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| | Alexandra O'Brien, PHD proposal, Egyptian women in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, papyrology, Egypt, Demotic, Greek, Roman, ... |
 | | The issue of ethnicity in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt is very problematic and not, ultimately, central to the present inquiry. | | | In other words, people might have referred to themselves as being Greek or Egyptian in a particular document but outside of the document, in the Ptolemaic period at least, there is no evidence that status was linked to the ethnicity implied in such labels (certainly not officially). | | | In Egypt, if one is to look at Egyptian society as a whole, and not only that operating in the Greek speaking milieu, there could not be a question of "release of land to ownership by women" because women had always been able to own land. |
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http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/OBRIEN_DISSPROP_TEXT.HTML
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| | Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.06.41 |
| | The same can be said about a political history (the so called "Polybios-model") which had conveyed a picture of political and economic decline after the battle of Raphia in 217 BC. | | | Most information about land tenure under the Ptolemies is provided by the abundance of documentary papyri in Greek and demotic, the latter being a late form of the ancient Egyptian language with its own script. | | | The organization of land tenure was a political response to the environmental constraint and historical property rights which date back long before the Ptolemies. |
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http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2004/2004-06-41.html
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| | Ptolemaic_Egypt |
| | The history of Ptolemaic Egypt during this century involved internal plots punctuated with foreign intervention. | | | Under Ptolemy I there appeared a new religious cult, that of Sarapis, which had been regarded as designed by the king to form a link between his Greek and Egyptian subjects.10 Outside the chief centers of the cult, Memphis and Alexandria, Sarapis had sadly little appeal to the Egyptians and Greek settlers. | | | So angry were they, "they dragged the young Ptolemy then and there to the Great Gymnasium and killed him,"47 Iynched by the furious city mob.48 There were no more descendants of Ptolemy, except Selena and the Seleucid princes who had Ptolemaic blood. |
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http://members.tripod.com/%7EKekrops/Hellenistic_Files/Ptolemaic_Egypt.html
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| | History1 |
| | After the Second Syrian War, in which the Macedonian Kingdom was involved, the Ptolemies lost substantial control of the Aegean Sea and, therefore access to Greece and Macedonia, to Antigonus II Gonatas, the son of Demetrius I Poliorcretes. | | | But, on the contrary, one would expect the grandson of Jesus ben Sira in 130 BCE subtly to criticize the LXX precisely because of its popularity and to do so as carefully and gently as he does in his prologue. | | | Given the undeniable pro-Jewish bias of the text, however, the author was probably a Jew, even though "Aristeas" was supposed to be a Greek. |
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http://www.abu.nb.ca/Courses/NTIntro/InTest/Hist1.htm
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| | *** The House of Ptolemy: Ptolemaic and Roman Egyptian Numismatics *** |
| | A report on ancient taxation, as revealed in a Greek papyrus from Egypt. | | | Although this page is only a sketch of the world of Ptolemaic numismatics overall Mr. | | | +++ Ptolemaic and Roman Egyptian Numismatics Links To Be Updated/Evaluated +++ |
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http://www.houseofptolemy.org/housenum.htm
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| | Ptolemaic System |
| | Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology. | | | In the world of learning in the Christian West (settled in the universities founded around 1200 CE), Aristotle's cosmology figured in all questions concerned with the nature of the universe and impinged on many philosophical and theological questions. | | | As mentioned before, the eccentric was often not fixed but moved in a circle about the Earth or another point between the Earth and the equant point. |
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http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11943/latest
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| | THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD |
| | Alexander the Great initiated a policy in which he portrayed himself as an Egyptian ruler, effectively grafting the new administration on to the existing political and religious structure, and this policy appears to have been continued by his Ptolemaic successors with varying degrees of enthusiasm and success. | | | Ptolemaic rule did not remain popular, and there were revolts in the area of Thebes in 208-186 BC and 88-86 BC. | | | During the Ptolemaic period and the subsequent Roman period, Alexandria was a thriving and cosmopolitan city, and by the mid-first century BC had a population of around half a million, including substantial numbers of Greeks and Jews. |
