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| | Estonian Institute www.einst.ee |
 | | Later, the Baltic Germans faced fierce attacks from the Russian nationalist press, which accused the Baltic aristocracy of separatism, and advocated closer linguistic and administrative integration with Russia. | | | Rising national and cultural enthusiasm among the Baltic Germans was interrupted with the outbreak of World War I. Although almost all Baltic Germans of military age served as Russian officers, the Russian authorities became increasingly suspicious of possible collaboration between Baltic Germans and the enemy. | | | Germans came to the area as traders and Christian missionaries. |
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http://www.einst.ee/factsheets/factsheets_uus_kuju/baltic_germans.htm
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| | German Attrocities in Occupied Soviet Territory, Molotov Note |
| | This did not prevent the German fascist pogromists from blowing up their ammunition dump in Novy Ierussalim when they retreated from Istra, turning the irreplaceable memorial of the history of the Russian church into a heap of ruins. | | | The German invaders know no bounds in their hatred of the freedom-loving Russian people and the freedom-loving peoples of the Ukraine, Byelorussia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Moldavia. | | | In all occupied regions the German Government established as local Nazi rulers all kinds of crooks from the Hitlerite party, who disregard all civil rights and all national customs of the population and attempt to Germanize everything and exterminate malcontents. |
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http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/ussr_attrocities.htm
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| | Russian Communities in Estonia |
| | The ten months of German occupation in 1918 brought a further exodus of the Russian population. | | | However, a number of Russian war prisoners, refugees and forcefully recruited labourers were brought in from Russian territory during the German occupation in 1941 – 1944. | | | From 1940 – 1990, the Russian-speaking percentage of the population jumped from eight to forty percent, and one quarter of the ethnic Estonian population fled, or were deported or executed. |
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http://www.einst.ee/society/russian_communities.htm
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| | The Russian Empire, 1855 to 1900 |
| | To many Russian peasants, and many who had migrated to the cities, the Jews were extortionists - the same bleeding the peasants with high interest rates with which some German peasants had characterized Jews. | | | Russians were less devoted to the French language and to literature from Britain and Germany. | | | Many Jews had been invited to settle in Poland before the Russians had taken control of Polish lands, and now many from Russia-controlled Poland and from western Russia would be among those "Eastern Europeans" who migrated to the United States. |
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http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h47-ru.htm
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| | History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Many Russian Germans were exiled to Siberia by the Tsar's government as enemies of the state- generally without trial or evidence. | | | In 1916, an order was issued to deport the Volga Germans to the east as well, but the Russian Revolution prevented this from being carried out. | | | There were some 2 million ethnic Germans in the Soviet Union in 1989, but most of them could not speak German and did not think of themselves primarily as Germans. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_minority_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union
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| | Russian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages, and is therefore related to Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, as well as the modern Germanic, Romance, and Celtic languages, including English, French, and Irish, respectively. | | | Outside the Slavic languages, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have been greatly influenced by Greek, Latin, French, German, and English. | | | Russian is also spoken in Israel by at least 750,000 ethnic Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union (1999 census). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language
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| | Russian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Outside the Slavic languages, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have been greatly influenced by Greek, Latin, French, German, and English. | | | Russian is also spoken in Israel by at least 750,000 ethnic Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union (1999 census). | | | In Latvia, notably, its official recognition and legality in the classroom have been a topic of considerable debate in a country where more than one-third of the population is Russian-speaking, consisting mostly of post-World War II immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former USSR (Belarus, Ukraine). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language
