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| | Persian, Urdu, English, or Arabic language in Pakistan? |
 | | This language is not the mother-tongue of any ethnic group of Pakistan thus eliminating the cultural domination of an ethnic group and the resentment among other ethnic groups because of it. | | | Arabic language is only the mother-tongue of ethnic Arabs, and except for the Quranic usage/purposes it is not used/spoken by non-Arabs. | | | The language of a nation is not only the expression of its own voice but the mode of interpretation with all other human societies. |
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http://www.geocities.com/paklanguage/opinion.html
(12687 words)
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| | The Seven Great Monarchies, by George Rawlinson, Fifth Monarchy, Part B. |
| | Of this only a very few vestiges have been hitherto found; and we can merely say that it appears to have been of the same general character with the edifices which will be hereafter described. | | | The same causes which had corrupted Zoroastrianism in Media soon after the establishment of the Empire, worked also, though more slowly, in Persia, and a large section of the nation was probably weaned from its own belief, and won over to Magism, before Cambyses went into Egypt. | | | Human sacrifices seem to have been almost, if not altogether, unknown to them, and were certainly alien to the entire spirit of the Zoroastrian system. |
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http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16165/16165-h/raw5b.htm
(16584 words)
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| | Persian Language |
| | Significant populations of speakers in other Persian Gulf countries (Bahrain, Iraq, Oman, Republic of Yemen and the United Arab Emirates), as well as large communities around the World. | | | West and East Iranian comprise the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. | | | Other more distantly related languages of this group include Kurdish, spoken in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran; and Baluchi, spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. |
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http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_language.php
(1384 words)
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| | Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in ... |
| | Significant populations of speakers in other Persian Gulf countries (Bahrain, Iraq, Oman, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates), as well as large communities in the USA. | | | Some (Westerners) thought that it was perhaps one of the new countries like Iraq and Jordan carved out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, or a country in Africa or Southeast Asia that had just been granted independence; and not a few confused it with Iraq, itself a recent entity. | | | Ethnic Groups: Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki & Mazandarani 8% Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baluch 2%, Turkmen 2%, Other 1% |
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http://www.farsinet.com/farsi
(1134 words)
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| | Iranica.com - MEILLET, (PAUL JULES) ANTOINE |
| | The national and international recognition of Meillet's scholarly merit is evidenced by the fact that he was decorated Commander of the Legion of Honor and was appointed member of the Acade‚mie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1924 and the member of more than a dozen foreign academies of sciences. | | | Although his accounts in this respect are descriptive, their importance for the historical aspects of the language cannot be denied. | | | Meillet called himself a comparatist (see Vendryes, 1937, pp. |
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http://www.iranica.com/articles/sup/Meillet.html
(2530 words)
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| | Unicode 4.1.0 |
| | The Tifinagh script is used by around 20 million people in Morocco for writing Berber languages including Tarifite, Tamazighe, and Tachelhite. | | | Historically the script has been used in several variant traditions along the Mediterranean coast from Kabylia to Morocco and the Canary Islands, the Constantinois and Aurès regions, as well as in Tunisia. | | | The teaching of Berber, written in Tifinagh, will be generalized and compulsory in Morocco. |
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http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.1.0
(6390 words)
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| | Old Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This situation had its origin in the Assyrian cuneiform syllabary, where several syllabic distinctions had been lost and were often clarified with explicit vowels. | | | This language was used in the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings. | | | For a while it was speculated that the alphabet could have had its origin in such a system, with a leveling of consonant signs a millennium earlier producing something like the Ugaritic alphabet, but today it is generally accepted that the Semitic alphabet arose from Egyptian hieroglyphs, where vowel notation was not important. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian
(561 words)
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| | Iranica.com - HOFFMANN, KARL |
| | Here, too, his explanations met with wide approval; but there also exist partially or completely differing views. | | | Hoffmann also extensively discussed the Old Persian cuneiform script in his essay "Zur altpersischen Schrift" (1975; Aufsätze, pp. | | | This practice made it possible for him to release Old Iranian problems from their isolation, that is, to put content-related or linguistic questions in a new light or to rearrange them by approaching them from Vedic. |