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http://www.egyptologyonline.com/ptolemies.htm
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| | Though the evidence is abundant, there has yet to be a thorough study of the Ptolemaic prison system |
| | The prevailing view holds that imprisonment in the Greek world was primarily imposed for public and private debts. | | | These findings could suggest that we need a new model of the Ptolemaic prison system, one that differs dramatically from those observable in other ancient states. | | | Unlike the prisons of other ancient Mediterranean states, Ptolemaic holding-cells were employed for far more than tax cheats. |
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http://www.apaclassics.org/AnnualMeeting/05mtg/abstracts/BAUSCHATZ.html
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| | Ptolemies |
| | The possession of this area was, however, hotly contested: several Syrian wars were fought to defend it against the claims of the Seleucids. | | | However, after the death of Ptolemy IV in 204, his son Ptolemy V was too young to rule, and his wife Arsinoe was murdered. | | | A remarkable aspect of the Ptolemaic monarchy was the prominence of women (seven queens named Cleopatra and four Berenices), who rose to power when their sons or brothers were too young. |
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http://www.livius.org/ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemies.htm
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| | DBM - Ptolemaic Successor |
| | Cypriot allies: Cyprus was heavily divided when Ptolemy initially imposed his rule, with some factions supprting him, and other resisting. | | | Consequently battles were either fought by the sea, such as at Gaza, or across branches of the Nile such as Perdikkas' and Antigonos' unsuccessful invasions. | | | The size of the army in 306 BC (which isn't reported) is likely to have been conisiderably bigger than the 22000 men reported at Gaza in 312 BC, since it represented essentially the entire, Cyprus having been temporarily abandoned in 307 BC. |
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http://iworg.com/strongbow/LUS/PtolemaicSuccessorDBM.htm
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| | A History of the Ptolemaic Empire |
| | His work commands the whole field of Ptolemaic history and encompasses the most up-to-date findings of scholars in several fields and has occasioned many revisions of long held scholarly views. | | | Ptolemaic rule in Egypt began with the death of Alexander in 323 BC and continued until the tragic deaths of Antony and Cleopatra in 30 BC. | | | Dr. Holbl provides an integrated and compelling narrative of the political and religious history of these three centuries. |
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http://www.allbookstores.com/book/0415234891
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| | Ptolemy, the Man |
| | But he had Asia extending much too far east, which may have been a factor in Columbus's decision to sail west for the Indies. | | | The Ptolemaic explanation of the motions of the planets remained the accepted wisdom until the Polish scholar Copernicus proposed a heliocentric view in 1543. | | | This system became known as the Ptolemaic system. |
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http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/theman.html
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| | Early and Later Ptolemaic 320BC-30BC: (DBA 42a & b) |
| | Upon Alexander's death, no single successor emerged to claim his extensive empire. | | | Caesar reports that the Ptolemaic army in his day largely comprised brigands and ex-pirates from Cilicia and Syria, exiles and runaway slaves. | | | The most famous Ptolemaic leader is without a doubt Cleopatra. |
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http://www.fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/dba42ab.html
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| | Mercator's World: Ptolemaic Revival.(Ptolemaic world map from 1477)(Brief Article)@ HighBeam Research |
| | Mercator's World: Ptolemaic Revival.(Ptolemaic world map from 1477)(Brief Article)@ HighBeam Research | | | This new edition is based on the famous and influential Geography of Ptolemy, first printed with maps in Bologna, Italy, in 1477. | | | More than five hundred years after its first publication, I printed this old-looking Ptolemaic world map (below) from a copperplate in my workshop in Budapest, Hungary. |
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http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:55654120&refid=holomed_1
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| | *** The House of Ptolemy: Index Page *** |
| | The House of Ptolemy web site concentrates on the Ptolemies and their world, from 331 - 30 BCE. | | | The Hellenistic World Outside of the Ptolemaic Realms | | | The Ptolemaic Rule over Egypt: The Chora -- Outside of Alexandria or the Greek Cities |
