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| | Nabataeans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | "Nabataeans" became the Arabic name for Aramaeans, whether in Syria or Iraq, a fact which has been incorrectly held to prove that the Nabataeans were originally Aramaean immigrants from Babylonia. | | | Proper names on their inscriptions suggest that they were true Arabs who had come under Aramaic influence. | | | The new Arab invaders who soon pressed forward into their seats found the remnants of the Nabataeans transformed into fellahin. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatean
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| | Nabataea: Arabia |
| | The Arabized Arabs are the Hijazis, Najdis, Nabataeans, and Palmyrenes. | | | Despite this wide use, it is my opinion that the majority of ancient historians who wrote, or gleanded their material from the period that the Nabataeans were at the height of their power, considered the Nabataeans to be Arabs and the Arabs to be Nabataeans. | | | Thus, it is important to consider not only linguistics, but also the historical and ethnic background of the peoples of the Middle East to find the true Arabs, especially those who would have been referred to as Arabs by Greek and Roman historians. |
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http://nabataea.net/arabia.html
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| | Nabataea: Who were the Nabataeans |
| | Nabataean history goes back thousands of years, but since it is so illusive, most historians start in 586 BC, when the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar's leadership captured Jerusalem and the Jewish people were hauled off as captives to distant lands. | | | However, I now believe that the Nabataeans were living in Edomite territory long before this, and it was only when the Edomites left that the Nabataeans gained enough prominence to obtain a homeland that they could call their own. | | | First there was a group of Nabataeans from Iraq that were known as Nabat al-'Irak (Iraqi Nabataeans). |
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http://www.nabataea.net/who.html
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| | ideofact: Nabataeans & Writing |
| | The Nabataean language seems to have been a variant of Aramaic with a strong Arab influence in it. | | | Ten days ago, in a post on Christopher Luxenberg's approach to reading the Qur'an, I suggested that near contemporaneous inscriptions might provide a way of verifying Luxenberg's key theory in his approach -- that the Arabic of the Qur'an borrowed heavily from Aramaic, and has been misunderstood ever since. | | | This writing form would later evolve into the "Arabic" writing still in use by Arabs today. |
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http://www.ideofact.com/archives/000044.html
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| | Nabataeans Today |
| | Ibn Wahsiyah claimed that his ancestors, the Nabataeans, were held in low regard by the Arabs of his day, and they were not receiving the honor and respect that he felt they were due. | | | First there was a group of Nabataeans from Iraq that were known as Nabat al-'Irak (Iraqi Nabataeans). | | | This article explains that Arab literature mentions that there were at least two distinct groups of Nabataeans in the Middle East during the end of the first millennium. |
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http://www.nabataea.net/today1.html
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| | Saudi Aramco World : Bulls From The Sea |
| | Although much of their history remains shrouded in obscurity, everyone agrees that the Nabataeans were a wealthy nation—so wealthy, in fact, that they are the only people in history known to have imposed a punitive tax on whomever among them grew poorer instead of richer. | | | In the year 312 BC, Antigonus made his move against Ptolemy: He dispatched a trusted officer, Athenaeus, at the head of an army of 4600 men with the dual mission of subduing the "barbarians," as the Greeks referred to the Nabataeans, and of imposing an economic blockade against Egypt's eastern flank. | | | In a desperate scramble to escape to India with Antony, Cleopatra had some of her ships dragged overland from the Nile to the Red Sea. |
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http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199404/bulls.from.the.sea.htm
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| | Nabataea |
| | The Nabataeans had, however, learned of her plans and had no apparent reason for letting their long time adversary escape. | | | Herod, King of the Jews and controlled Nabataean territory. | | | This would be from the Palestinian point of reference. |
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http://www.ancientroute.com/empire/nabataea.htm
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| | STUDIES ON NABATAEAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND RELIGION |
| | Hieronymos of Cardia is the first author to describe the Arabs and the Nabataeans (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 19,94-100): "the Arabs love freedom, they live under the open sky and have chosen a country without sources and rivers. | | | There was a Nabataean settlement in the Wadi Tumilat east of the Delta, and Nabataean ships crossed the Read Sea to discharge their goods in Egyptian harbours. | | | However, the traces of genuine Nabataean civilization are somewhat scanty in comparison to what has been left by other neighbouring civilizations of the Near East. |
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http://www.acacialand.com/studies.html