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http://www.iranica.com/articles/v12f4/v12f4009.html
(3181 words)
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| | Ancient Scripts: Old Persian |
| | Avesta -- Zoroastrian Archive, a very extensive site on Avesta and Old Persian. | | | Old Persian only kept the cuneiform appearance of its characters simply out of tradition, and the actual shape of the signs were completely original. | | | Syllabograms that are used only for their consonantal values have their vowels placed between parentheses, such as in the sign sequence r(i)-u that writes out the sound /ru/, and in the ending consonant /m/ in adam. |
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http://www.ancientscripts.com/oldpersian.html
(354 words)
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| | The Iranian: News & Views |
| | However, the brief history issued by the police in a Press release and compiled by Dr Asma Ibrahim, Curator, National Museum of Pakistan, said that the mummy was reportedly found at Kharan (Balochistan). | | | She guessed that the mummy might belong to the period of Cyrus-I (G-640-590) and his brother Ariaramnes whose gold tablet is discovered by chance find made at Hamadan on which is engraved in cuneiform signs and in the old Persian language. | | | Inspector General Police Sindh, Aftab Nabi, DIG Karachi and Tariq Jamil of Crime Branch, noted historian, Ahmed Hassan Dani, Director General Archaeology, Saeedur Rehman and others of National Museum of Pakistan briefed the journalists on different aspects of the mummy and its recovery at National Museum Thursday afternoon. |
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http://www.iranian.com/News/2000/October/princess.html
(624 words)
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| | Persian language |
| | Bush reaches out to Iranian people through Persian-language radio station (AP Worldstream) | | | Persian nationalism and the campaign for language purification. | | | Persian language, member of the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0838512.html
(385 words)
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| | Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Dzhidi or Judæo-Persian — a collection of languages or dialects spoken by the many varied and ancient Jewish communities throughout the former greatest extent of the Persian Empire, one of the many Jewish languages of Persian Jews. | | | Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the official court language under the Mughal emperors. | | | Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language
(1583 words)
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| | MSN Encarta - Cuneiform |
| | The Persian cuneiform was the first of the inscriptions to be deciphered.The German scholars Oluf Gerhard Tychsen and Georg Friedrich Grotefend and the Danish philologist Rasmus Christian Rask each identified several signs. | | | The Elamite cuneiform is frequently called the language of the second form because it appears in the second position of the trilingual inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings. | | | Because Akkadian, the language of later inhabitants of Sumer, became the language of international communication it was studied in schools throughout the ancient Middle East, and the use of cuneiform spread to Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, and, for diplomatic correspondence, to Egypt. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563112/Cuneiform.html
(1579 words)
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| | Persian Iranian Language (Farsi) at Best Iran Travel.com |
| | Persian (Farsi) is the national language of Iran. | | | In different parts of Iran other languages are spoken such as Kurdish, Arabic, Lori and Turkish Azari in Azarbayjan, and another Turkish dialect spoken by turkmen in North of Khorasan province and East of Mazandaran province. | | | Modern Persian is spoken by over 40 million people in Iran and another 5 million in Afghanistan. |
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http://www.bestirantravel.com/culture/language.html
(310 words)
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| | Middle Iranian (from Iranian languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | English is the national language of the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. | | | Geographically the most widespread language on Earth is English, and it is second only to Mandarin Chinese in the number of people who speak it. | | | Such modern languages as Hebrew, Arabic, and Ethiopic belong to the Semitic language group. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-74628
(756 words)
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| | Iran - The Persian Language |
| | Modern Persian is a continually evolving language that began to develop about A.D. Following the Arab conquest of the Sassanid Empire in the seventh century and the gradual conversion of the population to Islam, Arabic became the official, literary, and written language, but Persian remained the language of court records. | | | Among scholars and librarians a profound dispute exists between those who think Persian should be transliterated in conformity with the rules for Arabic and those who insist that Persian should have its own rules because it does not use all of the same sounds as Arabic. | | | Many different dialects of Persian are spoken in various parts of the Central Plateau, and people from each city can usually be identified by their speech. |
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http://countrystudies.us/iran/37.htm