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http://www.houseofptolemy.org
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| | 321ch14 |
| | Pharos Lighthouse (conjectural watercolor), Ptolemaic, Alexandria (416 facing) | | | Great Temple of Isis, Ptolemaic (mostly), Island of Philae (near Aswan); Kiosk of Trajan, Roman, in background (Print by David Roberts, 416 facing; also see 432 facing for kiosk) | | | The Ptolemaic Period 332-30 BC Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issus, from Pompeii, Roman mosaic copy after a Greek painting of c. |
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http://www.rocky.edu/~moakm/321ch14_15.html
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| | The Ptolemaic Way To Go. |
| | When you Lowbrows venture out to view the magnificent nighttime or daytime sky (anywhere, except in Michigan, of course), you need to wear your Ptolemaic Magic Glasses to find the real positions of the sparkly things out there -- no Copernican stuff for you! | | | The cosmos, obviously, as anyone can see, is eternally wheeling overhead before your eyes with the constellations wafting by as they slowly come into and out of your view-- except, of course, the circumpolar constellations which, simply, are up there, “running around in circles, getting nowhere” (as an old, before-your-time, song goes). | | | Do you have comments about this page or want more information about the club? |
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http://www.umich.edu/~lowbrows/reflections/2001/lsimmons.11.html
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| | Ptolemaic Universe |
| | The Ptolemaic universe was based on a geocentric model: the belief that the earth was at the center of the universe. | | | For instance, one of the theories associated with the Ptolemaic universe is that everything beneath the sphere of the moon has been corrupted by the fall of man. Thus, this sublunary world is transitory and imperfect, while the heavens are immutable and incorruptible. | | | This description of the universe was difficult to reconcile with scientific observation; for instance, the movement of the planets cannot be charted in a simple circular motion, and as a result Ptolemaic astronomers had to come up with theories of epicycles within the spheres to account for observations. |
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http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/english/allen/ptolemaic.htm
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| | Ptolemaic system: Definition and Much More From Answers.com |
| | Ptolemaic system (tŏl'əmā'ĭk), historically the most influential of the geocentric cosmological theories, i.e., theories that placed the earth motionless at the center of the universe with all celestial bodies revolving around it (see cosmology). | | | The astronomical system of Ptolemy, in which the earth is at the center of the universe with the sun, moon, planets, and stars revolving about it in circular orbits. | | | According to the Ptolemaic model, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/ptolemaic-system
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| | Ptolemaic Dynasty - Ptolemy I - XV |
| | Alexander had been the governor of Cyprus, but after Lathyros had been ousted, he returned to Alexandria to rule with his mother. | | | Cleopatra III & Alexander I were co-rulers of the Ptolemaic Dynasty after Cleopatra had driven out her older son, Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros), after accusing him of trying to kill her. | | | He died at the age of 62 and left no legitimate heir to the throne, both of his sons by Cleopatra Selene appear to have died at a young age. |
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http://www.crystalinks.com/ptolemaic.html
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| | Ptolemy |
| | This Ptolemaic System was accepted for the next 1,500 years until Copernicus' heliocentric theory. | | | Ptolemy believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe and all other heavenly bodies circled it. |
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http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/ancient_epoch/ptolemy.html&edu=high
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| | Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC-395 AD |
| | Like the Egyptians, the Ptolemaic kings married their sisters, who were all named Cleopatra ("kleos"="famous", "patris"="parents"). | | | They spoke Greek and they thought that Greek culture and peoples were better than Egyptian culture and peoples. | | | Caesar then brought Egypt under the control of Rome under the nominal queenship of Cleopatra. |
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http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM
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| | English 233: Complication in the Ptolemaic Theory (Concise Version) |
