German re-unification

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German Unification

But German unification was more than a mere incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Throughout the unification process, many critical observers had voiced concern about a possible German re-orientation towards the Central and Eastern European economies in transition.
The makers of German unification pursued one overriding goal: all the effort they put, all the measures they took, and all the ideas they had within the framework of GEMSU they aimed at adjusting the standard of living in the East to that of the West.

http://www.fatemi.com/CONFERENCES/prey1.html



junker.txt

German unification could be so readily endorsed and supported by the United States precisely because it was part and parcel of a general process of Central and East European liberation, extending beyond the Soviet empire even finally to the breakup of the Soviet Union itself.
Only three weeks after the proclamation of the second German Empire at Versailles, President Ulysses S. Grant stated in an address to Congress on February 7, 1871, that the unification of Germany under a form of government that, in many respects, mirrored the American system was received with great sympathy by the American people.
I would argue that it was this transformation of the German Empire into the evil empire that enabled the American people in general and President Wilson in particular to put an end to the deeply ambivalent U.S. policy toward Europe of the years 1914- 1916, a policy that could not be maintained indefinitely.

http://www.h-net.org/~german/research/ghi/junker.txt (10261 words)



German Unification

But German unification was more than a mere incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Throughout the unification process, many critical observers had voiced concern about a possible German re-orientation towards the Central and Eastern European economies in transition.
The makers of German unification pursued one overriding goal: all the effort they put, all the measures they took, and all the ideas they had within the framework of GEMSU they aimed at adjusting the standard of living in the East to that of the West.

http://www.fatemi.com/CONFERENCES/prey1.html (14211 words)



index

In a speech by Johann Gustav Droysen, a Prussian assemblyman, he called for peaceful German unification by stating, "Already Prussia is Germany in embryo," and that all German people would benefit from national consolidation.
Their techniques of unification differed, however, as Germany's was more diplomatic and peacful, and Italy's was more radical and militaristic.
Though he was branded as a "War Hawk," his approach to unification was very diplomatic, with only two wars as a result- The Austro-Prussian War to control Germany, and the Franco- Prussian War to inspire Nationalism and Patriotism.

http://www.geocities.com/ageofnationalism05 (2251 words)



German Unification

But German unification was more than a mere incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The makers of German unification pursued one overriding goal: all the effort they put, all the measures they took, and all the ideas they had within the framework of GEMSU they aimed at adjusting the standard of living in the East to that of the West.
Irrespective of the many critics and their numerous arguments, the German chancellor, Helmut Kohl, chose a strategy that eventually entered German political history as the commonly referred to 'tax lie.' In the presence of the upcoming federal elections, the CDU did not want to transfer the costs of unification directly to the taxpayer and voter.

http://www.fatemi.com/CONFERENCES/prey1.html (14211 words)



Commentary Magazine - German Unification: Prospects & Merits

...Are we to conclude, from all this, that another unification of Germany is a credible prospect for the 1960's...
...Is unification of Germany then today high on the agenda of a responsible world politics...
...We must anticipate also, I believe, that the political leadership of East Germany will remain uninterested in unification, while the political leadership of West Germany will continue to be uncompromising concerning the fundamentals of union...

http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V40I1P27-1.htm (14211 words)



German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As Germany was divided into many different states, the only force working for a unification or standardisation of German during a period of several hundred years was the general preference of writers trying to write in a way that could be understood in the largest possible area.
Outside of Europe and the former Soviet Union, the largest German speaking communities are to be found in the USA and in Brazil where millions of Germans migrated in the last 200 years; but the great majority of their descendants no longer speak German.
Standard German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language (3957 words)



NEH Summer Seminar: Post-Wall Germany

"Germans and Foreigners" examines the status of different groups considered "foreigners" in Germany, including "guest workers" and asylum seekers, as well as the outbreaks of violence against them since unification.
The dissolution of the Eastern Bloc and the subsequent unification of Germany have had far-reaching implications in many areas, ranging from the way Germans perceive themselves and their nation to Germany's role as a member of the European Community and to its international image.
The program emphasized debates around parallels and differences between the two authoritarian systems in National Socialist Germany and the GDR and explore how critiques of GDR socialism have been used to advance West German political agendas.

http://www.umass.edu/neh (3957 words)



wuerth_andrea

East German legislators and activists -- many of whom objected to this sort of argumentation and continued to endorse self-determination-- were marginalized, peripheral voices in post-unification Germany.
East German feminists reluctantly recognized that unification was inevitable in early 1990 and then very actively sought cooperation with abortion activists in West Germany.
In this study of abortion politics I have argued that the abortion law reform debate was shaped significantly by the nationalization of the post-Wall public sphere and the unification of the two German states.

http://www.unc.edu/depts/eucenter/papers/wuerth_andrea.html (6040 words)



German Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Less preoccupied by continental power politics following unification in 1871, Germany's semi-parliamentary government carried out a relatively smooth economic and political revolution from above that pushed them along the way towards becoming the world's leading industrial power of the time.
In response, British imperialists such as Joseph Chamberlain thus concluded that formal imperialism was necessary for Britain because of the relative decline of its share of the world's export trade and the rise of German, American, and French economic competition.
After 1878, the struggle against socialism would unite Bismarck with the Catholic Centre Party, bringing an end to the Kulturkampf, which had led to far greater Catholic unrest than existed beforehand and had strengthened rather than weakened Catholicism in Germany.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire (6040 words)



THE "REPATRIATION" OF THE BALTIC GERMANS AFTER THE SIGNING OF THE PACTS: A NEW NAZI POPULATION POLICY OR THE REALIZATION OF FORMER PLANS?