(878 words)
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| | Iranica.com - HINZ, (A.) WALTHER |
| | Subsequent to his appointment in Göttingen, Hinz devoted more and more of his time to research in the history and languages of ancient Persia. | | | This latter booklet, which was published shortly before Hinz's death, shows that he continued to examine these issues even in his old age. | | | Hinz dealt not only with the historical facts and their chronology (most of which he had to discover for himself), but also with script(s), language, religion, legal system, art, and civilization, etc. |
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http://www.iranica.com/articles/v12f3/v12f3032.html
(1574 words)
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| | Ancient History Sourcebook: Accounts of Persian "Despotism" and Law, |
| | The second was the slaying of his sister, who had accompanied him into Egypt, and lived with him as his wife, though she was his full sister, the daughter both of his father and his mother. | | | This, it is said, was the first outrage which Cambyses committed. | | | This proposal found acceptance with the king and the officials, and the king acted on the advice of Memucan. |
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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/persianlaw.html
(581 words)
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| | Persian language |
| | It is believed that there must have been a fair level of mutual intelligibility between the Iranian languages of this period, and more than there would be in later periods. | | | In addition to the two languages there must have been at least a third. | | | Persian belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. |
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http://lexicorient.com/e.o/persian_l.htm
(387 words)
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| | Language Log: Inflections, genes and western Iran |
| | Persian is odd among Indo-European languages in how low on inflection it is. In particular, it is one of the few... | | | Persian is odd among Indo-European languages in how low on inflection it is. In particular, it is one of the few which (like its fellow oddball English) has no grammatical gender marking. | | | None are "Lithuanians" by any means, but all have some case marking left, many retain gender marking, and all have some ergativity in the past, while Persian alone lacks it. |
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http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000425.html
(958 words)
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| | Old Persian - More informations |
| | The difficulty has been to arrange these dates within one year, beginning with the killing of Gaumata, the false Smerdis; for the order of the months in the Persian calendar, and in the other calendars, was by no means certain. | | | There is no conclusive evidence how the Akkadian characters were utilized and how the new characters received OP values; though several scholars have advanced theories. | | | To the 36 characters of this nature must be added 5 ideograms, one ligature of ideogram and case ending, the world-divider, and numerical symbols. |
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http://www.farvardyn.com/oldpersian2.php
(623 words)
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| | Persian and Iranian scripts |
| | The signs was written from left to right. | | | People through long time were living without it, and were using only natural language. | | | Elamite language and script dominated in economic documents in ancient Elam. |
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http://www.iran.krakow.pl/scripts.htm
(1000 words)
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| | Iransaga - Old Iranian Literature |
| | The people feared him greatly, [thinking that] he would slay in numbers the people who had previously known Smerdis. | | | In another inscription we have an instance of Darius's comments on his rule, his temper, and his moral objectives: | | | We have no direct record of the myths, legends, and stories of the ancient Persians, or of their poetry, since this literature was orally transmitted and was eventually lost or absorbed by the oral literature of eastern Iran. |
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http://www.art-arena.com/oldlit.htm
(980 words)
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| | Iran Heritage |
| | Kurdish and Sughdian which are different languages in the Iranian branch of | | | Persian branch has different dialects such as Tajik, Dari, Farsi, | | | Isfahani, etc. To call Persian, Farsi is just as bad as calling Persian Gulf, Arabian Gulf or even the Gulf. |
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http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-letter9.htm
(301 words)
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| | IL&S: New Iranian Languages & Scripts |
| | he "new Iranian" era of languages begins with the fall of the Sasanians (in 652 AD) and the domination of Islam. | | | The languages and some of the dialects of today, which fall in the category of "New Iranian" are: | | | Eventually, all middle Iranian languages died out giving way to new Iranian languages or foreign ones. |
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http://www.iranianlanguages.com/newiranian
(170 words)
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| | Old Persian |
| | Linguistically, Old Persian is part of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian or Aryan group which is one of the main divisions of the Indo-European family of languages. | | | It was the vernacular speech of the Achamaenian kings, localized in Persia in southwestern Iran. | | | This means that each character has the value of a vowel or of a consonant plus a vowel. |