| | Ptolemaic astronomy had to postulate epicycle/deferent systems for all the inferior and superior planets (i.e., for all the theoretical planets except the Sun and the Moon). | | | Below, in (a), is the kind of epicycle/deferent system that astronomers working in the Ptolemaic framework postulated as the real relative motion of an "superior" planet in space, with respect to the Earth and the sphere of fixed stars. | | | Permission is granted for non-commercial educational use; all other rights reserved. |
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http://www.k-state.edu/english/baker/english233/Astronomy1.htm
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| | The Language of Ancient Egypt: Hieroglyphic Lessons |
| | This name, however, does not mean that "Ptolemaic" writing was invented by the Ptolemaic rulers or by the Greeks who came to live in Egypt. | | | This sort of writing is often called "Ptolemaic" writing, because it is mainly found on monuments that are dated to the Greek-Roman era. |
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http://www.ancient-egypt.org/language/grammar/0302_ptolemaic.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Ptolemaic System |
| | The ideas of Ptolemy were accepted in an age when standards of scientific accuracy and proof had not yet been developed. | | | Ptolemaic System, in astronomy, theory of the order and action of the heavenly bodies. | | | Search for books about your topic, "Ptolemaic System" |
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http://encarta.msn.com/Ptolemaic_System.html
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| | The Ancient Egypt Site: Greek-Roman Period |
| | The open court and pylon of the temple of Horus at Edfu. | | | The temple of Edfu was built during the Ptolemaic Period. |
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http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/greek_roman/index.html
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| | Ptolemaic Astronomy |
| | In that, your experience has corresponded fairly well to those of Ptolemaic astronomers in medieval Islam and Renaissance Europe. | | | But the theories might not be equivalent after all. | | | It could be very precise, and accurate to the nth degree, and there was widespread agreement about the legitimacy of Ptolemaic assumptions in general - yet there was no guarantee as to the physical truth of any theory in particular. |
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http://microcosmos.uchicago.edu/ptolemy/astronomy.html
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| | History of Alexandria: The Ptolemaic Legacy |
| | He proposed the "Ptolemaic" Theory which states that Universe revolves around the Earth. | | | A dyke, the Heptastadion (seven stades long) was completed during the Ptolemaic period, and provided not only easy access to Pharos, but a double harbor to the city. | | | Connecting the Island of Pharos with Egypt's mainland was part of Alexander's plan. |
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http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Alexandria/History/legacy.html
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| | Bible Study - Ptolemaic Dynasty |
| | Although there were numerous Cleopatras, she is the one that made the name famous. | | | The Ptolemaic kings, all fifteen of whom were named Ptolemy, often married their sisters, who were commonly named Cleopatra (from the Greek kleos patris meaning famous parents). | | | The Septuagint, the Old Testament translation into Greek, was made by Jewish scholars in Alexandria. |
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http://www.keyway.ca/htm2001/20011113.htm
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| | The Ptolemic Period |
| | The Ptolemaic Period After the death of Alexander the Great, his commanders split his massive empire among them. | | | He founded the Ptolemaic State in Egypt which lasted for three cenuries, with Alexandria as its capital. | | | The State maintained its strength and power during its early times; later, malaise took hold of it due to the Egyptian revolts and the weakness of its rulers. |
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http://www.sis.gov.eg/public/yearbook96/YEARBOOK/CH02SC13.HTM
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| | World Almanac for Kids |
| | The Ptolemaic theory held that Earth is stationary and at the center of the universe; closest to Earth is the Moon, and beyond it, extending outward, are Mercury, Venus, and the Sun in a straight line, followed successively by Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the so-called fixed stars. | | | To explain the various observed motions of the planets, the Ptolemaic system described them as having small circular orbits called epicycles; the centers of the epicycles, on circular orbits around Earth, were called deferents. | | | PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM, in astronomy, theory of the order and action of the heavenly bodies, advanced in the 2d century |
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http://www.worldalmanacforkids.com/explore/space/ptolemicsystem.html
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| | Abstract |
