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| | Nabateans |
 | | Being at a trade junction, the Nabateans were effectively also exposed to many different belief systems, whether it was from Egypt, Syria, Canaan, Assyria, Babylon, Greece or Rome. | | | As some historians have suggested that Jesus was an Essene, or even a Zealot, it is possible that he spent much of his adult life in the Nabatean kingdom. | | | Early in the 1st century CE the Roman historian Strabo writes about a group he calls "the Esser sect of the Jews ", which hardly can be any other group than the Essenes. |
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http://lexicorient.com/e.o/nabateans.htm
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| | St. Cloud State University - Social Responsibility |
| | In addition to the Nabateans, frankincense and myrrh were central to ancient Jewish and Christian societies, in the case of Judaism going back thousands of years before the Common Era as a significant commodity. | | | Many of the scholars who first worked on Nabatean history or archaeology were actively seeking to counter prevailing myths and assumptions, referred to above, about desert dwellers and pastoralists in general, and in Israel in particular. | | | It is not clear how the Himyarites, mentioned for example in Miller (1969:178) as one of the greatest of entrepot societies, are distinguished from the Nabateans, for they seem to have occupied a similar economic and territorial niche at an earlier time. |
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http://www.stcloudstate.edu/socialresponsibility/articles/nubians.asp
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| | [No title] |
| | We believe also that one would not be far from the truth in estimating that the period during which the facades of all the tombs were executed, was, more or less, one century. | | | We do not believe that the Nabateans did, any more than the Arabs did... | | | The Arabs, in their turn, must have passed them on to the Nabateans. |
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http://www.araburban.net/asp/ar/NewsView.asp?NewsID=132
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| | Star |
| | The Nabateans help the Romans under the General Varus against the Jews. | | | Since then he became hostile towards the Nabateans who were ruled by Malichus (60-30 BC). | | | This would have been at the time of King Obadas III (30-9 BC) in Petra. |
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http://www.star.com.jo/viewnews/DetailNews.aspx?nid=437
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| | Bridges For Peace |
| | It is plain, however, that the Nabateans were a Semitic people related to the Arabs. | | | During the subsequent Byzantine period, the Nabateans fully embraced Christianity. | | | One of the mysteries of Israel is the lost civilization of the Nabateans, whose glorious history developed for about 1000 years, from about 200 BC to the 7th century AD and the advent of Islam. |
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http://www.bridgesforpeace.com/publications/dispatch/archaeology/Article-34.html
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| | Negev |
| | The war between the Jews and the Nabateans is taken up again more than ever with the accession to power in Judea of Herod the Great. | | | But the expansionist ambitions of the two peoples would undermine this alliance and would condemn them to an interminable, latent war. | | | The Romans will not deprive them of their political independence until the beginning of the 2nd century and the Nabateans will preserve their social and religious organizations until the time of their conversion to Christianity by the Byzantines. |
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http://www.jafi.org.il/education/moriya/negev/NabateansBedouins.html
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| | Saudi Aramco World : A Kingdom of Traders |
| | The acumen of the Nabateans, which had brought them to such pinnacles of progress, did not fade simply because of foreign invasion. | | | Some were simple, but some rose over 120 feet, with multiple stories and, often, with chambers which had required the removal of tons of stone. | | | Strabo tells us, for instance, that the king served guests with his own hands and remained standing throughout the meal in order to make sure they were well fed, and the kingdom's coins were reminders that their king "loved his people," and was the "restorer and supporter" of the nation. |
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http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198102/a.kingdom.of.traders.htm
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| | On The Frankincense Trail |
| | And while they were removed some 25 centuries from the age of the dot.com, the Nabateans had pretty sophisticated information networks of their own. | | | Here at Petra, local Beduoin claim they're the descendents of the Nabateans. | | | Suddenly out of business, the Nabateans were absorbed by the Roman empire and disappeared as a people, victims of the very economy they'd helped to create. |
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http://savvytraveler.publicradio.org/show/features/2000/20001229/frank.shtml
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| | Petra - Myth and reality |
| | Still further, the Nabatean origin of Petra's technology and public works can no longer be denied. | | | Numerous studies have been undertaken in an attempt to solve the problem, and the bulk of evidence, it would seem, places the homeland of the Nabateans somewhere in modern Saudi Arabia, from which they migrated along the coast, finally settling at Petra. | | | A few scholars, commenting on Diodorus's account, have suggested that he was, indeed, describing Nabatean life at Petra - but life as it was in the late fourth century, some three hundred years before his own time. |
