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| | Operation Torch Delayed |
 | | The Vichy French officially condemn their people in North Africa for going over to the Allies, while quietly sounding those Allies out to find out if they would be able to send troops to help defend Vichy France against the German invasion that they are pretty sure is coming. | | | In mid-February, as the fallout from North Africa spreads, Mussolini sends a multi-division force across the border between Italy and the unoccupied zone of Vichy France, ostensibly to intercept a shipment of Vichy arms bound for Corsica. | | | French resistance groups and a few local Vichy troops form the backbone of a mainly spontaneous French reaction to the Italian invasion. |
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http://hometown.aol.com/althist1/PODSept99/Torch.htm
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| | africa |
| | By 1941, the Italian army had been all but beaten and Hitler had to send German troops to North Africa to clear out Allied troops. | | | Rommel was flown out of North Africa but 130,000 Germans surrendered and by May 1943 the war in North Africa was over. | | | The Africa Korps contained some of Hitler's finest soldiers and a vast amount of first class equipment was lost by the Germans including the newly designed battle tanks. |
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http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/africa.htm
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| | North Africa |
| | In North Africa the Germans and their Italian allies controlled a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast between Tunisia and Egypt with an army numbering some 100,000 men under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. | | | This was to use the means that would be accumulated in England by the fall of 1942, plus additional forces from the United States, to invade North Africa, where, it was hoped, French forces might lend support to the operation. | | | When it became evident by mid-1942 that there could be no cross-channel attack in September, American planners acceded to a plan the British had been urging. |
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http://www.worldwar2history.info/North-Africa
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| | North Africa |
| | The tribe absorbed large numbers of Jews fleeing Visigothic persecution in Spain and Byzantine persecution in North Africa, and converted to Judaism en masse sometime in the 600's. | | | This is not a part of the ongoing conflict between the Arab Muslim north and Black Christian and Animist south, but rather is a dispute between the Arab Muslim north and a Black Muslim west. | | | By 1400, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, and French sailors had repeatedly touched at the islands The first concerted attempt to conquer the entire group took place in 1404, when a Norman nobleman was granted status as King of the Canary Islands by Castile. |
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http://www.hostkingdom.net/noafrica.html
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| | North Africa |
| | In North Africa the Germans and their Italian allies controlled a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast between Tunisia and Egypt with an army numbering some 100,000 men under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. | | | This was to use the means that would be accumulated in England by the fall of 1942, plus additional forces from the United States, to invade North Africa, where, it was hoped, French forces might lend support to the operation. | | | It may be the definitive history of the war in North Africa. |
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http://www.worldwar2history.info/North-Africa
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| | Brief History of WWII: North Africa |
| | On February 14, 1943, the Axis commanders sent German and Italian forces through the passes, hoping to penetrate the American positions and either envelop the British in the north or seize Allied supply depots. | | | Despite efforts to win support among French military officers in North Africa, some fighting occurred. | | | Six days later the last Axis resistance in Africa ended with the surrender of over 275,000 prisoners of war. |
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http://www.worldwariihistory.info/WWII/North-Africa.html
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| | 421107d.html |
| | This is a military operation directed against the Italian-German military forces in North Africa. | | | Frenchmen of North Africa, the forces which I have the honor of commanding come to you as friends to make war against your enemies. | | | This communication, of the highest importance, is addressed to the French armies on land, sea and air in North Africa: |
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http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/421107d.html
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| | Brief History of WWII: North Africa |
| | On February 14, 1943, the Axis commanders sent German and Italian forces through the passes, hoping to penetrate the American positions and either envelop the British in the north or seize Allied supply depots. | | | Despite efforts to win support among French military officers in North Africa, some fighting occurred. | | | This text has been converted from "A Brief History of the U.S. Army in World War II" published by the U.S. Army Center for Military History. |
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http://www.worldwariihistory.info/WWII/North-Africa.html
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| | Desert War |
| | Rommel is giving priority to the Germans in the attempt to escape and his Italian allies are being largely used - and sacrificed to cover his withdrawal. | | | Further east South African troops continued to clear up the area north of the Trigh Capuzzo, where a few enemy stragglers are still being captured. | | | A British United Press war correspondent cabled last night that the artillery and armoured screen behind which the enemy were retiring to the north had been pierced at many points and that our fighting columns had pushed ahead. |
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWdesert.htm
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| | Italian East Africa - definition of Italian East Africa in Encyclopedia |
| | During the Second World War, the Italian army recruited many thousands of native Africans from the colony to fight against the British in the East African Campaign. | | | It was conquered in the 1930s during Benito Mussolini's reign in Italy and lost at the end of the North African Campaign of World War II. | | | Italian East Africa (Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana) was an Italian colony in Africa. |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Italian_East_Africa
