|
| |
| | Ancient Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The early Roman army was, like those of other contemporary city-states, a citizen force where the bulk of the troops fought as hoplites. | | | Roman Republic some powerful families, or Gentes Maiores came to dominate political life. | | | Roman Empire the Emperor appointed senators, although for much of the time of the Empire elections were still held, and the results followed. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome
(10306 words)
|
|
| |
| | Paul (WebBible Encyclopedia) - ChristianAnswers.Net |
| | This privilege was accorded to him, no doubt, because he was a Roman citizen, and as such could not be put into prison without a trial. | | | Though a Jew, his father was a Roman citizen. | | | Here at Paphos, Sergius Paulus, the Roman proconsul, was converted, and now Saul took the lead, and was ever afterwards called Paul. |
|
http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/paul.html
(10306 words)
|
|
| |
| | mil-m.txt |
| | As a recent scholar observed, For Machiavelli, the most dependable protection against corruption was the economic independence of the citizen and his ability and willingness to become a warrior. | | | Theoretically, a citizen after the Civil War was, because of the dual citizenship clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, liable for service in both the federal militia and the militia of the state in which he resided. | | | Its army was not a Roman army; it was composed, rather, of provincials and barbarians. |
|
http://www.constitution.org/jw/mil-m.txt
(10306 words)
|
|
| |
| | Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.09.68 |
| | Yet the Roman world of the late Republic also, famously, ceased to cohere: after 100 BC "the scale of Roman society" -- in terms of the size of both the citizen population and its competitive, "vastly expanding" leadership -- "began to overwhelm the public lawmaking process and the political system as a whole" (431). | | | Despite the obviously self-serving tenor of much of his legislation, "he also had the people's interest at heart," for his vision was that of "deliberate, controlled, group participation by marginal citizens [even the disenfranchised and slave] in the traditional political process" (386). | | | No: the "interest and involvement of the Roman people were critical," their political vigor has been underestimated, and on law-making occasions the people could be aggressive, asserting their will by going against the wishes of the Senate (108-9 at 109); in short, they were "actively engaged" (110). |
|
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2005/2005-09-68.html
(5484 words)
|
|
| |
| | Lecture 11: Republican Rome, 509-31BC |
| | In 367 B.C., the tribunes Gaius Licinius and Lucius Sextus passed the Licinian-Sextian laws which specified (1) that one consul every year must be a plebeian, (2) that the office of praetor should serve as assistant consul and (3) and that there should be a law restricting the amount of land held by any citizen. | | | The Roman Republic had to protect its people from outside invasion and they did this by forming careful alliances with their neighbors. | | | Macedonia was officially made a province of the Republic and thus, the Romans brought an end to the independent political life of Greece. |
|
http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture11b.html
(4234 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't |
| | All free Roman subjects had been citizens since Caracalla. | | | Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the surpreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in a world to come. | | | The Mediaeval term Romania tended to be used in Latin to refer to the contemporary lands of the Empire, especially by the Venetians and the Crusaders who took Constantinople and then ruled, for a while, most of those lands. |
|
http://www.friesian.com/decdenc1.htm
(7927 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The toga was the characteristic garment of the Roman citizen. | | | According to Roman mythology, after the end of the Trojan war, the Trojan prince Aeneas sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded the city of Lavinium. | | | Following the scandal of the Gracchi, Roman politics became a mix of traditional forms, demagoguery, and mob violence. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic
(9564 words)
|
|
| |
| | Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.12.12 |
| | It is unlikely that Rome's poorest citizens were bound to individual families of the ruling elite or could rely on patronage for survival, which means that common people had to support themselves and their families. | | | As part of his challenge to the "democratic" interpretation, advocated in particular by F. Millar, M. makes a critical distinction between "the people" as a political concept and "the people" as "the sum of individuals making up the citizen-body" (16). | | | In theory the Roman people did indeed have the final say through their voting power, but in practice the masses that constituted the Roman people were not encouraged to participate and for the most part could not be bothered to do so. |