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http://almashriq.hiof.no/jordan/900/930/petra/myth
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| | French Chamber of Commerce and Industry Abroad |
| | They had been settled especially in Petra because it was situated in a confluence of exchanges with Syria, Gaza, the Read Sea and Arabia. | | | The discovery of the accessibility of Arabia (and thus the precious materials) through the Red Sea thanks to monsoon winds permitted the Egyptians to manage without the Nabateans. | | | The Nabateans capital then became an international place (commercial center, banking place, religious center). |
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http://www.cafraj.org/English/infocountry/data/History.cfm
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| | To emissary of Nabateans |
| | Rome always helps and support to her allies, as you know, and Nabateans are welcome in our alliance against the damn rebel jews. | | | AncientWorlds > Rome > Imperium > Military Reports > DLXII - MilReps archive > To emissary of Nabateans | | | On the other hand, an army of brave nabateans plundering the rich valleys and fields beyond Jordan river would be a great help for Rome... |
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http://www.ancientworlds.net/486834
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Syriac Language and Literature |
| | It was divided into two dialects: the western, used in Palestine and Syria by the Jews, Palmyrans, and Nabateans; the eastern, spoken in Babylonia by the Jews, Mandeans, Manichaens, and the people of Upper Mesopotamia. | | | The Syriac language, as we know it from its literature, did not spring from the dialect spoken in Syria, but from the eastern Mesopotamian dialect. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14408a.htm
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| | Jordan Telecom Portal |
| | The Nabateans realised the power of Rome, and allied with them to defeat the Jewish uprising of 70CE. | | | He said that there were no slaves in the Nabatean society and that all society members shared the work. | | | This led to their abandoning their capital at Petra around the fourth century CE. |
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http://www.jordantelecom.jo/pc/Nabateans.asp
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| | The Nabateans |
| | However, the growing economic and political power of the Nabateans began to worry the Romans. | | | Upon his death in 106 CE, the Romans claimed the Nabatean Kingdom and renamed it Arabia Petrea. | | | The Nabateans worshipped a pantheon of deities, chief among which were the sun god Dushara and the goddess Allat. |
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http://www.balgawi.com/Jordan/History/nabateans.html
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| | Who made the desert bloom? (by Mazin B. Qumsiyeh) - Media Monitors Network |
| | Over 40 of their places of residence (housing some 15,000 people with Israeli citizenship) are on the list of "unrecognized villages" in the state of Israel. | | | Nabateans are also mentioned in connection with new testament events: King herod spurns the daughter of the Arab Nabatean king Aretas (Al-Harith), Queen Zenobia (Zannuba, Zaynab), her husband Odenatus ('Udhayna(t)), son Vaballatus (i.e. | | | It is also thought that John the Babtist mentioned in the new Testament was one of those Arab/Nabatean people. |
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http://www.mediamonitors.net/mazin16.html
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| | [No title] |
| | In the end therefore he [Jason] had an unhappy return, being accused before Aretas the king of the Arabians, fleeing from city to city, pursued of all men, hated as a forsaker of the laws, and being had in abomination as an open enemy of his country and countrymen, he was cast out into Egypt..... | | | The earliest Nabatean ruler of which we have knowledge is a certain Aretas, called Tyrant of the Arabs, who appears shortly before the days of the Maccabaean Revolt. | | | The Nabateans are described by Diodorus as completely nomadic [in the beginning of their coming into being]. |
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http://ancientneareast.50megs.com/76.html
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| | Nabataeans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The new Arab invaders who soon pressed forward into their seats found the remnants of the Nabataeans transformed into fellahin. | | | However different groups amongst the Nabateans wrote their names in slightly different ways, consequently archeologists are reluctant to say that they were all the same tribe, or that any one group is the original Nabataeans [5]. | | | By the third century AD the Nabateans had stopped writing in Aramaic language and begun writing in Greek instead, and by the forth century they had converted to Christianity [3]. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatea
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| | Avdat (BiblePlaces.com) |
| | Avdat - A Nabatean City in the Negev (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Explains the history of Avdat in detail, covering the Nabatean, Roman, and Byzantine periods. | | | The Nabateans converted to Christianity following Constantine's conversion in the 4th century. | | | Roads branched off from Avdat to other Nabatean cities including Mampsis, Nessana, and Gaza. |
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http://www.bibleplaces.com/avdat.htm