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| | German Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Subsequent German foreign policy initiatives (notably the initiation of a large battle fleet under the naval laws of 1898 and 1900) drove Britain into diplomatic alignment (the Entente) with a Franco-Russian alliance already in the offing at the time of Bismarck's fall. | | | In response, British imperialists such as Joseph Chamberlain thus concluded that formal imperialism was necessary for Britain because of the relative decline of its share of the world's export trade and the rise of German, American, and French economic competition. | | | Less preoccupied by continental power politics following unification in 1871, Germany's semi-parliamentary government carried out a relatively smooth economic and political revolution from above that pushed them along the way towards becoming the world's leading industrial power of the time. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire
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| | Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | After the Russian Revolution the deeply religious Volga Germans, 76% of whom were Christians of the Lutheran faith, immediately came into conflict with the anti-religious Bolshevik revolutionaries. | | | The beginning of the Second World War (known in the former U.S.S.R. as the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945) marked the end of the Volga German A.S.S.R. The Soviet government declared all Germans to be enemies of the state, which increased the persecution and fear of the Volga Germans among the general Russian populace. | | | According to the politics of korenizatsiya, carried out in 1920s in the Soviet Union, usage of German language was promoted in official documents and German nationals were encouraged to occupy management positions. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_German_ASSR
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| | History of Germany |
| | German strategists felt that a war against these countries had to be waged by 1916 if it were to be won because after that year Russian and French military reforms would be complete, making German victory doubtful. | | | The Germanic tribes he describes are believed to have come from Scandinavia to Germany about 100 B.C., perhaps induced to migrate by overpopulation. | | | According to the laws of the German feudal system, the king had no claims on the vassals of the other princes, only on those living within his family's territory. |
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http://home.carolina.rr.com/wormold/germany
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| | Pravda.RU Russia pledges to protect compatriots abroad |
| | Russian President Vladimir Putin and German chancellor Gerhard Schroeder hail the decision of Russian Gazprom and German EON AG to cooperate in gas and electric energy production and other projects, the Kremlin press service said More details... | | | The level of media approval by Russian nationals is even higher than that of state and public institutions (the government, 33%, the State Duma, 25%, political parties, 20%) More details... | | | This instance of discrimination against Russians is cited in a draft resolution on ethnic minorities in Latvia and Estonia, which was submitted for consideration at the 13th session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) being held in Edinburgh this week. |
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http://newsfromrussia.com/main/2004/07/08/54854.html
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| | NCSJ - Estonia page |
| | Estonias Jewish community was severely depleted as a consequence of Estonias incorporation into the Soviet Union and subsequent German occupation. | | | Estonia has good relations with most of its neighbors around the Baltic Sea and is a member of the Council of Baltic Sea States (CBSS). | | | The Jewish Community of Estonia is also a member of the World Jewish Congress, the European Jewish Congress, and the European Council of Jewish Communities. |
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http://www.ncsj.org/Estonia.shtml
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| | Course Information- German |
| | TEACHING AREAS: Elementary and Intermediate Russian, Intermediate and Advanced German Composition and Conversation, Society and Literature in 20th Century Germany (Antifascist Tradition), Cluster Course: History of Russian Culture, Introduction to Literary Studies, The German Novelle, German Lyric Poetry, Romanticism, 20th Century German Literature. | | | Comparative Literature; German-Slavic (particularly Russian and Polish) cultural relations; literature and the other arts; literature and history. | | | Russian 120, Elementary Russian II, will be offered in WS 2000 from 11:00AM to 12:00PM MWRF. |
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http://iml.umkc.edu/foreign/other/brodskyr.htm
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| | Washingtonpost.com: Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration |
| | At the age of 16, she was abducted from her home in the southern Russian city of Rostov by German soldiers in October 1942 with hundreds of other young women to work at the Ford plant at Cologne. | | | In April 1939, for example, German Ford made a personal present to Hitler of 35,000 Reichsmarks in honor of his 50th birthday, according to a captured Nazi document. | | | Ford spokesman Spellich described the Schneider report as "a mischaracterization" of the activities of the American parent company and noted that Dearborn managers had frequently been kept in the dark by their German subordinates over events in Cologne. |