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http://www.crystalinks.com/oldpersian.html
(261 words)
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| | Old Iranian Online |
| | I seized the kingdom [from] him, [and] by the will | | | The first and second person are known in only a few declensions, while the third person is found in only the nominative and accusative singular. | | | Cambyses then left the realm to invade Egypt, and nine vassal kings revolted in his absence. |
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http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/eieol/aveol-8-R.html
(1836 words)
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| | Behistun |
| | The events it records are his accession to the throne in the killing of Gaumata, in 522 | | | He represents Truth, and in his hand is the ring which grants sovereignty on monarchs. | | | The same story is told in Elamite, in Old Persian language; and again in Akkadian. |
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http://www.ancientroute.com/cities/behistun.htm
(593 words)
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| | Iranian Scripts: Old Persian Cuneiform |
| | Some scholars are sceptical about Darius' claims, others take them seriously, although they think that Darius probably commissioned his scribes to create the alphabet, rather than inventing it himself. | | | arius I [522 - 486 BCE] claims credit for the invention of Old Persian Cuneiform in an inscription on a cliff at Behistun in south-west Iran. | | | Old Persian was spoken in southwestern Persia, an area known as Persis, and belongs to the Iranian branch or the Indo-Aryan family of languages. |
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http://www.iranchamber.com/scripts/old_persian_cuneiform.php
(142 words)
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| | IL&S: Old Iranian Languages and Scripts |
| | The eastern group includes the languages of the Sogdians, Khwarezmians, Sakas, and the Avestan (also known as Old Bactrian) language. | | | This common (old Iranian) language in turn belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. | | | The western group on the other hand can be further divided into two groups: |
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http://www.iranianlanguages.com/oldiranian
(351 words)
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| | The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Indo-Iranian pt. 1 |
| | Persian is the language of the country of Iran; it is also spoken in Afghanistan. | | | You have reached the first page of Indo-Iranian languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana. | | | Persian is also sometimes called Iranian, but Iranian is properly the name of the sub-branch of languages to which Persian belongs. |
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http://www.lib.umt.edu/guide/lang/indirn1h.htm
(478 words)
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| | Aryan Language (CAIS) |
| | Western-Iranian language belong to the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian languages which is again is one of the main branches of the Indo-European family of languages. | | | Linguistically, Aryan is the oldest attested Persid [1] language, which is classified in the group of Western Iranian languages. | | | As a whole, we can say that Aryan was the beginning of those significant processes which led the language to its modern stage. |
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http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Languages/aryan/aryan_language.htm
(1055 words)
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| | The Behistun Inscription of King Darius I of Persia |
| | The people feared him greatly, thinking that he would slay in numbers the people who previously had known Bardiya; for this reason he would | | | This trilingual inscription (inscribed in Elamite, Babylonian, and Old Persian) formed a written commentary to a huge stone relief depicting Darius victorious over his enemies. | | | The text constitutes the single largest amount of writing surviving in the Old Persian language and is also the only historical document surviving from the Persians themselves. |
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http://www6.tltc.ttu.edu/forsythe/bikd.htm
(876 words)
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| | Christmas Traditions on Christmas on the Net - Santaland.com |
| | The Bible gives us the direction, East and the legend states that the wise men were from Persia (Iran) - Balthasar, Melchior, Caspar - thus being priests of Zarathustra religion, the mages. | | | This date is near the shortest day of the year, from old times an important agricultural and solar feasting period in Europe. | | | This stuck and the story goes that after the war, when Finland was compelled to make concessions to Russia, they demanded the whole mountain, but relented when they were told about the significance of Korvatunturi for Finnish kids. |
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http://www.santaland.com/tradit.html
(2979 words)
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| | Third Way |
| | In Nietzsche’s terminology, it would be the “Overman” stage, when not only the English man, (meaning man in English language), but also his ‘rib,’ his ‘entertainer’ (in very traditional masculine terminology his servant), i.e. | | | Can this be at least the psychological reason for the defeat of all democratic movements that took place on this land during the past century? | | | Was it from this point in our history, which accidentally or evidently was accompanied by many great changes and development of Persian language that man came to be used as I? On the other hand, according to Webster English Dictionary, man means Mind. |
