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| | MSN Encarta - Printer-friendly - Ancient Rome |
 | | Some like the Roman historian Sallust blamed the gross economic inequalities that had emerged: farmers without land, laborers without jobs as a result of slave labor, and Italian allies without the rights of citizenship. | | | The Romans used the adjective Punic to describe the people of Carthage, who were known as Poeni because of their Phoenician descent. | | | The image of a Roman general turning his troops on the capital and murdering his political opponents haunted Rome ever after. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/text_761552589___26/Ancient_Rome.html
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| | Religion |
| | St Paul, who held Roman citizenship, is famed for his missionary voyages which took him from Palestine into the empire (Syria, Turkey, Greece and Italy) to spread his new religion to the non-Jews (for until then Christianity was generally understood to be a Jewish sect). | | | This indirect threat to Roman power, together with the Roman perception that Jesus was claiming to be the 'King of the Jews', was the reason for his condemnation. | | | Major revolts of the Jews in Judaea in the early second century led to great resentment of the Jews and of the Christians, who were still largely understood by the Romans to be a Jewish sect. |
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http://www.roman-empire.net/religion/religion.html
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| | Ancient Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The denial of Roman citizenship to allied Italian cities led to the Social War of 91–88 BC. | | | It became an officially supported religion in the Roman state under Constantine I, and all religions except Christianity were prohibited in 391 by an edict of Emperor Theodosius I. | | | The Roman legion was one of the strongest aspects of the Roman army. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome
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| | Greco-Roman Studies & Social Sciences |
| | "Roman and Athenian Citizenship at Athens A.D. Historia 20 (1971):743-50. | | | "Roman Policy Towards the Jews: Expulsions from the City of Rome During the First Century C.E." ClAnt 13 (1994):56-74. | | | Burckhardt, Leonhard A. "The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts Nobilitas and Homo Novus." Historia 39 (1990):79-99. |
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http://www.kchanson.com/ARTICLES/grstud.html
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| | Chapter Four |
| | Roman citizenship is awarded for a variety of services to Rome and the full protection of Roman law is being extended to more and more people. | | | There is Christian vandalism of the temples of Jews and Samaritans (which have been protected by Roman law until now). | | | It is time to take a look at that growing group of members of Roman society who come under the heading of Christians. |
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http://members.aol.com/clasz/chap4.html
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| | Ancient Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The denial of Roman citizenship to allied Italian cities led to the Social War of 91–88 BC. | | | It became an officially supported religion in the Roman state under Constantine I, and all religions except Christianity were prohibited in 391 by an edict of Emperor Theodosius I. | | | The Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes became the basis of legal principles and practices in the Byzantine Empire, and in continental Western Europe, and continued, in a broader sense, to be applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 18th century. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome
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| | Caesar Assassinated!! |
| | Caesar eliminated the tax system, sponsored veterans, extended roman citizenship, reconstituted the courts, increased the number of senators and even reformed the roman calendar. | | | The Roman officials have not released many details but they do say that they are holding Marcus, Junius, Brutus, Gaius, and Cassius along with other senators on account that a witness had seen the group with Caesar just moments before his death. | | | Caesar became a Roman hero and that is why his death came as such a shock to practically all of the roman citizens. |
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http://www.dl.ket.org/sampler/latinpg
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| | Empire and Politics by Violence, to 79 BCE) |
| | Roman sympathizers among the Greeks gave the Romans reports as to who was anti-Roman, and the Romans deported the denounced people in great number. | | | From Perseus' archives, the Romans discovered letters disclos-ing that he had had secret support from high-ranking officials in the Achaean League of cities in Peloponnesia. | | | But some other Greeks were left with unpleasant memories of Roman soldiers looting, or with distaste at having been rescued by what they considered a barbarian power. |
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http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch16.htm
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| | Roman Republic - Enpsychlopedia |