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| | Ammarin Bedouin Camp |
| | Some claim descent from the Nabataeans; but there is no solid evidence to prove this pretence, and, like other claims, it may be a story fabricated to impress tourists. | | | Others claim that the name Bedoul derives from badal (meaning to swap or change) and it was bestowed upon the tribe when they converted from idolatry to Judaism. | | | The Nabataean people, who carved the caves of Petra, controlled the caravan routes between Mada'en Saleh, in today's Saudi Arabia, and Petra. |
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http://www.bedouincamp.net/bedoul.html
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| | PETRA Lost City of Stone - About Petra: The Nabataeans |
| | Some historians believe that the Nabataeans were originally from Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq). | | | And, note historians, evidence suggests that they were not above plundering the occasional ship that entered the shores of their land. | | | Others suggest that there were two distinct groups of Nabataeans: those from Iraq and another group known as the Nabataeans of Damascus (the Nabataeans controlled Damascus during the time of the Apostle Paul). |
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http://www.calvin.edu/petra/about/nabataeans.php
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| | OPEN - Teacher Resources |
| | While the evidence is at present spotty, there are tantalizing clues that there was contact between Greek and Nabataean peoples throughout the eastern Mediterranean and beyond. | | | Examine all available evidence of this contact and inter-cultural exchange. | | | The Nabataeans were contemporaries of the Greeks at the time of the rise of Alexander and the spread of Hellenism, in their own right a great civilization of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East. |
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http://www.oneplaneteducation.com/petra.html
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| | The Nabataeans |
| | In the face of Hellenistic and Roman influences, the Nabataeans maintained a high level of political independence and were freer than many neighboring societies to interpret outside elements in a distinctly Nabataean manner. | | | A people called the "Nabataeans" emerge as an independent group in a report by the historian Diodorus Siculus describing a raid by the Seleucid general Antigonus that had taken place more than two centuries earlier, in 312 B.C. | | | The Aramaic-speaking Nabataeans created a new writing form to add to those in use in the Middle East of their day. |
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http://petra-archaeology.com/aepfiles/nabataeans.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Saleh Hamarneh (University of Jordan): "The period which followed the end of the political reign of the Nabataeans". | | | David Johnson (Brigham Young University): "Nabataean Pyriform Unguentaria: chronology, production and use, the evidence from Petra". | | | Mohammad Abdul'Latif abdul'Karim (Baghdad University): "The Nabataeans in the Arab tradition". |
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http://users.ox.ac.uk/~aram/Nabataeans.html
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| | [No title] |
| | John Healey (University of Manchester): Were the Nabataeans Arabs? | | | Harold Mare (Covenant Theological Seminary): Abila and Palmyra: Ancient trade and trade routes from Southern Syria into Mesopotamia. | | | Robert Wenning (University of Münster): Nabataeans in the Decapolis/ Coele Syria. |
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http://users.ox.ac.uk/~aram/aram_con.html
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| | The Petra Great Temple History |
| | Although there were struggles between the Jewish Maccabeans and the Seleucid overlords, Nabataean trade continued. | | | In 64-63 BCE, the Nabataeans were conquered by the Roman general, Pompey, whose policy was to restore the cities taken by the Jews. | | | But little is known about Petra proper until about 312 BC by which time the Nabataeans, one of many Arab tribes, occupied it and made it the capital of their kingdom. |
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http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Anthropology/Petra/excavations/history.html
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| | Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Syria |
| | Syria is significant in the history of Christianity; Paul was converted on the road to Damascus and established the first organized Christian Church at Antioch in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys. | | | Syria was occupied successively by Canaanites, Hebrews, Arameans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Nabataeans, Byzantines, Arabs, and, in part, Crusaders before finally coming under the control of the Ottoman Turks. |
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http://www.baghdadmuseum.org/ref/index.php?title=Syria
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| | go2petra.com, brief history. |
| | With Petra as their capital and the control of the trade routs, the Nabataeans expanded their kingdom to include north Saudi Arabia and the desert of Sinai, with some ports and Nabataean made ships in the Red Sea, they controlled the port of Gaza and parts of Negev desert. | | | The Nabataeans had their own language, Arabic letters were taken from the Nabataean. | | | Nabataean kings were democratic, and used to personally serve themselves and their guests, they were assisted by the minister, and the Queen. |