|
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2001/2001-12-12.html
(9564 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Nomenclature |
| | If his former master or mistress had been a Roman citizen and if he had been formally freed according to certain specific procedures and conditions, he would become a Roman citizen. | | | However, if he had been freed informally by a Roman citizen, he would become a Junian Latin rather than a Roman citizen, even though his name would be the same; thus only an indication of a voting tribe after his name would prove that the freedman was now a Roman citizen. | | | On inscriptions and official documents, the male citizen was also usually designated by reference to his paternal ancestors and the Roman voting tribe in which he was registered; an indication of the voting tribe is proof positive that the man was a Roman citizen. |
|
http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/roman_names.html
(925 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Nomenclature |
| | If his former master or mistress had been a Roman citizen and if he had been formally freed according to certain specific procedures and conditions, he would become a Roman citizen. | | | However, if he had been freed informally by a Roman citizen, he would become a Junian Latin rather than a Roman citizen, even though his name would be the same; thus only an indication of a voting tribe after his name would prove that the freedman was now a Roman citizen. | | | On inscriptions and official documents, the male citizen was also usually designated by reference to his paternal ancestors and the Roman voting tribe in which he was registered; an indication of the voting tribe is proof positive that the man was a Roman citizen. |
|
http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/roman_names.html
(925 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Nomenclature |
| | However, if he had been freed informally by a Roman citizen, he would become a Junian Latin rather than a Roman citizen, even though his name would be the same; thus only an indication of a voting tribe after his name would prove that the freedman was now a Roman citizen. | | | If his former master or mistress had been a Roman citizen and if he had been formally freed according to certain specific procedures and conditions, he would become a Roman citizen. | | | However, by the late Republic these conventions were changing slightly, in that elite Roman woman were sometimes designated by the feminine form of their father's nomen plus the feminine form of his cognomen, sometimes in the dominutive (e.g. |
|
http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/roman_names.html
(925 words)
|
|
| |
| | St. Paul the Traveler and the Roman Citizen (ix) |
| | It is not the Jew who speaks in these and many other sentences; it is the educated citizen of the Roman world attuned to the most gracious and polished tone of educated society. | | | The history of Asia Minor at that time had its central motive in the transforming and educative process which the Roman imperial policy was trying to carry out in the country. | | | Everything that the imperial policy did in the provinces during the first century was so arranged as to encourage the unity of the entire Roman province; and the priests of the imperial religion became by insensible degrees a higher priesthood, exercising a certain influence over the priests of the other religions of the province. |
|
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/ramsay/paul_roman.ix.html
(5186 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't |
| | Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the surpreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in a world to come. | | | The Mediaeval term Romania tended to be used in Latin to refer to the contemporary lands of the Empire, especially by the Venetians and the Crusaders who took Constantinople and then ruled, for a while, most of those lands. | | | What the Romans lost then was their discipline and organization, and this occurred through the Germanization of the army, even as the German commanders of the same were no more ready to seize the ultimate Roman honor for themselves than the Romans were to bestow it on them. |
|
http://www.friesian.com/decdenc1.htm
(7927 words)
|
|
| |
| | Holy Roman Empire |
| | Roman lawyers, or delators, are not advocates for the plaintiff or defendant, but instead serve to advise them with regard to the law and deliver oratory on their behalf; delators are trained in public speaking, whereas each citizen is largely responsible for his own legal counsel. | | | Roman prisons are not there to punish the guilty, but to hold prisoners awaiting trial or execution. | | | The nations of the Holy Roman Empire are sovereign nations in their own right; the office of Holy Roman Emperor, and the Empire itself, is philosophically the overall government of Catholic Christendom, the secular arm of the Catholic Church. |
|