| | The Romans were only able to end the war in 88 by granting citizenship to all Italians living south of the Po River. | | | After the reformer Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91, almost all of the Italian allies of Rome rebelled in what the Romans called the Social War (allies = Socii, related to the English "associates"). | | | The term "Pyrrhic victory" comes from these battles when Pyrrhus was supposed to have uttered the phrase "Another such victory and we are lost." When Pyrrhus withdrew to fight wars in Sicily and Greece, the Romans won an important international victory and started to gain the attention of the Hellenistic superpowers in the East. |
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http://www.grohol.com/wiki/Roman_Republic
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| | Greco-Roman Religion |
| | Roman citizenship was extended to all the conquered peoples, and with this increase in manpower and territory, Rome became a potential world power. | | | Roman religion was essentially state controlled religion, families maintaining household shrines dedicated to fertility and plenty, but the individual citizen playing no part in the religious ritual of the state which was carried out by pontiffs, augurs and flamens (special priests). | | | Religion in both Greece and Rome was polytheistic, embracing a multitude of gods and goddesses, especially in the Roman Empire which tended to absorb the deities of the countries it conquered. |
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http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/europe/grecorom.html
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| | The Republic |
| | But the Roman government controlled greater troops than his own, more so the Samnites wholeheartedly flung themselves into the struggle against Sulla, who to them represented senatorial privilege and the denial of citizenship to the Italians. | | | With good leadership Roman victory was inevitable for Carthage was a mere shadow of the power she had once been. | | | When he fell he had already formed an alliance with the advancing Roman state whose foes in the south were also his enemies. |
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http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/republic.html
(1388 words)
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| | Justinian's War for the Second Coming |
| | And people of the city were united by their common Roman citizenship and their Christian faith. | | | From Constantinople a so-called Roman emperor still ruled the eastern half of the empire, to be known also as the Byzantine Empire. | | | With a group of Roman senators as hostages and an oath of fidelity from the Bishop of Rome, Pope Silvarius, the Ostrogoths abandoned Rome, and Belisarius' army arrived there in December. |
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http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h01const.htm
(1388 words)
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| | The Republic |
| | But the Roman government controlled greater troops than his own, more so the Samnites wholeheartedly flung themselves into the struggle against Sulla, who to them represented senatorial privilege and the denial of citizenship to the Italians. | | | With good leadership Roman victory was inevitable for Carthage was a mere shadow of the power she had once been. | | | When he fell he had already formed an alliance with the advancing Roman state whose foes in the south were also his enemies. |
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http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/republic.html
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| | THE ROMAN REVOLUTION I: The Late Republic, 122-60 B |
| | Some of these communities enjoyed full Roman citizenship, others had a half citizenship called the ius Latinum or "the rights of Latins" (important commercial, connubial and residential rights but not suffrage), a third group had only allied status ius Italicum. | | | The more Romanized a community was the easier and less expensive it was to govern. | | | Hence, the Romans provided incentives for subjects to become Romans and to move up the scale. |
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http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~msnic/RepRomeW01/army.htm
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| | The Republic |
| | But the Roman government controlled greater troops than his own, more so the Samnites wholeheartedly flung themselves into the struggle against Sulla, who to them represented senatorial privilege and the denial of citizenship to the Italians. | | | With good leadership Roman victory was inevitable for Carthage was a mere shadow of the power she had once been. | | | When he fell he had already formed an alliance with the advancing Roman state whose foes in the south were also his enemies. |
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http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/republic.html
(20225 words)
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| | Hexapedia - Roman Republic |
| | The Romans were only able to end the war in 88 by granting citizenship to all Italians living south of the Po River. | | | After the reformer Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91, almost all of the Italian allies of Rome rebelled in what the Romans called the Social War (allies = Socii, related to the English "associates"). | | | The Romans were very much convinced that their city was founded in the year 753 BC. |