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http://www.go2petra.com/history_brief.htm
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| | Nabataeans, Contents |
| | For thousands of years the Nabataean Kingdom has been lost and forgotten. | | | This book is the culmination of my research. | | | Their secret to survival lay, not in their powerful military, but in their secrecy and deception. |
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http://www.canbooks.com/toc.html
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| | Ancient Board Games and the Nabataeans |
| | Many of the pictures we took are found on the web page | | | This symbol has been used for many centuries, and is found in many different locations around the world. | | | In his report to the Second Annual Conference for Nabataean Studies, Dr. Bilal Khrisat mentioned that he had found Labyrinth symbols in Petra. |
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http://nabataea.net/games3.html
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| | The Religion of the Nabataeans: (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World) |
| | In a final chapter, Nabataean religion is considered in relation to Judaism, Christianity and Islam. | | | The Religion of the Nabataeans: (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World) | | | Books : The Religion of the Nabataeans: (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World) |
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http://www.literacyconnections.com/0_9004107541.html
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| | Petra: Lost City of Stone |
| | Religious beliefs were blended with those of foreign civilizations who came into contact with the Nabataeans. | | | The Nabataeans were an ancient nomadic people whose geographic origin is unknown. | | | Why did the Nabataeans choose this area in which to settle? |
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http://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.com/petra/petrafaqs.shtml
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| | HKHPE 32 01 |
| | VI Salhd, since these inscriptions were found in Salhat in the Hauran). | | | The panegyrarchs of Nabataean cities came to Petra to assist in the festival of his birth, which was celebrated on the twenty-fifth of December. | | | “The Mother-goddess of the Nabataeans, Allat, identified with Corê by the Greeks, is essentially the North Semitic Ashtart, and the Babylonian Ishtar. |
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http://hanskrause.de/HKHPE/hkhpe_32_01.htm
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| | Terra Traveler - The Nabataeans, Petra |
| | The Nabataeans, a nomadic Arab people from north Arabia, began to settle in the Petra area from | | | Unfortunately, although various rock-carved inscriptions (usually marking the passage of a shepherd or invoking a God) have been found, not only in Petra but also throughout the Nabataean Kingdom, so far no archives have been discovered. | | | Although many of the remains of Petra, its tombs, temples, high places, stone God-blocks (betyles) and cultic niches clearly had a religious function, we know relatively little about the beliefs of the Nabataeans. |
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http://www.terratraveler.com/nabataeans.html
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| | The Saudi Arabian Information Resource - Nabataeans |
| | The Nabataeans were an ancient people of north west Arabia. | | | The Nabataean capital was Petra, near the modern town of Wadi Musa in Jordan. | | | Originally nomads, the Nabataeans established their own independent state in the 4th century BC. |
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http://www.saudinf.com/main/a8833.htm
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| | Al-Ahram Weekly Heritage The writing on the rocks |
| | The Nabataeans and their gods were clearly at home in Egypt, and nowhere more so than in the Sinai, which may have been part of their kingdom. | | | Thus it was from Sinai that the first Nabataean inscriptions became known to the world, and it was Beer's initial identification and decipherment that ultimately led to the rediscovery and study of this remarkable people about whom history had been silent for so many centuries. | | | This may be an indication of the lack of habituation in writing of this provincial and peripatetic people -- perhaps the "country cousins" of the Nabataeans of Petra. |
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http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/620/heritage.htm
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| | Dharih |
| | he Nabataeans, a people of skilled caravaneers and agriculturalists, are still known only for their capital - Petra. | | | Eleven field campaigns were conducted up to 2001, and excavations will be conducted until 2004. | | | The walls of its dwellings and stables - made of reused stones from the Nabataean sanctuary, especially from the structures in the southern court which served as quarries - were built on top of the ancient pavements and sometimes on the ruins of the walls. |
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http://www.muheisenz.homestead.com/Dharih.html
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| | Before the Nabataeans, Petra |
| | The Edomites appear to have been poor masons when it came to working with rock but to have excelled in | | | Edom was the most southerly of the three Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and Edom, and appears also to have been the most prosperous. | | | and from the remains of their settlements, which would seem to have been situated in the hills surrounding Petra rather than on the actual site chosen by the Nabataeans for their magnificent city. |