| | A contract theory of the state (North’s “neoclassical theory of the state”) provides a more dynamic model of the Ptolemaic state than have traditional assumptions of a vague colonial model. | | | The Ptolemaic state’s failure to create a single property rights regime in Egypt produced incentives for the local elite to siphon revenue from the state, and also acted as a constraint against real economic growth. | | | With respect to transaction-cost economics, land holding patterns in the Ptolemaic period illustrate Ellickson’s “efficiency thesis.” This holds that problems of transaction costs, information, and enforcement of rights were reduced by landholding patterns within families and social status groups. |
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http://www.apaclassics.org/AnnualMeeting/04mtg/abstracts/manning.html
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| | George Glazer Gallery. Ceramic Ptolemaic Orrery Figurine |
| | The face of the earth has concentric planetary rings on its head in the order used by the Ptolemaic system, labeled in French, with the names of the moon, the sun and the five planets, along with their astronomical symbols. | | | In the 20th Century when this figurine was made, the Ptolemaic system had long been replaced by the Copernican system in which the earth is known to revolve around the sun. | | | The planets are those identified by the astronomer Ptolemy in the time of ancient Rome. |
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http://www.georgeglazer.com/decarts/objects/sunface.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Queen Cleopatra VII was the last of the Ptolemaic rulers who reigned under the protection of the Caesar with whom she had a son. | | | Under the Ptolemys Greek became the official language of Egypt and Hellenistic culture and ideas were introduced and synthesized with indigenous Egyptian theology, art, architecture and technology. | | | Gradually Ptolemaic rule was subverted by internal power struggles and foreign intervention. |
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http://www.arab.net/egypt/et_greekrule.htm
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| | Ptolemaic dynasty |
| | The Ptolemies respected Egyptian customs and lived according to it, and were in many ways contributors to the country's culture. | | | The Ptolemaic dynasty was marked by little territorial expansion, even if the neighbour regions of Cyrenaica and Palestine, as well as Cyprus were at times under their control. | | | The end of the Ptolemaic dynasty came after a period of weak rulers, but Cleopatra's close relations with Rome would also prove critical. |
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http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ptolemaic_dynasty.htm
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| | Alexandra O'Brien. PhD. Proposal, July 1996. Bibliography, Egyptian women in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, papyrology, ... |
| | Ptolemaic Bureaucracy from an Egyptian Point of View. | | | Legal Documents of the Hellenistic World: Papers from a Seminar Arranged by the Institute of Classical Studies, the Institute of Jewish Studies and the Warburg Institute, University of London, February to May 1986. | | | Bibliography, Egyptian women in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, papyrology, Egypt, Demotic, Greek, Roman, Greco-Roman, Graeco-Roman, Hellenistic, Ptolemaic and post-Pharaonic Egypt, and Egyptian language material, scans of papyri, social history, gender, economics |
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http://asmar.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/OBRIEN_DISSPROP_BIB.HTML
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| | The Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy |
| | By the Middle Ages, such ideas took on a new power as the philosophy of Aristotle (newly rediscovered in Europe) was wedded to Medieval theology in the great synthesis of Christianity and Reason undertaken by philsopher-theologians such as Thomas Aquinas. |
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http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/aristotle.html
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| | Ptolemaic dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The dynastic history of Ptolemaic Egypt is very confusing, because all the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy, and because many of them married their sisters, who were often called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. | | | The most famous member of the line was the last Ptolemaic queen, Cleopatra VII. | | | Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty
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| | Ptolemaic Atlases |
| | This section has been described as the first modern atlas, as the first attempt to break away from the Ptolemaic tradition. | | | Instead Mercator’s intention was to produce an atlas of the classical world, that would serve as a companion to his modern atlas, as one part of a description of the universe. | | | In addition to the Ptolemaic set, Sylvanus also included a modern map of the World, on a cordiform, or heart-shaped projection. |
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http://www.mapforum.com/02/ptolemy1.htm
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| | Egypt: Rulers, Kings and Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Cleopatra VII & Ptolemy XIII |