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| | French History |
| | This article analyses these events but also suggests that the air defences of French North Africa merit closer study over a much longer period. | | | Furthermore, French plans for the air defence of North Africa highlight the central importance of imperial defence and control of Mediterranean communications to France's military planners. | | | In spite of the increasing awareness of the strategic importance of French North African security, the limited additions to French air strength in this region bore witness to the limitations of the French air rearmament effort, notably in the Pierre Cot era during 1936-1937. |
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http://www.le.ac.uk/history/bon/resources/FRENCH_HIST/Abstracts/Abs8.html
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| | Greenwood Publishing Group I1 |
| | Few of the major campaigns of World War II aroused as much controversy as the War in North Africa, 1940-1943. | | | The volume includes chapters on the Desert War, 1940-42; the Axis Powers in North Africa; Montgomery, Alam Halfa and El Alamein; TORCH: the Landings in French North Africa, and the Tunisian Campaign. | | | "Tis historiographical/bibliographical surevy of the complex and controversial war in North Africa, 1940-43, fills a gap in the published literature on the topic... |
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http://info.greenwood.com/books/0313291/0313291209.html
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| | Info and facts on 'Italian Colonial Empire' |
| | Together Eritrea (An African country north of Ethiopia on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993),Abyssinia (Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia) and Italian Somaliland (additional info and facts about Italian Somaliland) also made Italian East Africa (additional info and facts about Italian East Africa) | | | Libya (A military dictatorship in northern Africa on the Mediterranean; consists almost entirely of desert; a major exporter of petroleum; involved in state-sponsored terrorism) or Italian North Africa (additional info and facts about Italian North Africa) 1912 – 1941 | | | Abyssinia (Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia) 1936 – 1941 |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/i/it/italian_colonial_empire.htm
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| | Italian East Africa -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | British and Americans troops landed at Algiers, Oran, and Casablanca in French North Africa on Nov. 8, 1942. | | | Italian Africa Orientale Italiana, group of Italian possessions in East Africa in the period 1936–41. | | | It comprised Ethiopia (annexed by Italy on May 9, 1936, and was proclaimed a part of Italian East Africa that June 1) together with the Italian colonies of Eritrea, now part of Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland, now part of the Somali Democratic Republic. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043017
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| | Italian Navy, Ondina, Pietro Calvi, Cantore, Morosini, Bolzano, Attendolo |
| | North Africa and Tunis: The End for the Axis- Tunis is taken by the British and Bizerta by the Americans on the 7th. | | | North Africa - By the 4th the Second Battle of El Alamein has been won by British Eighth Army. | | | The Axis surrender comes on the 12th and nearly 250,000 Germans and Italians are taken prisoner. |
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http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsItalianNavy2.htm
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| | North Africa, Algiers, Tunisia, Longstop, Algeria, Louisberg, Avorio, Asteria, Erica, U205, Paladin, Isis |
| | All of Libya is now in Allied hands and the Italian North African Empire ceases to exist. | | | All North Africa - French and Italian - is under Allied control after nearly three years struggle. | | | 16th - Destroyers "Pakenham" and "Paladin" out of Malta encounter an Italian supply convoy north of Pantelleria island. |
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http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsNorthAfrica2.htm
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| | Italian East Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | A Second World War map of Italian East Africa in 1941 | | | It was conquered in the 1930s during Benito Mussolini's reign in Italy and lost at the end of the North African Campaign of World War II. | | | During the Second World War, the Italian army recruited many thousands of native Africans from the colony to fight against the British in the East African Campaign. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa
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| | Italian Navy, Zara, Fiume, Pola, Artigeliere, Aviere, Trento |
| | of an Italian convoy in the Ionian Sea making for North Africa leads to British cruiser Force K sailing from Malta. | | | are lost in late November or early December, possibly on Italian mines in the Strait of Otranto area at the southern end of the Adriatic Sea. | | | Gibraltar may be secure, assuming Spain's continued neutrality, but Malta is considered indefensible in the face of the Italian Air Force based in Sicily. |
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http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsItalianNavy.htm
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| | Comando Supremo: The Rise and Fall of Italian East Africa and the Battle of Keren |
| | All the original plan was turned upside down, and the British forces in North Africa were depleted in the most critical moment of the Italian- German counteroffensive in Cyrenaica, determined by the arrival of Rommel's Afrika Korps. | | | That victory against Marshal Graziani earned him 150,000 prisoners and the assignment to conduct in full freedom, the operations in Italian East Africa, and later in Syria, Greece, at Crete. | | | During the whole ill-fated African campaign, Italian troops fought resolutely and with extraordinary bravery, often giving rise to their foes' admiration. |
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http://www.comandosupremo.com/KerenBattle.html
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| | Italian East Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | A Second World War map of Italian East Africa in 1941 | | | During the Second World War, the Italian army recruited many thousands of native Africans from the colony to fight against the British in the East African Campaign. | | | Italian East Africa (Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana) was an Italian colony in Africa. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Orientale_Italiana
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| | La Famiglia Abruzzese: Timelines; Italian Peninsula 4 |