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http://www.hexafind.com/encyclopedia/Roman_Republic
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| | Britannia EBK Articles: Generations of Ambrosius Part 1 |
| | The Roman part is the simpler to explain, implying citizenship, a sense of belonging, a political outlook, etc. "Adorned with the purple" is another issue. | | | This could be better answered if it were conclusively know that a brief period of roman reoccupation occurred in the south-east of Britain after Constantine III. | | | In that great resource of the late Roman Empire, the Notitia Dignitatum, one province of Britain is designated as being governed by a Consularis. |
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http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/ambros02.html
(2274 words)
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| | Religion |
| | St Paul, who held Roman citizenship, is famed for his missionary voyages which took him from Palestine into the empire (Syria, Turkey, Greece and Italy) to spread his new religion to the non-Jews (for until then Christianity was generally understood to be a Jewish sect). | | | This indirect threat to Roman power, together with the Roman perception that Jesus was claiming to be the 'King of the Jews', was the reason for his condemnation. | | | Major revolts of the Jews in Judaea in the early second century led to great resentment of the Jews and of the Christians, who were still largely understood by the Romans to be a Jewish sect. |
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http://www.roman-empire.net/religion/religion.html
(4894 words)
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| | Religion |
| | St Paul, who held Roman citizenship, is famed for his missionary voyages which took him from Palestine into the empire (Syria, Turkey, Greece and Italy) to spread his new religion to the non-Jews (for until then Christianity was generally understood to be a Jewish sect). | | | This indirect threat to Roman power, together with the Roman perception that Jesus was claiming to be the 'King of the Jews', was the reason for his condemnation. | | | In so far as the Romans had a religion of their own, it was not based on any central belief, but on a mixture of fragmented rituals, taboos, superstitions, and traditions which they collected over the years from a number of sources. |
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http://www.roman-empire.net/religion/religion.html
(4894 words)
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| | Roman Emperors - DIR Claudius |
| | Claudius was remembered (negatively) by tradition as being noticeably profligate in dispensing grants of Roman citizenship to provincials; he also admitted "long-haired" Gauls into the senatorial order, to the displeasure of the snobbish incumbents. | | | In the aftermath of the assassination -- the first open murder of a Roman emperor -- there was widespread panic and confusion. | | | He followed Caesar in carrying Roman arms across the English Channel into Britain but, unlike his predecessor, he initiated the full-scale annexation of Britain as a province, which remains today the most closely studied corner of the Roman Empire. |
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http://www.roman-emperors.org/claudius.htm
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| | Edictum Censoris CFQ XVIII |
| | Application to Nova Roman citizenship implies acceptance and agreement to the terms of the present Edictum and is subject to a probationary period as described by Lex Equitia De Tirocinio Civium Novorum. | | | It encompasses historical research in the form of attested lists of Republican names and takes into consideration the laws of Nova Roma that deal with citizenship approval and the scope of Pater/Mater Familias authority on this particular matter. | | | Each praenomen has been historically researched and attested. |
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http://www.novaroma.org/tabularium/edicts/censor-2004-11-18b.html
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| | IMPERIUM - Roman Society |
| | While the "Romanization" of the empire has begun, including the extension of citizenship to most Italians, outside of Italy the empire remains a patchwork of Roman colonies, military protectorates, client kingdoms, conquered nations, and semi-assimilated provinces. | | | (See a map of the Roman empire.)Many of these "foreigners" have immigrated to Rome, usually involuntarily as slaves, including Celts, Iberians, Illyrians, Libyans, Egyptians, Thracians, Phrygians, Cilicians, Syrians, and Jews. | | | Though Roman society is legally divided into three classes, patricians (aristocracy), equites (landed gentry), and plebeians (common men), the classes are defined primarily on land ownership and there are actually few official barriers to power; wealthy plebeians sit beside the patricians in the Senate or the emperor's inner circle. |
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http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~smartin/rome/society.html
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| | Provincial Administration/Spread of Citizenship |
| | Important Romans could petition for citizenship for others (e.g., Pliny's request that Trajan enfranchise his doctor). | | | Romans would refuse honorary citizenship in places like Athens lest this derogate from the status as Roman citizens. | | | Eight provinces were governed by ex-praetors, and the two wealthiest senatorial provinces, Asia and Africa, were governed by ex-consuls. |