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| | Lonely Planet World Guide Destination Saudi Arabia |
| | Parts of what is now eastern Saudi Arabia were first settled in the fourth or fifth millenium BC by migrants from what is now southern Iraq. | | | The Nabateans had the biggest of the early empires, stretching as far as Damascus around the first century BC. |
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http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/middle_east/saudi_arabia/printable.htm
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| | Saudi Aramco World : Notes On The Nabateans |
| | In other words they controlled all the lands east of the settled country ruled by the Jews and Romans and other sedentary peoples. | | | But there are other aspects of Nabatean history and culture which are still open to speculation and dispute. | | | The defenders were called Nabateans and this was their first appearance in recorded history. |
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http://saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196505/notes.on.the.nabateans.htm
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| | bible.org: ISBE |
| | In 55 BC Gabinius led another force against the Nabateans (Josephus, ibid.). | | | Antony made a present of part of Malchus' territory to Cleopatra, and the Nabatean kingdom was further humiliated by disastrous defeat in the war against Herod (31 BC). | | | In 106 AD their nationality was broken up by the unwise policy of Trajan, and Arabia, of which Petra was the capital, was made a Roman province by Cornelius Palma, governor of Syria. |
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http://www.bible.org/isbe.asp?id=6232
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| | Earlham College - Geology 211 - Template |
| | This paltry amount would hardly have been enough for a city of 20,000 people like Petra had it not been for their ingenious water works. | | | This danger was not lost on the Nabateans, and their water system funneled away the liquid in such a way to avoid damage to the city and its inhabitants. | | | This blue area is also where most of the remaining Nabatean structures still are. |
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http://www.earlham.edu/~pittsgr/water.htm
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| | petra |
| | This fortress city stands today as a silent testament to the ancient world that can be seen in Jordan. | | | There are also the Djin Blocks, which are said to be for the Gods. | | | It is a natural passage in the rocks, which permitted the Nabateans to see who was entering the city without being seen. |
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http://www.nebo.com.jo/jordan/petra.htm
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| | Spice Route of Nabateans (BiblePlaces.com) |
| | Many of the items were brought to Arabia by sea, and when they reached Gaza, they were shipped off to Rome. | | | The Nabateans were a group of Arab commercial nomads from the Arabian Peninsula. | | | The Nabateans were the only ones who were able to cross the Arabian desert. |
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http://www.bibleplaces.com/spiceroute.htm
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| | The Nabateans |
| | Our Nabateans, the great desert traders who had their capital at Petra, who founded Avdat and other cities in the Negev, were the Nabat ash-Sham of Arab history. | | | The Nabateans were a people, but they have also been called a "national transport company." ( Keel II 146). | | | Herod, for example, had Edomite genes from his father's side and Nabatean from his mother's. |
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http://www.netours.com/2003/Nabateans.htm
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| | Ammarin Bedouin Camp |
| | The Nabateans were originally a nomadic group who came from a coalition of Arab tribes under the leadership of the King of Qedar. | | | The Nabateans believed in the existence of the human soul and its ability to survive seperately from the human body. | | | For seven centuries Petra fell into the mists of legend, its existencea guarded secret known only to the local Bedouinns and Arab tradesmen. |
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http://bedouincamp.net/nab.html
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| | TSR Manuscripts |
| | The Nabateans were semi- nomadic Arabs who originated from the north of Arabia. | | | The Nabateans who dealt in the frankincense trade were also engineers and architects, but the art of writing was not amongst their interests. | | | Both the Phoenicians and the Nabateans were noted for their business orientated skills, with the Phoenicians sailing as far afield as Cornwall in the UK for tin. |
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http://www.trmkt.com/manu.html
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| | Avdat |
| | This was the acropolis of Avdat, founded by the Nabateans in the 3d century BC. | | | Uranios, a geographer of the 1st century AD, wrote that the Nabateans deified Obodas and that his grave is here. | | | A heretic would not have been buried in a church. |
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http://www.netours.com/2003/avdat.htm
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| | WTNP |
| | The Nabatean peasants lived mostly near the water, in agricultural areas of Beida according to the discovery of some houses in the Bageh area, and in the Baqa and Siq Ghrab in Beida. | | | This kind of canal was found in the northern Siq. | | | During this time the population of the Kingdom increased and they were forced to conserve their water. |
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http://www.muheisenz.homestead.com/WTNP.html