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http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/petra_history.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Thursday 19 April - The World of the Herods and the Nabataeans | | | Wednesday 18 April - The World of the Nabataeans | | | The conference was overwhelmingly attended and it received praise from the participants and the institutions involved. |
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http://members.lycos.co.uk/kokkinos_nikos/index-7.html
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| | Forgotten Wonders: Petra |
| | Rock) was the capital city of the Nabataeans, a tribe of pre-Roman Arabs who dominated the region around the Sixth century BC. | | | Despite several attempts to conquer their capital, the Nabataeans remained practically independent until the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra and the reunification of the Roman Empire by Octavian in 31 BC. | | | The city remained unknown to the Western World for hundreds of years until a Swiss explorer, J.L. Burckhardt, heard about its existence from the local Bedouins in 1812. |
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http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/Forgotten/petra.html
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| | PETRA Lost City of Stone - About Petra |
| | Icons of the Gods focuses on the religious world of the Nabataeans, which drew upon the religious traditions of many surrounding regions-north Arabia, Edom, Syria, and Egypt. | | | The country of Jordan is located in the Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia and south of Syria. | | | At its peak the city of Petra was home to some 20,000 Nabataeans who, in the midst of the desert, built an ingenious system of waterways to provide their city with the precious liquid. |
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http://www.calvin.edu/petra/about
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| | Petra Unit - Part 1 - Grammar - Passives |
| | The Nabataeans were the “doers” of the construction. | | | Over the years, was Petra held only by the Nabataeans? | | | If the “agents” are the doers of the action, then the grammatical subjects of the sentence receive the action. |
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http://www.oneplaneteducation.com/esl/PETRA_UNIT_PART_1_GRAMMAR_PASSIVES.html
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: Petra and the Nabataeans: A Bibliography: A Bibliography |
| | Petra and the Nabataeans: A Bibliography: A Bibliography | | | This Bibliography attempts to pull together from widely disparate sources the literature of research on the Nabataeans, and especially on Petra, their capital. | | | Amazon.ca: Books: Petra and the Nabataeans: A Bibliography: A Bibliography |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0810848465
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| | Petra's Great Temple: The Nabataeans |
| | Little is known about the religious beliefs and rituals of the Nabataeans, whose pantheon included the male deity Dushara, the female fertility goddess Al-'Uzza, and perhaps some Hellenistic and Egyptian gods as well. | | | Bedouin merchants who found great success in the trade of silks, spices, medicines, and asphalt, the Nabataeans made Petra their capital around the second century B.C. They settled there, mastering the desert's most precious resource--water--with an ingenious system of canals and cisterns, and hewed magnificent temples and tombs from the towering sandstone cliffs. | | | Most of the free-standing structures that once stood beside the rock-cut wonders have toppled, but one such building, the Great Temple, situated to the south of Petra's colonnaded street, is being pieced together by Martha S. Joukowsky and her Brown University team. |
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http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/jordan/nabataeans.html
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| | Petra |
| | The city is surrounded by towering hills of rust-coloured sandstone which gave the city some natural protection against invaders. | | | Petra was first established sometime around the 6th century BC, by the Nabataean Arabs, a nomadic tribe who settled in the area and laid the foundations of a commercial empire that extended into Syria. | | | The site is semi-arid, the friable sandstone which allowed the Nabataeans to carve their temples and tombs into the rock crumbling easily to sand. |
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http://www.raingod.com/angus/Gallery/Photos/MiddleEast/Jordan/Petra/index.html
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans |
| | As an architecural historian and researcher who has worked in Petra for fifteen years, I was thrilled to see a book of this caliber on the market. | | | Taylor's clear, incisive writing and copious photographs bring the ancient world of the Nabataeans to life. | | | She thoroughly examines the development and architecture of Petra and describes the Nabataean domination of the Middle Eastern spice trade, as well as giving detailed information on their changing religious practices over the centuries. |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674008499
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Nabataeans |
| | Several states are known to have existed in northern Arabia in the pre-Christian and early Christian era. | | | Arabian Peninsula : History : From Nabataeans to Persians |