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http://www.ualberta.ca/~csmackay/CLASS_378/Admin.Cit.html
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| | Module Description for HS3316 |
| | The growing tensions in the Roman state associated with land reform, the army, the extension of citizenship, and increasing urban unrest, and attempts by individuals to address them. | | | The rise of powerful individuals in the late Republic and senatorial response to them; the collapse of the Republican system of government, and theories of the collapse. | | | An awareness of differing modern views on and interpretations of these events (in particular on the nature of Roman imperialism, religious change, ‘democratic politics’ in Rome, and theories on the decline of the Republic) |
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http://www.cf.ac.uk/hisar/modules/HS3316
(1367 words)
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| | Italia |
| | As more tribes were incorporated into the Roman system, the battle for citizenship, limited rights and social equality was a recurring theme that helped tear down the fabric of the Republican government. | | | Long after the Etruscan Kings had been thrown out of Rome and the Republic was established, the Roman people would inevitable come into conflict with their immediate neighbors. | | | Various curators saw to such tasks as the construction of roads, aqueducts and public works, but these duties were as much a part of the Roman city administration as they were a part of Italy in its entirety. |
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http://www.unrv.com/provinces/italia.php
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| | BBC - History - Ancient Rome Timeline |
| | Social War; Roman citizenship extended to all Italy | | | Roman citizenship extended to all free inhabitants of the empire | | | Hellenisation of Roman society; comedies of Plautus and Terence; poetry of Ennius |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/rome_timeline.shtml
(202 words)
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| | Ancient Rome Roman History - Claudius |
| | Claudius' significant impact upon the Roman world, came from his enlightened judicial and civic reforms (including the extension of Roman citizenship) and his policy of colonisation in Britain, Germany and Gaul, which made possible for the survival of Roman culture, even after the fall of Rome to barbarians 400 years later. | | | He made Judea a Roman province, he also conquered Iturea and allowed the province of Syria to control it, avoiding major wars with the Germans, and he accepted the collapse of the pro-Roman government in Armenia rather than go to war with Parthia. | | | Thus, the first Roman emperor who had not been trained to be a soldier pushed the boundaries of the empire to their greatest extent. |
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http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=22675
(202 words)
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| | History of Italy during Roman times - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Furthermore, Roman citizenship was slowly extended to the provinces, and the rule of law became less arbitrary (although largely imperfect). | | | The institutions of the Roman republic, born for governing a city-state, were unfit to rule over such a large empire. | | | The Republic was ruled by two elected consuls at a time, while the Senate (formed by the most notable Patricians, that is, aristocrats) and a city assembly formed a sort of Parliament. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy_during_Roman_times
(734 words)
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| | Encyclopedia4U - Roman Republic - Encyclopedia Article |
| | The Romans were only able to end the war in 88 by granting citizenship to all Italians living south of the Po River. | | | After the reformer Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91, almost all of the Italian allies of Rome rebelled in what the Romans called the Social War (allies = Socii, related to the English "associates"). | | | While factional strife had become a traditional part of Roman life, the stakes were now far higher; a corrupt provincial governor could enrich himself far beyond anything his ancestors imagined possible, and a successful military commander needed only the support of his legions in order to rule vast territories. |
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http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/r/roman-republic-1.html
(734 words)
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| | Lecture 13: A Brief Social History of the Roman Empire |
| | Full manumission brought freedom and Roman citizenship at the same time. | | | Roman women were not segregated as they had been at Athens. | | | For example, Tullia (c.79-45 B.C.), the daughter of the Roman orator, Cicero (106-43 B.C.), was married at sixteen, widowed at twenty-two, married at twenty-three, divorced at twenty-eight, married again at twenty-nine, divorced again at thirty-three and died in her thirty-fourth year. |
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http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture13b.html
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