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http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm
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| | GERMAN DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTS, CHAPTER III, THE ANGLO-GERMAN CONVENTIONS OF AUGUST 30TH, 1898-JUNE-SEPTEMBER, 1898 |
| | He has all along tried to work for the Russian alliance.' The German Foreign Office soon came to the conclusion that under the new Brisson-Delcassé Ministry there was no hope of practical co-operation between France and Germany. | | | The German Government pressed for a speedy conclusion of an agreement forcing a loan secured on Portugal's colonies in the thinly disguised hope of being certainly able to foreclose on the share of them which was to fall to Germany. | | | I did not fail to reply, representing very fitly that it was hard for German public opinion to forget the amazing personal attacks and insults which had been so often directed against His Majesty in the Press here and in public speeches and on public occasions. |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/dugdale/chapter3.htm
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| | Alliance System |
| | Kaiser William II was furious at it, both because it seemed to shut Germany out of Morocco and because it indicated that British influence would be used in the interests of France, rather than those of Germany. | | | By this Italy would remain neutral in any Russian attempt to regain the control of the Straits and Constantinople in return for Russian diplomatic support for the Italian conquest of Tripoli. | | | The Austro-German alliance of 1879 was so modified that it had become an aggressive alliance after the Bosnian crisis in 1909, the German government promised to give military aid to Austria-Hungary, if Austria invaded Serbia and Russia intervened on behalf of the latter. |
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http://www.thecorner.org/wwi/alliance.htm
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| | The Great Famine-Genocide in Soviet Ukraine (Holodomor) |
| | According to Richard Walth, 350,000 Russian Germans (in Russia and Ukraine) perished in the famine of 1932-1933. | | | Available evidence, however, demonstrates that the main cause of the 1921 famine among the Russian Germans was the requisition policy of the government, not the failure of crops or drought. | | | On the collectivization famine in the Volga-German ASSR, Volga- German professor Adolf Gersch writes, "The.....famine, which had been knowingly prepared by the Soviet leadership and the Communist Party, and which had as a consequence mortality on a massive scale among the Volga-German population, was also a planned mass murder. |
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http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/openwound.htm
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| | New US Future Combat Vehicle No Match for New Russian Tank [Free Republic] |
| | The story involved a German outfit that overran a Russian Tank division. | | | I remember reading a German report on fighting the Russians. | | | The Russians had, and have, a HUGE land area to defend, lots of people to defend it, but very little money, so the T-34 was a fabulous solution considering their constraints. |
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http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a390051660e85.htm
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| | Catherine the Great |
| | Catherine portrayed herself as a true Russian ruler, who had saved Russia from the German foreigner Peter. | | | Many in the Russian nobility disliked her, because (despite her outward embrace of Russian ways) she was a German, a loose woman (having had many lovers), and part of the Russian imperial family by marriage only. | | | Pugachev, the leader of the peasant uprising, idealized Peter III, who had granted religious freedom to Russians and who (Pugachev falsely asserted) had been planning to free the serfs. |
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http://www.tnstate.edu/edachowski/catherine_the_great.htm
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| | Koda |
| | In the Yellow Sea battle, because of his ongoing blockade operations, Admiral Togo was not fully prepared for the sudden sortie of the Russian squadron out of Port Arthur; therefore, he simply had to react to it. | | | A follow-on torpedo assault by Japanese destroyers and torpedo boats against the surviving Russian warships was badly executed and gained no success. | | | In 1897, Germany sent warships and troops to occupy Tsingtao, in response to the murder of three German missionaries on the Shantung Peninsula. |
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http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2005/spring/art1-sp05.htm
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| | Sidney Fay, The Origins of the World War, Vol 1, ch 3 |
| | THE Franco-Russian Entente of 1891, which ripened into the Alliance of 1894, was the natural result of the suspicions, the feeling of isolation, and the irritation against Germany which existed in both countries. | | | The Russians had at first been alarmed at the Kaiser’s efforts at reconciliation with France, and were delighted with the outburst against the Empress Frederick, in which they were suspected by the German Ambassador in Paris of having had a hand. | | | His allusion to the Triple Alliance at the opening of the Reichstag May 6, 1890, even though he spoke of it as a guarantee of universal peace, and his new Army Law increasing the German forces by some 18,000 men, were no less disturbing to the Russians than to the French. |