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| | Discovery Channel - Royal Tour of Jordan |
| | The last Nabatean king, Rabbel II, struck a deal with the Romans and on condition that they did not attack during his lifetime he promised that they would be allowed to occupy Nabatean territory on his death. | | | This came in 106 CE and the Nabatean kingdom became the Roman province of Arabia Petrea. | | | There were no slaves in Nabatean society, almost unheard of in the times, and all members shared in work duties. |
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http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/royaltourofjordan/feature3.shtml
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| | Petra |
| | More than 2,000 years ago Petra was used as a temporary refuge by nomadic Nabatean Arabs, Bedouins who came north out of Arabia. | | | But Petra is not only about the Nabateans. | | | Once the stronghold of the gifted Nabateans, an early Arab people, Petra was renowned for its massive architecture and the ingenuity of its pools, dam, and water channels. |
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http://motasem22.jeeran.com/welcome_page.html
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| | The Nabateans In Israel |
| | Between Nessana and Oboda was founded Shivta (Sobata in Greek, Isbeita in Arabic) possibly named after a man by the Nabatean name Shubitu. | | | Aretas (I) is the first Nabatean king, who ruled at 168 B.C.E. This site is date also by Hellenistic pottery of the 3rd-2nd centuries B.C.E. A Nessana the early settlement was not yet found, but there were found coins and pottery of the Hellenistic period. | | | The second wave of settlements the Nabateans founded three hundred years latter, by the end of the 1st century B.C.E. Between Elusa and Nessana they founded Rehovot-in-the-Negev, (Ruheiba in Arabic, ancient name unknown). |
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http://www.nabateans.org/israel.htm
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| | Petra |
| | The city is a former capital of the Nabateans, the Arab people dominating this region before the conquest by the Romans. | | | The city was cut into the rocks, where many of the houses had intricate structures and columns. | | | 4th century BCE: Petra becomes the capital of the Nabateans. |
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http://lexicorient.com/e.o/petra.htm
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| | What is agricultural science ? |
| | The Nabateans, as the tribe was called, had infiltrated the southern areas of Transjordan during the Persian period, where they mixed with the remnants of the former Edomite kingdom. | | | In the background are the remains of the Nabatean city of Avdat, which was established in the 3rd century BCE. | | | By continuously rechecking new direct experience, they were able to quantify the validity of given theories and to determine their logical and empirical content. |
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http://www.agrar.hu-berlin.de/pflanzenbau/mps/agscience
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| | Nabateans of the Negev |
| | The allure of the Nabatean city of Petra in Jordan tempted young Israelis to steal across the border for a visit in the 1950s and 1960s, some paying with their lives for the attempt. | | | The principal researcher of the Nabatean era was the Hebrew University archeologist Prof. | | | Originally pagan nomads, the Nabateans became urbanized Christians in Byzantine times.The remains of magnificent churches in Nabatean cities evidence this change of faith. |
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http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/Nabatean.htm
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| | Panorama Productions |
| | Originally a nomadic people who made their living on the trading routes, the Nabateans settled into the security of the Petra canyon. | | | Unfortunately, the region suffered several severe earthquakes and the Nabateans eventually abandoned the site. | | | Whatever it's purpose, it would seem that the Nabateans wanted to make a good first impression to the visitors of their city. |
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http://www.panoramaproductions.net/tours/jordan/petra/tour.html
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| | Chaldeans Discussion Forum: a more detailed exposure to 'Nabateans originated Arabic', Harith on 12/04/2000 23:25 |
| | The first independent Arab kingdom was that of the Nabateans focussed around Petra, Jordan, and they spoke a form of Arabic which was written in the Aramaic script. | | | The Arabic script is widely used today yet the Arabs as a distinct race did not come into being until the Assyrian period(9th - 7th centuries BC.) and were not formally recognised until the time of Christ. | | | This form represents the culmination of a writing tradition with Nabatean/Arabic roots within the Hijaz-Jordan-Syrian region. |
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http://www.f22.parsimony.net/forum41396/messages/1859.htm
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| | Petra - Ancient Nabatean City |
| | Built by the Nabateans, Petra served as their capital and religious center. | | | With the signing of the peace treaty between Israel and Jordan, it is now possible to add Petra on one's itenerary when visiting the Holy Land. | | | In Persian times, the Nabateans adopted Aramaic as their language but used Arabic after the Roman annexation. |
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http://www.unitedtravelltd.com/petra.html
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| | Ancient Petra (Nabateans) in Jordan |