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/rumtigger2/Nations/roman.htm
(2490 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Elder Pliny on the History of the Equestrian Order |
| | This became so common that when the emperor Claudius was emperor, the equestrian Flavius Proculus charged 400 people with usurping the status of an equestrian: thus an order that was intended to be separate from other citizens is even shared with slaves. | | | There were, at first, only four panels of jurors, and there were hardly a thousand people in each one since provincials had not yet been admitted to this duty, and the regulation remains in force to this day that no new citizen can serve as a juror. | | | (32) In the ninth year of the emperor Tiberius, the equestrian order was united into a single body, and in the consulship of Gaius Asinius Pollio and Gaius Antistius Vetus, in the 775th year after the founding of Rome, regulations were established for the wearing of rings. |
|
http://www.umich.edu/~classics/programs/class/cc/372/sibyl/db/PlnE-NH-xxxiii32.html
(532 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't |
| | Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the surpreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in a world to come. | | | The Mediaeval term Romania tended to be used in Latin to refer to the contemporary lands of the Empire, especially by the Venetians and the Crusaders who took Constantinople and then ruled, for a while, most of those lands. | | | What the Romans lost then was their discipline and organization, and this occurred through the Germanization of the army, even as the German commanders of the same were no more ready to seize the ultimate Roman honor for themselves than the Romans were to bestow it on them. |
|
http://www.friesian.com/decdenc1.htm
(532 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't |
| | Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the surpreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in a world to come. | | | The Mediaeval term Romania tended to be used in Latin to refer to the contemporary lands of the Empire, especially by the Venetians and the Crusaders who took Constantinople and then ruled, for a while, most of those lands. | | | What the Romans lost then was their discipline and organization, and this occurred through the Germanization of the army, even as the German commanders of the same were no more ready to seize the ultimate Roman honor for themselves than the Romans were to bestow it on them. |
|
http://www.friesian.com/decdenc1.htm
(532 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Republic - Enpsychlopedia |
| | The Romans were only able to end the war in 88 by granting citizenship to all Italians living south of the Po River. | | | A generation of Romans were born and died in the course of his forty-five years as First Citizen, and this was now all that the people knew rather than the old days of the Republic. | | | After the reformer Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91, almost all of the Italian allies of Rome rebelled in what the Romans called the Social War (allies = Socii, related to the English "associates"). |
|
http://www.grohol.com/wiki/Roman_Republic
(532 words)
|
|
| |
| | Holy Roman Empire |
| | Roman lawyers, or delators, are not advocates for the plaintiff or defendant, but instead serve to advise them with regard to the law and deliver oratory on their behalf; delators are trained in public speaking, whereas each citizen is largely responsible for his own legal counsel. | | | Roman prisons are not there to punish the guilty, but to hold prisoners awaiting trial or execution. | | | The nations of the Holy Roman Empire are sovereign nations in their own right; the office of Holy Roman Emperor, and the Empire itself, is philosophically the overall government of Catholic Christendom, the secular arm of the Catholic Church. |
|
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/rumtigger2/Nations/roman.htm
(532 words)
|
|
| |
| | Greco-Roman Religion |
| | Roman religion was essentially state controlled religion, families maintaining household shrines dedicated to fertility and plenty, but the individual citizen playing no part in the religious ritual of the state which was carried out by pontiffs, augurs and flamens (special priests). | | | Roman citizenship was extended to all the conquered peoples, and with this increase in manpower and territory, Rome became a potential world power. | | | Religion in both Greece and Rome was polytheistic, embracing a multitude of gods and goddesses, especially in the Roman Empire which tended to absorb the deities of the countries it conquered. |
|
http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/europe/grecorom.html
(1388 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Empire - Open Encyclopedia |