| | Italian army (unprepared for modern warfare) suffered defeats in North Africa, Ethiopia, Eritea, and Greece. | | | Mass prosecution by the Italian government of 452 accused Mafia in Palermo (338 were convicted as a result of the trial). | | | General Dalla Chiesa, spearhead of the government's efforts against the Italian Mafia (a criminal organization), was assassinated. |
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http://www.cimorelli.com/pie/regions/abruzzo/tlineit4.htm
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| | BRITISH EAST AFRICA - LoveToKnow Article on BRITISH EAST AFRICA |
| | On the north the protectorate is bounded by Abyssinia and Italian Somaliland; on the west by tfganda. | | | The progress of the protectorate is detailed in the Reports by the governor issued annually by the British government since 1896, and in Drumkeys Year Book for East Africa (Bombay), first issued in 1908. | | | Coincident with the transfer of the administration to the imperial government a dispute as to the succession to a chieftainship in the Mazrui, the most important Arab family on the coast, led to a revolt which lasted ten months and involved much hard fighting. |
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http://84.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BR/BRITISH_EAST_AFRICA.htm
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| | MEAS CLASSICS 387 Course Outline. |
| | Foreign Language Books : There are many books in French, Italian and German dealing with the history and archaeology of North Africa. | | | The history and archaeology of North Africa (focusing mainly on Libya and Tunisia) from the 1 | | | Emphasis will be placed on the reading and interpretation of primary source material. |
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http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~cmeas/classics387.htm
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| | The World at War - French Empire Timeline 1940-45 |
| | French territories in the West Indies would be kept out the hands of those Secretary of State Hull termed, "the so called Free French", until long after the Axis ended the charade of Vichy and occupied the whole of metropolitan France in the wake of the American landings in North Africa. | | | We must make sure that they are not used against us by the common foe." "Sail with us and continue to fight for victory against the Germans and Italians." Or, "Sail with reduced crews under our control to a British port." Or, "Sail with us to some French port in the West Indies... | | | Algeria was home to a million European colonists who lived a myth that their three departments were as French as any other. |
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http://worldatwar.net/timeline/france/empire40-45.html
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| | Italian |
| | It is also spoken in large immigrant communities in North and South America, North Africa and Australia. | | | Italian is spoken as a native language by between 55 and 60 million people in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Sardinia and the former Yugoslavia. | | | Considered a single language with numerous dialects, Italian, like the other Romance languages, is the direct offspring of the Latin spoken by the Romans and imposed by them on the peoples under their dominion. |
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http://www.flw.com/languages/italian.htm
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| | North Africa, campaigns in - Columbia Encyclopedia® article about North Africa, campaigns in |
| | North Africa, campaigns in, series of military contests for control of North Africa during World War II. | | | In E Africa the fighting had earlier resulted in complete British victory; by 1942, Italian and British Somaliland, Eritrea, and Ethiopia were reconquered. | | | This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. |
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http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/North%20Africa,%20campaigns%20in
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| | History of Europe |
| | Hitler's ideological foes were the Communists in Russia but because of the German failure to defeat Britain and the Italian failures in North Africa and the Mediterranean the Axis forces were split between garrisoning western Europe and Scandinavia and also attacking Africa. | | | Numerous Polish Jews emigrated to Western Europe, founding Jewish communities in places where they had been expelled from during the Middle Ages. | | | Historic list of cities of Europe - populations of cities in 1700 and 1800 |
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http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/H/History-of-Europe.htm
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| | Italian Republic |
| | The Republic's defeat of Carthage (near present-day Tunis) and Hellenic Macedonia during the three Punic Wars cleared the way for ultimate expansion into Spain, Britain, North Africa and present-day Iraq. | | | Italian Art- This A-list of Italian art has been lovingly compiled. | | | It goes without saying that Berlusconi's leadership is shrouded by bribery charges. |
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http://www.allcountries.com/printer.asp?idcount=98
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| | Savoia-Marchetti SM 81 by Edmundo Munoz (Supermodel 1/72) |
| | In this role, S.M. 81 was relegated to operating in North Africa and AOI (Africa Orientale Italiana), where she demonstrated herself useful enough that production resumed in 1943. | | | At least two complete units from transport still came equipped with this material in the R.S.I. (in Italy of the North called Reppublica Sociale Italiana). | | | This versión was designated S.M. The Italian armistice in September of 1943 meant that only 80 of these additional aircraft were constructed, of which only four they remained in south Italy. |
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http://www.kitparade.com/features01/sm81em_1.htm
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| | Literary Encyclopedia: Wharton, Edith |
| | In 1917 Wharton went again to North Africa on a month's tour of Morocco as guest of the French colonial government. | | | At the age of four the child was taken to Europe for six years of travelling and residence in England, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany; she became fluent in French and Italian, and somewhat later began to study German. | | | She was, additionally, distressed by what she perceived of the new post-war America, one which seemed utterly foreign to the land of her upbringing, and by producing a story set in the 1870s, she was doing homage to what she believed the world had lost between 1914 and 1918. |
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http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4677
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