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http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/fay/origin_103.html
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| | Documents Related to World War II |
| | Memorandum by the State Secretary in the German Foreign Office (Weizsäcker) on difficulties in expelling Russian Jews, BERLIN, December 5, 1939 | | | The Reichsfuehrer-SS and Chief of the German Police in the Ministry of the Interior to the Foreign Ministry on the explusion of all Soviet Russian Jews from Reich territory, BERLIN, January 5, 1938, Received January 10, 1938. | | | The German Foreign Office to the Representative of the German Foreign Office With the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia on Ukraine; June 8, 1940 |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww2.htm
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| | Konigsberg : Our Family History Mid 1700's to Mid 1900's |
| | Germans had lived in various parts of the Russian empire for centuries so perhaps the best way to describe their history is through a description of the migration waves that occurred. | | | German national districts in the Ukraine (1936) During WWII the fate of the Black Sea Germans was determined by the swift occupation of the Black Sea region by Romanian and German troops. | | | Germans living in the cities were also deported to labor camps. |
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http://home.att.net/~w.tomtschik/KDindex.html
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| | index.html |
| | See below: German-Russians: Germans who migrated to Russia | | | Rulers of Palatinate, A German State, List of | | | Rulers of German State, List of [Go to the German State listed under German States and other land areas before 1806-Holy Roman Empire from "A" to "Zzzz"] |
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http://www.remmick.org/Remmick.Family.Tree
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| | HIS 232: Reference Sheet for pre-1914 Diplomatic Alliances and Alignments |
| | The alliance is an example of Bismarck's desire (for German security) to prevent any Russian threat to its Germanic neighbor. | | | Against the firmly established Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (thoughthat didn't prove to be all that firm in 1914) there stood the equally firm Franco-Russian alliance, with Britain finally declaring her interest instanding with the latter powers against Germany. | | | Likewise, France would come to the aid of Russia if she were attacked by Germany, or by an Austria supported by Germany. |
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http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob15.html
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| | Cherry-Picking: Preventing the Emergence of a Permanent Franco-German-Russian Alliance |
| | In addition, helping to retard the perpetuation of a Franco-German-Russian alliance designed to balance the U.S. must be seen as a primary American national interest. | | | Thoughtful German politicians, such as Friedbert Pfluge, the shadow Christian Democratic Union (CDU)/Christian Social Union (CSU) spokesman for foreign affairs, have begun to criticize the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder for diverting Germany from its long-standing adherence to the foreign policy formulated by Konrad Adenauer--pro-French, pro-Europe, and pro-American. | | | Ever sensitive to Russian public opinion and to the perception that Moscow has become a lackey of the United States, Putin chose to side with Paris and Berlin for the primary political reasons that December parliamentary elections are looming and the U.S. did not engage Moscow enough over Iraq. |
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http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/1682.cfm
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| | 19th Century |
| | Under Deutsche Verfassungen much historical material can be found, for instance constitutional documents of the individual (historical) German states from the Middle Ages onwards, in particular the constitutional documents from the 19th century. | | | document Archiv offers a large selection of documents on German history from the 19th century through to the present day (in German) | | | Archive of the Social Democratic Party of Germany some day they'll get around to cataloging the early sources (at present only post WWII) (in German) |
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http://www.erlangerhistorikerseite.de/heidelberg/gh/e6.html
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| | HAVOCSTORIAN |
| | On October 20th Mozhaisk fell to the Germans, and according to German intelligence with it went that last of the Russian reserves. | | | The Russian's where not quite as subservient as the Germans would have liked and the Germans did much better in the west than Russia anticipated or wanted. | | | Russian pressure on Finland and Romania threatened the German war machines resources. |
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http://www.axisandallies.net/public/havoc/vol5_havoc/jan_03/history.html
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