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http://www.payvand.com/news/05/feb/1159.html
(1842 words)
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| | SOAS: |
| | The course's primary use is as an option on the BA programmes in Iranian Languages, Ancient Near Eastern Languages and Ancient Near Eastern Studies | | | There are no formal preconditions for entry, but since Old Persian is a language with a complex morphological system, some prior knowledge of a highly inflected language such as Latin, German or Russian is a great advantage. | | | By the end of the course the student should be in a position to read and understand any Old Persian text with the aid of the standard works of reference. |
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http://www.soas.ac.uk/studying/coursedetail.cfm?coursesunitsid=968
(262 words)
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| | Khayam Persian School Foundation: School of Persian Language |
| | Arrangements can also be made for non-Persian speakers who want to learn the language. | | | Classes are designed to help Iranian immigrants keep in touch with their culture. | | | A great number of children of Iranian descent have become familiar with the Persian language and are able to read and write in Persian through our classes. |
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http://persianschool.com
(257 words)
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| | Old Persian Language |
| | This language surfaced at the same time as Zoroaster's Gatha (ca. | | | The aim of the Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions project is to create an electronic study edition of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid Persian kings in all of their versions--Old Persian, Elamite, Akkadian, and, where appropriate, Aramaic and Egyptian. | | | An introduction to the history of Persian language. |
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http://www.perlit.sailorsite.net/oldper.html
(91 words)
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| | THE IRANIAN: Quiz |
| | Though our understanding of the Old Persian language has changed considerably since Rawlinson's time, his contribution to the field was considerable and given what little previous knowledge he had to work with, Rawlinson's translations of the Old Persian texts were remarkably accurate >>> Also see | | | Since Darius's inscription at Behistun was inscribed in Akkadian and Elamite as well as Old Persian, Rawlinson's work on Old Persian allowed scholars to decipher the other scripts, and thus the field of Assyriology was born. | | | The painting is of Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, who is credited with having deciphered the Old Persian cuneiform script from copies he made of the inscription at Behistun (though the script was independantly and simultaneously deciphered by Lassen). |
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http://www.iranian.com/Quiz/2003/February/text.html
(129 words)
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| | Yamada Language Center: Persian Fonts |
| | This page is maintained by the Yamada Language Center at the University of Oregon. | | | Additional font resources - Not finding what you need? | | | We encourage users to abide by any usage agreements packaged with the font. |
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http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/fonts/persian.html
(183 words)
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| | Gorbeh - Persian Cat - Cat Jokes - Cat Humor |
| | Persian Cat Stories Ii Submit Your Cat Story | | | The old man probably had to pee anyway but was too lazy to get up. | | | And God Created DOG to LOVE Man and CAT to teach him HUMILITY |
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http://www.farsinet.com/gorbeh/catjokes.html
(2716 words)
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| | THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST AND NEAR EAST |
| | Rebuilding the Tower of Babel: Language, History, and Ideology | | | A Map of the Origins of Semitic Languages | | | Political Change and Cultural Continuity in Eshnunna from the Ur III to the Old Babylonian Period |
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http://members.tripod.com/~edpa/history/midnear.htm
(572 words)
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| | profligate - alphaDictionary * Free English On-line Dictionary |
| | The adjective itself may be used as a noun referring to a profligate person: "The old profligate had rather foreclose a mortgage than eat ice cream." | | | The Old Persian language, Avestan, had a word pairidaeza, “a wall around a garden or orchard" from pairi "around" + daeza "wall". | | | The Greeks were so impressed with the Persian orchards inside them, that they borrowed the word to refer to luxurious gardens, then passed it on to us as paradise. |
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http://www.alphadictionary.com/goodword/date/2005/07/27
(323 words)
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| | Find in a Library: Old Persian; grammar, texts, lexicon. |
| | To find this item in a library, enter a postal code, state, province, or country in the field above. | | | WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries. | | | Find in a Library: Old Persian; grammar, texts, lexicon. |
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http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/ow/8d0e425ed96e1ecf.html
(44 words)
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