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| | David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies |
 | | Other modern-day Iranian languages include Pashto, which is spoken in much of Afghanistan; Tajik, spoken in Tajikistan; and Kurdish, which is spoken in the Kurdish regions of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. | | | Persian is also spoken as a minority language in Afghanistan, Iraq, Tajikistan, and the Gulf states. | | | Thus the Iranian national identity has always been that of an ethnic federation and not a nation state. |
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http://nmelrc.byu.edu/handbooks/persian2.php
(2022 words)
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| | iranian.com: Ali Yadegaar, Iran and Aryans |
| | Iranian nationalism has been the key in preserving the Iranian identity despite the massive pressure forced by the Babylonians, Greek, Arab, Turkic, Mongolian, Portuguese, Russian and British. | | | The language replacement in that area is a recent phenomenon due to the invasion by Altaic Turco-Mongol speaking tribes. | | | The eminent linguist Emile Benviste asserts that the Old Iranian Arya is documented solely as an ethnic name. |
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http://www.iranian.com/History/2005/May/Aryans
(2366 words)
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| | Kurds, Kurdistan and Kurdish Language: Indo-Iranian Language |
| | Before the emergence of Islam most of the Kurds (and Iranians) embraced Zoroastrianism and some were Christians and Jews. | | | The biggest group, as regards the number of people who speak it, is the northern Kurdish, commonly called "Kurmanjî", spoken by the Kurds living in Turkey, Syria, and by some of the Kurds living in Iran and Iraq. | | | The central group includes the Kurdish spoken in the north-east of Iraq, where it's called "Soranî" and the dialects of the neighbouring areas, beyond the Zagros, in Kurdistan of Iran. |
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http://www.nouruzi.itgo.com/kurd.html
(1909 words)
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| | UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page |
| | West and East Iranian comprise the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. | | | However, many Iranians of Jewish descent have left the country and no longer form a significant portion of the population. | | | Other more distantly related languages of this group include Kurdish, spoken in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran; and Baluchi, spoken in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. |
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http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=63
(1526 words)
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| | Zazaki; Its' Position Among Western-Iranian Languages - (CAIS) |
| | As moreover there is even religious and political discord among the Zaza, it is far from certain whether the „making of the Zaza nation“ will reach a successful conclusion. | | | Nevertheless until recently the Zaza people were generally held to be Kurds speaking a special dialect of Kordi. | | | First attempts at achieving this aim have been made by Vahman and Asatrian recently[4]. |
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http://www.cais-soas.com/cais/Languages/zazaki.htm
(1000 words)
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| | Languages & Writing Systems |
| | The South American Indian languages are much more numerous: the Andean-Equatorial group, for example, includes 14 families and almost 200 languages spoken from French Guiana to Colombia and south to Paraguay, as well as along the Amazon. | | | Bayley was one of the first people to suggest that it might be worthwhile to historians to take a closer look at the membership and structure of the printers' guilds, but his call for such an examination has been largely ignored. | | | This was true of the Vril language used by the Atlanteans and other groups who existed on the planet in that timeline. |
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http://www.crystalinks.com/languages.html
(2993 words)
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| | Indo-Iranian Languages |
| | This is the language of the Kurds, of whom the majority live in a region called Kurdistan, which covers portions of several nations, such as Iraq, Iran, Syria, Armenia and Turkey. | | | This language is spoken primarily by descendants of the Alans, who live in present-day Ossetia, which is partially within the Republic of Georgia and partially within Russia. | | | Due to the strongly conservative Islamic regime present in Iran, the language is commonly associated with Shi'a Islam. |
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http://members.tripod.com/misterhaynes/indoir.htm
(2187 words)
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| | WWW-VL History Index: IRAN |
| | Tudeh factionalism and the 1953 coup, by Maziar Behrooz in The Iranian, 2001 | | | The Land and its People, by Robert Payne. | | | Transcript of interview with Iranian President Mohammad Khatami [by CNN] |
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http://www.parstimes.com/history/VL/middle_east/iran.html
(2393 words)
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| | Iranian Language Family |
| | This period is marked by the rise of Islam in the former Sasanian lands and influence of foreign languages such as Arabic and Turkish on Iranian languages. | | | Kurdish speaking people occupy lands in modern countries of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria, with afew, scattered tribes living in the former Soviet republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan. | | | Usually, an Achamenid administrator dictated a correspondence in his language to a scribe. |
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http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html
(2828 words)
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| | THE IRANIAN: News |
| | He preferred to write articles, all but the shortest of which are full of fascinating digressions and asides on matters which one would never suspect from their titles. | | | He was born in Zurich in 1914, the son of Russian parents who had fled to Switzerland on the outbreak of war to escape internment in Germany. | | | It was as a philologist that he would wish to be remembered; a student of texts for whom their content and context were neither more nor less important than the language in which they were expressed. |