| | Thus the city is a former capital of the Nabateans when the Arab people dominated this region before the conquest by the Romans...... | | | Although the chronology is not yet clear it appears that some Edomites remained behind in the Edom area while others moved westward to settle in southern Judah and became known as the Idumaeans of the Bible. | | | Eventually the merging of the sedentary Edomites who still shared the area with the wandering Nabatu led to the formation of the Nabateans of history..... |
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http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Petra.html
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| | Amazon.co.uk: Books: The Lost Civilization of Petra |
| | It is well illustrated and reasonably informative about that mysterious people, the Nabateans, and is particularly good in what it says about their contribution to the growth of early Christianity and to the development of the architecture of early Christian churches. | | | Udi Levy's book is based mainly on the work of German and Israeli scholars, and the bibliography he gives is fairly impressive. | | | Petra was the capital of the Negev kingdom, an independent nation from at least a century before to at least a century after Christ, through the Nabateans lived there as nomadic shepherds for many centuries before and after that period. |
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http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863152988
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| | Worldisround - Petra - Petra photos |
| | Petra was founded by the Nabateans (a nomadic Arab tribe). | | | Petra - travel photos - Petra was founded by the Nabateans (a nomadic Arab tribe). | | | These people, formerly caravan raiders soon started controlling the trade in that region and by 87BC, Petra became the capital of the Nabateans. |
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http://www.worldisround.com/articles/29968
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| | Jordan |
| | The rose colored capital of the Nabateans is breathtaking. | | | In about 300 BCE the Edomites were driven out by the Nabateans. | | | The wealth and political power of this indigenous people derived from their control of the international trade routes that linked China, India and Southern Arabia to the wealthy Mediterranean markets Greece, Rome, Egypt and Syria. |
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http://home.att.net/~p.david.pride/Other/Jordan_Main.htm
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| | nabatean empire home page |
| | With little written evidence outside tomb inscription and brief travellers' reports, the ongoing attempts to understand the sociology of the Nabateans presents a fascinating puzzle for modern inquiries. | | | An in-depth examination of the extant and traceable water systems arouses marvel at their ingenuity; even today many Bedouin use Nabatean cisterns to water their flocks. | | | The monuments of the Empire, though, form some of the most remarkable sites remaining from the ancient world, radiating outward from the unique capital city of Petra. |
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http://www.petramoon.com/nabatean.html
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| | Biblical Sites - Tour Israel - www.israelmybeloved.com |
| | With the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire by Constantine in the 4th century AD, Nabateans began to convert. | | | One of the best preserved examples of a Nabatean city is Avdat, named after a Nabatean king who ruled in the second half of the first century B.C. (King Herod’s time). | | | Perhaps the most impressive period of Negev history was during the time of Nabatean rule. |
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http://www.israelmybeloved.com/tour/biblical_sites/lbs_avdat.htm
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| | dk - Petra article |
| | Reachable only by a hidden path, the city was lost to the ages until a Swiss explorer (disguised as a Moslem so that he might survive his expedition) rediscovered it in 1812. | | | Local legend says these grand monuments were made not by the Nabateans, but by the desert spirits (djinn), enslaved by their powerful king. | | | Rising above the city, with these structures at either end, are hills and mountains that were important religious sites for the Nabateans. |
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http://www.mille.org/people/dk/dkpetra.html
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| | CULTUREFOCUS: Jordan and Syria photos. Petra and Palmyra pictures. |
| | Petra was established by the pre-Roman Nabateans, who were formally a nomadic people. | | | The huge size of some of the structures at Petra, in particular El Khazneh and El Deir, is not apparent from photographs. | | | The wealth of Petra grew as the Nabateans gained control of caravan trade routes through the region. |
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http://www.culturefocus.com/syria_jordan.htm
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| | petra |
| | They were able to defend themselves from the armies of the Greeks, Romans, and other powerful civilizations due to their ingenious utlilzation of the topography in what is now southern Jordan. | | | In the case of Petra, the Nabateans built a system, in the desert, that provided the city with millions of gallons of water to a city of 20,000 people. | | | The Nabateans were able to take advantage of their advantageous position to build a thriving city that existed for 700 years. |
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http://www.earlham.edu/~pittsgr/petra.htm
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