| | She was married to her younger brother Ptolemy XIII when he was twelve, however she soon dropped his name from any official documents regardless of the Ptolemaic insistence that the male presence be first among co-rulers. | | | According to Egyptian law, Cleopatra was forced to have a consort, who was either a brother or a son, no matter what age, throughout her reign. |
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http://interoz.com/egypt/cleopatr.htm
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| | Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 2002031346 |
| | This history of land tenure under the Ptolemies explores the relationship between the new Ptolemaic state and the ancient traditions of landholding and tenure. | | | Drawing for the first time on both Greek and demotic papyri, as well as hieroglyphic inscriptions and theories taken from the social sciences, Professor Manning argues that the traditional central state 'despotic' model of the Egyptian economy is insufficient. | | | The result is a subtler picture of the complex relationship between the demands of the new state and the ancient, locally-organized social structure of Egypt. |
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http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam031/2002031346.html
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| | Guided Tour: Ptolemaic Egypt |
| | At the beginning of the Ptolemaic Period the culture of Egyptians and Greeks were very much divided. | | | The most famous Ptolemaic woman is Cleopatra VII; she ruled Egypt from 51-30 BC. | | | Ptolemaic cities also produced objects and arts in a purely Greek style. |
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http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/main/guideptolemaic.html
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| | Moffat: Cleopatra I and Her Impact on the Institutionalization of Power for Royal Ptolemaic Women |
| | She shared her husband's epithets and she was the first Ptolemaic queen to achieve official recognition in the governing of Egypt. | | | She came to live in a country where women had ruled as pharaohs and possessed more rights than in any other Mediterranean country. | | | While Cleopatra I was never officially declared a joint-ruler or a ruler in her own right, her lifetime clearly marks the point in which royal women began to move towards just that. |
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http://www.camws.org/meeting/2005/abstracts2005/moffat.html
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| | Berenike |
| | One-hundred and twenty coins were found, one-fourth of which were identifiable. | | | Three bronze Ptolemaic coins were found, two of which were from the time of Ptolemy II (c. | | | The worship of Serapis spread throughout the Mediterranean lands, even reaching Britain, and became one of the last pagan beliefs to battle Christianity. |
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http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~jason2/papers/bnikeppr.htm
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| | 58) Egypt, Ptolemy IV Philopator |
| | The trident that forms part of his scepter alludes to Poseidon, god of the sea, and to Ptolemaic naval power, which was at its height under Ptolemy III. | | | He wears the aegis associated with Zeus that had been an attribute of Ptolemy I Soter (see no. 54). | | | The radiate diadem on the portrait head and the rays over the cornucopia on the reverse refer to the sun god, Helios. |
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http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/art/buerger/catalogue/058.html
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| | Ptolemaic figures |
| | Eventually the Ptolemies were put under great pressure by the Seleucids in Syria, and the vizier Sosibios raised and trained Egyptian phalangites during a lull in the war with Antiochus III. | | | The Ptolemies and their wealth, and mercenaries were able to eventually crush these revolts, but the Ptolemaic empire was on the decline, from within, as all the other dynasties crumbled to Rome. | | | Egypt was a area of constant revolt under the Persians, and the Ptolemaic army feared arming the native population as this would threaten their minority rule. |
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http://www.ancientbattles.com/WAB_Ptolemaic/1stCorps_Ptolemaic.htm
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| | THE PTOLEMAIC MODEL OF THE PLANETARY SYSTEM - THE GEOCENTRIC SYSTEM |
| | Geocentric means that the earth is in the center | | | In his book, Ptolemy summarizes the activities of centuries of ancient Greek astronomy and also adds a number of new concepts. | | | For 1,400 years, up to the 16th century, all astronomers - Greeks, Muslims and Christians - worked within the Ptolemaic system, with additions and corrections to the basic structure created by Ptolemy. |
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http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/geocentric.html
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