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http://www.iranian.com/News/2001/May/obit.html
(867 words)
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| | UNESCO Collection of History of Civilizations of Central Asia : Online chapter |
| | There have been repeated attempts to trace its affiliations, and links with the Caucasian, Dravidian, Munda, Basque and other languages have been suggested, but from the standpoint of contemporary linguistics the case is not conclusive. | | | The Nuristani languages were spoken by around 120,000 people. | | | The second group of languages (particularly the Dardic) are 'part of the Indo-Aryan [group], though far departed in their development from the latter'. |
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http://www.unesco.org/culture/asia/html_eng/chapitre316/chapitre1.htm
(1259 words)
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| | History of Pushto language |
| | Because of the political power of the Pashtuns, however, Pashto has been a required subject in Dari medium schools, and as an official language has been one of the languages of the government. | | | Pashto is one of the East Iranian group of languages, which includes, for example, Ossete (North Ossetian, south Ossetian, Caucasus Soviet Socialist Republic) and Yaghnobi (Tajikistan). | | | East Iranian and West Iranian (which includes Persian) are major sub-groups of the Iranian group of the Indo Iranian branch of the Indo European family of languages. |
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http://www.afghan-network.net/Ethnic-Groups/pashtu-history.html
(976 words)
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| | The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Indo-Iranian pt. 3 |
| | Urdu means "camp language," from its use in the military camps and marketplaces in and around Delhi, India. | | | Urdu is the official language of Pakistan; it is also widely spoken in India. | | | By studying their language, anthropologists have been able to determine the probable homeland of this wandering people. |
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http://www.lib.umt.edu/guide/lang/indirn3h.htm
(1537 words)
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| | Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran |
| | SMCCDI Needs your Financial Donation via the well know Paypal for the continuation of its operations. | | | languages, which were languages spoken by the Indo-Europeans. | | | The Iranian languages and dialects are radically different from the Arabic or Turkic but were affected by the invasions of 7th and 12th Centuries. |
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http://www.daneshjoo.org/article/publish/article_2375.shtml
(339 words)
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| | Iranian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Iranian Languages after the Arab Conquest of Persia | | | 4 Iranian Languages after the Arab Conquest of Persia | | | Some Iranian authors use the term "Iranian languages" in a looser, non-linguistic sense, including all languages spoken by people who regard themselves as part of the Iranian nation, or by ancient peoples whose cultures Iranians today regard as part of their national heritage. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages
(1052 words)
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| | The Indo-Iranian Branch of the Indo-European Language Family |
| | As is the case with Indo-Aryan languages, the number of people who speak some of them is not known. | | | The number of people who speak many of them is unknown. | | | According to Ethnologue, there are 220 Indo-Aryan languages, some of which are yet to be definitively classified. |
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http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/indoIranianBranch.html
(494 words)
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| | Indo-Iranian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Their expansion is believed to have been connected with the invention of the chariot. | | | The Indo-Iranian language group constitute the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. | | | According to most Aryan migration theories, speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, who referred to themselves as Aryans, settled east and south of the Caspian Sea in Northern India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages
(143 words)
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| | EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES |
| | EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES, term used to refer to a group of Iranian languages most of which are or were spoken in lands to the east of the present state of Persia. | | | See also ALANS; AVESTAN LANGUAGE; BACTRIAN LANGUAGE; BARTANGI; CHORASMIA III; THE CHORASMIAN LANGUAGE; DIALECTOLOGY. | | | Within Eastern Iranian one can establish several sub-groups of languages which are particularly closely related to one another, e.g.: Alanic, Sarmatian and Ossetic; Khotanese and Tumshuqese; Sogdian and Yaghnobi; the Shughni group and Yazghulami. |
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http://www.iranica.com/articles/v7/v7f6/v7f659.html
(1336 words)
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| | Iranica.com - DARDESTAÚN |
| | Shaw, "On the Ghalchah Languages (Wakhí and Sari-káolí),"Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 45, 1876, pp. | | | The material of Dardic languages has also been used for historical analysis of the Indo-Aryan and other languages by R. | | | Strand, "Notes on the Nuristani and Dardic Languages," JAOS 93, 1973, pp. |
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http://www.iranica.com/articles/v7f1/v7f126.html
(3225 words)
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| | List of Iranian languages: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic |
