meissen. |
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http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/16cen/schmalkalden.html
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| | 1530 |
| | As a devout catholic he believed that any decision about the future of the Catholic Church should come from the papacy and should be upheld anywhere in the Empire. | | | A precarious peace was maintained by the Schmalkaldic League between these years. | | | The princes had clearly stated their intention to fight if they felt that their growing independence was threatened and this was made clear with the creation of the Schmalkaldic League. |
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http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1530.htm
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| | Philip of Hesse |
| | Schmalkaldic League - Schmalkaldic League, alliance formed in 1531 at Schmalkalden by Protestant princes and delegates... | | | of Saxony from Philip's camp, the emperor crushed (1547) the Schmalkaldic League at Mühlberg. | | | Philip, believing that he would be well treated, surrendered. |
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http://cbs.infoplease.com/ce5/CE040650.html
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| | Schmalkaldic League |
| | Established in 1531 at Schmalkalden, Germany, the league was led by Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse and Johann Friedrich (1503-1554) of Saxony. | | | Fearing that the league would ally itself with his enemy, Francis I of France, Karl was forced to grant it de facto recognition until 1544, when he made peace with Francis. | | | The Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Schmalkaldic League. |
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http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/SchmalkaldicLeague/SchmalkaldicLeague.html
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| | December 31: Schmalkald League formed |
| | December 31, 1530 • Schmalkald League Protected Lutherans. | | | The leaders immediately wrote to other nations, asking them to join the league or at least offer it their assistance. | | | Disagreements among the Schmalkald leaders, the treachery of Prince Maurice, and the Protestants´ military ineptitude gave the emperor as complete a victory as he could have hoped for. |
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http://chi.gospelcom.net/DAILYF/2001/12/daily-12-31-2001.shtml
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| | WARS OF RELIGION: POWER, STRUGGLE, AND SETTLEMENT |
| | During this time, a league of German knights and princes (called the Schmalkaldic League, founded in 1531) fought against the Holy Roman Emperor for the right to proclaim Lutheranism the official church of their principalities. | | | In 1547, the League was crushed by imperial (the Empire's) forces. | | | Nevertheless, the Reformation was too entrenched to be dissolved by brute force. |
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http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/gbrown/westernciv/wc201/wciv2c4/wciv2c4lsec2.html
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| | Today in History - September 25 |
| | The formation of the Schmalkaldic League and the desire of Charles V to extirpate heresy led to the Schmalkaldic War. | | | 1555 The Religious Peace of Augsburg was signed in Augsburg by Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League. | | | It was intended to preserve the Reformed faith of the Church of Scotland, to bring the churches of England and Ireland to Reformed theology and to abolish church government by bishops. |
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http://chi.lcms.org/history/tih0925.htm
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