| | The fixing of the payscale and duration of Roman military service marked the final step in the evolution of the Roman Army from a citizen army to a professional one. | | | Despite early successes against the Sassanian Empire in the East, Alexander Severus' increasing inability to control the army led eventually to its mutiny and his assassination in 235. | | | Their provincial background and cosmopolitan alliance, eventually giving rise to imperial rulers of Syrian background, Elagabalus and Alexander Severus, testifies to the broad political franchise and economic development of the Roman empire that had been achieved under the Antonines. |
|
http://open-encyclopedia.com/Roman_Empire
(1388 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Law and Government: Citizenship |
| | Children born to Roman legionaries during their military service were NOT citizens. | | | Citizens did have responsibilities: they were taxed, and the men needed to complete a term of military service (in fact, only a citizen could become a Roman legionary). | | | Since the mothers of legionaries' children generally were not Roman citizens themselves, in the eyes of Roman law the children simply received the status and nationality of the mother. |
|
http://www.dl.ket.org/latin1/mores/law/citizenship.htm
(364 words)
|
|
| |
| | Academic Presentations on The Roman Empire |
| | "In the late fourth century A.D., a citizen of the Roman Empire wrote a treatise known to history as De Rebus Bellicis (On Matters of Warfare). | | | The Romans armor looked like it came from a store specializing in cheap Halloween costumes and it seems like every time the Romans were the primary scene, the cinematographer turned the color setting so low they almost appeared in black and white with ghoulish white faces. | | | During the roman rule, the city became one of the attractions in the region, due to its commercial potential originating from geostrategic location. |
|
http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~mharrsch/2003_10_01_academicpres_archive.html
(364 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Republic - Encyklopedia |
| | The toga was the characteristic garment of the Roman citizen. | | | According to Roman mythology, after the end of the Trojan war, the Trojan prince Aeneas sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded the city of Lavinium. | | | Following the scandal of the Gracchi, Roman politics became a mix of traditional forms, demagoguery, and mob violence. |
|
http://en.science24.org/w,Roman_Republic
(10115 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't |
| | All free Roman subjects had been citizens since Caracalla. | | | Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the surpreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in a world to come. | | | The Mediaeval term Romania tended to be used in Latin to refer to the contemporary lands of the Empire, especially by the Venetians and the Crusaders who took Constantinople and then ruled, for a while, most of those lands. |
|
http://www.friesian.com/decdenc1.htm
(7928 words)
|
|
| |
| | TheoCenTriC: The Greco-Roman World |
| | Roman families made clear distinctions between male and female, slave and free, with slaves certainly considered "lower class" citizens. | | | "The Romans evaluated a person's status based on whether the person was a citizen or a foreigner, patron or client, free or slave, ethnic Roman/Latin or not, voluntary ally or conquered enemy, male or female, and married or unmarried" (p. | | | In light of this, it is understandable that Jews would resent Roman rule. |
|
http://www.theocentric.com/theoarchives/000127.html
(1580 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't |
| | All free Roman subjects had been citizens since Caracalla. | | | Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the surpreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in a world to come. | | | The Mediaeval term Romania tended to be used in Latin to refer to the contemporary lands of the Empire, especially by the Venetians and the Crusaders who took Constantinople and then ruled, for a while, most of those lands. |
|
http://www.friesian.com/decdenc1.htm
(1580 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Decadence, Rome and Romania, and the Emperors Who Weren't |
| | All free Roman subjects had been citizens since Caracalla. | | | Greek and Roman society was built on the conception of the subordination of the individual to the community, of the citizen to the state; it set the safety of the commonwealth, as the surpreme aim of conduct, above the safety of the individual whether in this world or in a world to come. | | | The Mediaeval term Romania tended to be used in Latin to refer to the contemporary lands of the Empire, especially by the Venetians and the Crusaders who took Constantinople and then ruled, for a while, most of those lands. |
|
http://www.friesian.com/decdenc1.htm
(1580 words)
|
|
| |
| | Ancient Rome - Coins |
| | Emperor in all but name, he ruled as PRINCEPS- First Citizen of a supposedly restored republic. | | | Roman coins were being minted in Greece, Spain, Gaul, Lugdunum, Pergamum, and the East. | | | It's easy to see why many Roman coins were often struck off-center so that part of the design was lost off the edge of the coin, or the coin did not have a uniform thickness. |
|
http://www.crystalinks.com/romecoins.html
(2028 words)
|
|
|