| | The southwestern iranian languages include some 16 (sil estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about many people in asia; this language family is a part... | | | The southeastern iranian languages include some 11 (sil estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about many people in asia; this language family is a part... | | | The northwestern iranian languages include some 53 (sil estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about many people in asia; this language family is a part... |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_iranian_languages.htm
(303 words)
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| | Languages of the World |
| | Before the conclusive demonstration that unwritten languages could be classified genetically, they were often relegated to a typological classification, which at one time was denigrated by scholars. | | | In terms of numbers of speakers, however, the people in Europe who speak the languages of these families are now fewer than those in non-European countries who also speak such languages. | | | A language isolate may be classified, along with normal language families, under the rubric of an extensive phylum (e.g., Korean is sometimes classified as a member of a hypothetical Ural-Altaic phylum) or left wholly unclassified (e.g., the Ainu language of Japan). |
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http://ling.lll.hawaii.edu/faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html
(1332 words)
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| | The Tajikistan Update - Cultural, Language, & Ethnicity |
| | Besides the Muslims there are a number of other religious groups in Tajikistan including Christians, most of whom are members of the Orthodox Church and come from the European and Korean population, as well as a small number of Jews living in Tajikistan. | | | The Tajiks are descendants of ethnic Iranians who were the traditional sedentary people of Central Asia. | | | The largest ethnic group in Tajikistan is the Tajiks, who number an estimated 3.5 million people. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/sd/tajikistanupdate/culture.html
(1885 words)
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| | Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Iranian-Speaking Peoples of the Hindu Kush |
| | A native man's Pashto-speaking wife rarely learns his language, largely because of the general chauvinistic attitude of Pashto speakers, and his children grow up speaking Pashto as their primary ("mother") language. | | | Included in the latter group are Paraci and Baraki ("Ormuri"), which Morgenstierne ( | | | Languages and Ethnic Groups: The Irânian languages of the region include the following, listed according to their phylogenetic position (native names appear in italics): |
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http://users.sedona.net/~strand/Iranian/Iranians.html
(1817 words)
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| | Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan |
| | Languages and Ethnic Groups: There are five languages spoken by some fifteen ethnic groups in Nuristân: | | | Before the conquest the region was known to outsiders as kâfiristân 'Land of the Infidels', and its people were contemptuously designated kâfir 'infidel' by the surrounding Muslim population. | | | Since the Afghân conquest of Nuristân, Nuristânis have been assimilating thousands of "Islamic" words of Arab and Persian origin into their lexicons, to the detriment of many ancient traditional terms. |
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http://users.sedona.net/~strand/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html
(2148 words)
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| | Indo-Iranian on Encyclopedia.com |
| | The Indo-Iranian subfamily consists of three groups of languages: the Dardic (or Pisacha), the Indic (or Indo-Aryan), and the Iranian. | | | BC Vedic has been described as the parent language of Sanskrit, which by the 4th cent. | | | These idioms are classified as Eastern Pahari (or Nepali), which is the language of Nepal and has been influenced by Tibeto-Burman languages; Central Pahari, which has two main dialects, Garhwali and Kumaoni; and Western Pahari, noted for its numerous dialects. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/I/IndoI1ran.asp
(1406 words)
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| | Iranian Languages |
| | In Sogdiana, there were two dialects based on their religions: 1) Christian Sogdianian, and 2) Manichean Sogdianian. | | | Kurdish is another Iranian language spoken by Kurds in a vast mountainous region including part of Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Syria. | | | Beyond the present borders of Iran, there are small groups of Farsi speaking people called Iranians. |
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http://www.destinationiran.com/Language.htm
(884 words)
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| | Iranian languages |
| | The Iranian language group is part of the larger Indo-Iranian language subfamily, and accounts for some of the oldest recorded Indo-European languages. | | | Iranian languages are a part of the Indo European language family. | | | Indo-Iranian languages originated around modern Afghanistan, and split into the Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Dardic, and Nuristani language groups as the speakers of proto-Indo-Iranian moved west, east, and south. |
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http://encyclopedia.codeboy.net/wikipedia/i/ir/iranian_languages.html
(163 words)
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| | Persian |
| | Iranian languages are applied to a group of inter-related languages which only from linguistic point of view, share common characteristics, and not in terms of geographical and political borders. | | | However the suffix `an' can also change the meaning of the term to mean `the Iranian Land' when used as a place suffix. | | | It comes from the adjective `ariya - raman' IRANIAN LANGUAGE Iranian languages are applied to a group of inter-related languages which only from linguistic point of view, share common characteristics, and not in terms of geographical and political borders. |
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http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~aoliai/languagepage/iranianlanguages.htm
(388 words)
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| | The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Indo-Iranian, pt. 2 |