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http://uk.encarta.msn.com/Nabataeans.html
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| | Petra Great Temple |
| | Together, we learned about the mysterious Nabataeans who were here before they were. | | | There, for two weeks, I joined the group of Brown University archaeologists excavating the Great Temple of the ancient Nabataeans in the heart of the lost city of Petra. | | | They love this place and teach its secrets: the medicinal uses of herbs, the easiest route down a mountain, how to treat a scorpion bite. |
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http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/jordan
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| | Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2003006209 |
| | Nabataeans on the Dead Sea Littoral Konstantinos D. Politis, Department of Medieval Antiquities, The British Museum; and Hero Granger-Taylor, London 10. | | | The Nabataean Gods and Their Sanctuaries Fawzi Zayadine, Department of Antiquities, Amman, Jordan 5. | | | The Nabataeans in Historical Context Glen W. Bowersock, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton 2. |
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http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip041/2003006209.html
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| | Nabataean Kingdom and Petra Special Topics Page Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art |
| | Petra, in modern Jordan, capital of the ancient Nabataean kingdom. | | | By that time, the city of Petra (ancient Raqmu) was the center of the Nabataean kingdom, strategically situated at the crossroads of several caravan routes that linked the lands of China, India, and South Arabia with the Mediterranean world. | | | The fame of the Nabataean kingdom spread as far as |
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http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/naba/hd_naba.htm
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| | Links to Petra Web Sites |
| | Petra: Capital of the Nabataeans (Middle East Quarterly) | | | The Last of the Bedu, by Michael Asher (Book) |
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http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~lbedal/links.html
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| | Camels and the Nabataeans |
| | While the Nabataeans are mostly remembered in the west for the ancient city of Petra, the Nabataeans themselves etched graffiti on many of the rocks and wadi walls of the Middle East. | | | Not only would the Nabataeans have required camels for their caravans, they would have also needed to maintain herds of female camels. | | | The Nabataeans did not contradict these deductions, but enhanced them to stress the difficulty in obtaining their cargoes, and thus justified the high price they were asking for their wares. |
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http://nabataea.net/camel.html
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| | Nabataeans, Reviews |
| | Discover how the Nabataean people not only survived in the middle, but thrived as a civilization, acquiring massive fortunes at the expense of the Mediterranean and Asian empires, while maintaining only a token army. | | | Learn how important oil was to the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Rome, even to the point of causing wars. | | | And most importantly, appreciate how the Nabataeans brought east and west together in a unique civilization that managed to rise above the traditions of the desert to build one of the greatest ancient cities of their time, the famous city of Petra, hidden away in the cleft of a mountain. |
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http://www.canbooks.com/reviews.html
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| | NABATAEANS; NABATHAEANS in the Bible Encyclopedia - ISBE (Bible History Online) |
| | A Semitic (Arabian rather than Syrian) tribe whose home in early Hellenistic times was Southeast of Palestine, where they had either supplanted or mingled with the Edomites (compare Mal 1:1-5). | | | They traded between Egypt and Mesopotamia and carried on a lucrative commerce in myrrh, frankincense and costly wares (KGF, 4th edition (1901), I, 726-44, with full bibliography). | | | NABATAEANS; NABATHAEANS in the Bible Encyclopedia - ISBE (Bible History Online) |
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http://www.bible-history.com/isbe/N/NABATAEANS;+NABATHAEANS
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| | Petra |
| | During the times of the Roman Empire, the Nabataeans built an incredible city in what today is Jordan. | | | Hidden in eroded cliffs and carved into the stone walls were homes, temples, tombs, warehouses and the everyday necessities for what, in its day, was a very advanced civilization. | | | Once we understand your preferences, we can make sure we get as close as possible to |
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http://www.globaltravelwriters.com/Petra.html
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| | DEITIES AND DOLPHINS, THE STORY OF THE NABATAEANS. - GLUECK, NELSON, |
| | Illustrated with two hundred and twenty pages of photographs, with a bibliography, plans and maps. | | | They offer full satisfaction and normal prices - no markups, no hidden costs, no overcharged shipping costs. | | | GLUECK, NELSON, DEITIES AND DOLPHINS, THE STORY OF THE NABATAEANS. |
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http://antiqbook.com/boox/bookpr/5630.shtml
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