| | Kashmiri is the principal language of the state of Kashmir. | | | Gujarati is spoken in the state of Gujarat in India. | | | Marathi is spoken in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra; it is written with the devanagari syllabary. |
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http://www.lib.umt.edu/guide/lang/indirn2h.htm
(1158 words)
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| | amitis.org - <amitis.org /> |
| | The project plans to cover all languages of the Iranian family, both ancient and modern, in an open manner through contributions from community members. | | | amitis.org is an attempt to offer a virtual space for researchers and students involved and interested in Iranian Studies. | | | It currently hosts the "Lexicon of Iranian Languages" (LIL), which was started in the year 1998 by Arash Zeini at the "Institute of Indology and Tamil Studies" (IITS), University of Cologne, Germany. |
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http://www.amitis.org
(116 words)
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| | Indo-European Language Family |
| | Since Sir William Jones' pronouncement that similarities among languages such as Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Gothic were so striking as to suggest that they were sprung from a common, no-longer existing source, scholars now view relationships among such languages as established. | | | Views concerning the breakup of the initial language family into groups are often related to hypotheses about where the Homeland was. | | | There has also been much subsequent debate about the branchings or groupings of families within Indo-European. |
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http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-lg/ie-lg.html
(331 words)
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| | Iranian & Persian Studies |
| | The Aga Khan Chair in Iranian is today one of two chairs in Old Iranian studies in the Americas and one of not many more than a handful in the world. | | | Teaching covers all the known pre-Islamic languages spoken by Iranians, as well as several modern languages and dialects not covered by the Persian program, but also the pre-Islamic religions of Iran: Zoroastrianism and Manicheism, as well as history and general civilization. | | | For entry into this program, a knowledge of Persian is assumed and some undergraduate work in Arabic and in the history and culture of the Islamic world is recommended.. |
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http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~nelc/iranian_persian.html
(779 words)
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| | Iranian Languages and Literatures (CAIS) |
| | Iranian (Aryan) languages are spoken in Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Arran (republic of Azerbaijan), Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Russia and other scattered areas of the Caucasus Mountains. | | | All Iranian languages currently spoken show a simplification of the earlier sound systems and a preference for the use of auxiliary verbs in place of the complex verb conjugations of the ancient Iranian languages. | | | The Middle Iranian stage (3rd century BCE to 8th-10th century CE) was characterized by a significant simplification of the verbal system and, in some areas, by reductions in noun inflection as well. |
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http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Languages/iranian_languages.htm
(190 words)
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| | OUP: Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples: Sims-Williams |
| | And archaeological finds in India, Pakistan and Central Asia have given rise to new hypotheses concerning the history and pre-history of the Indo-Iranian peoples. | | | In the last few years the materials available for the study of the older Indo-Iranian languages have increased dramatically: there have been sensational discoveries of texts in the ancient languages of north-west India and northern Afghanistan. | | | The exciting recent developments in our understanding of the history of the Indo-Iranian languages and their speakers are surveyed and assessed by a group of internationally renowned linguists and archaeologists. |
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http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-726285-6
(418 words)
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| | Kurdish language, alphabet and pronunciation |
| | Kurdish is a member of the Western Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. | | | Approximately 26 million people speak Kurdish in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Kazakstan and Afghanistan | | | Other languages written with the Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic alphabets. |
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http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm
(259 words)
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| | Ethnologue report for Iranian |
| | This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as: | | | Ethnologue > Web version > Language family index > Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian |
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http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90019
(31 words)
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| | IITS - Lexicon of Iranian Languages (CPD-Search) |
| | You can either search for one of the Pahlavi entries under Pahlavi or under English for a translation, grammatical or other information listed in the CPD. | | | Please mail your suggestions and comments to: Arash Zeini | | | At present the Lexicon of Iranian Languages contains Professor MacKenzie's Pahlavi-English Dictionary with approx. |
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http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/lil/cpd-search.html
(59 words)
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| | Old Iranian Online |
| | support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to (Romanized) Old Iranian. | | | Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (Romanized and Unicode 2) in the upper-left margin. |
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http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/eieol/aveol-TC-X.html
(99 words)
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