The basic idea of this racial policy was the unification of all Germans in one territory and the superiority of the German race existed from the very beginning of the National Socialist movement, but political pragmatism had dictated another course of action, that of strengthening Germandom abroad.
In order to accommodate the Baltic Germans and compensate them for the material possessions left behind in Estonia and Latvia, Poles and Jews were displaced, their property and possessions confiscated and they themselves were taken to occupied regions of Poland— the General Government (from June 1940 onwards).
Before giving an answer to the Baltic German question, some comments need to be made on National Socialist plans and policy with respect to the Volksdeutsche (before the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact August 23, 1939).

http://vip.latnet.lv/LPRA/kangeris.htm (6040 words)



Italy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The architects of Italian unification were Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, a general and national hero.
In the north, the province of South Tyrol (Südtirol in German, Alto Adige in Italian) is almost entirely German-speaking; the area was awarded to Italy following the First World War and her defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
According to estimates by (CIA World Fact Book 2005, Italian polls, Adherents.com, BBC News and others), it is safe to conclude that 87% of the Italian population self-identify as Roman Catholic, whereas around 13% identify with either other religions or none at all.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy (2405 words)



phpBB.K405L02D.de :: Wikipedia English Version

Many historians, such as Ian Kershaw and Joachim Fest, argue that Hitler's Nazis were one of numerous nationalist and increasingly fascistic groups that existed in Germany and contended for leadership of the anti-Communist movement and, eventually, of the German state.
Both the German and Italian fascist political parties began as unionist labor movements, and grew into totalitarian dictatorships.
Like other fascist regimes, the Nazi regime emphasized anti-communism and the leader principle (FÃ¼hrerprinzip), a key element of fascist ideology in which the ruler is deemed to embody the political movement and the nation.

http://www.k405l02d.de/phpbb/wikipedia_en.php?title=Nazis (2405 words)



Italian unification Cavour Garibaldi Italy German unification

In more northerly parts of Europe the Prussians seemed to be engaged in military manoeuvres that might threaten the French interest - Prussia as a member of the German Confederation was obliged to assist in the defence of Austria, as a fellow member of the confederation, should her core territories come under threat.
Cavour warned the Italian parliament that Italy could not make war on Austria single-handed, he still hoped that Venice would be joined into Italy but told the chamber that it was a "secret of providence" whether such a "deliverance" would come "by arms or diplomacy".
Cavour sought some form of alliance with the French against Austria in the hope of ensuring that some of those areas of the Italian peninsula ruled directly by Austria, or by Austrian supported rulers, would be more free to join in with a redrawing of the political map of the the Italian Peninsula.

http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/italian_unification.html (7166 words)



Jamaica Gleaner - Social - 'Unification Day' was great - Sunday October 12, 2003

And so, last Friday, it was a call to fabulousness and all things German, for the 13th annual 'Unification Day' reception, in St. Andrew, und schatz, es was ganz toll!
That was 14 years ago and today German people worldwide celebrate October 3, each year as 'Unification Day'!
And after months of shuttle-diplomacy, he got the Allies' blessings for a reunited Germany.

http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20031012/ent/ent4.html (7166 words)



unif-compare.htm

Nonetheless, counter revolution prevailed in the end when despotic rule returned to most German states, usually after the suppression of revolts by loyal imperial forces.
The unification movements of both countries took place at roughly the same time in the mid-19th century and were motivated by the same historical trends - that of liberalism and nationalism.
Yet, his greatest contribution to Italian unification was in the realm of diplomacy.

http://www.thecorner.org/hists/assign/unif-compare.htm (1768 words)



Unification

German unification was made possible by the diplomacy and foreign policies of Otto von Bismarck.
German unification remained an elusive dream until Prussia appointed the "Iron Chancellor", Otto von Bismarck in 1862.
Bimarck would have to tread carefully if he were to unify the scattered Germans.

http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/germany/2ndreich/unif_ess.htm (467 words)



Germany Info: Government & Politics

In celebrating the German national holiday commemorating unification on October 3, 1990, Federal President Johannes Rau thanked the United States for its crucial support in that historic achievement.
“Through the horrific events of last year, Germans were once again reminded of the generosity and support America has shown to our people, and they have shown their sympathy and solidarity,” Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger said recently.
“Germans have not forgotten that Germany& unification would not have been possible without America’s support.

http://www.germany-info.org/relaunch/politics/new/pol_Oct_03_2002.html (652 words)



Europe in Retropsect: International Order & Domestic Strife - The Age of Revolution

As historians are generally concerned with the unusual and the irregular-the "fact"-the variations in details by which the unification of Germany and Italy took place are very important to a close understanding of diplomatic and political developments of the time.
One state was the principal agent of unification: Piedmont in Italy, Prussia in Germany.
It was in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 that Bismarck manipulated the remaining German states into a military alliance with his North German Confederation.

http://www.britannia.com/history/euro/1/3_2.html (2932 words)



SparkNotes: Europe (1848-1871): Important Terms, People, and Events

Otto von Bismarck- 1815-1898; German chancellor and architect of German unification under the Prussian crown; ruthlessly used realpolitik in his endeavors; instigated fabricated conflicts with Denmark, Austria, and France to acquire the land he believed should be part of the German Empire.
Camillo di Cavour- 1810-1861; Sardinian prime minister and architect of Italian unification under Sardinia's crown; skillfully used realpolitik and his understanding of international relations to enhance Sardinia's stature as a European power and use the French-Austrian conflict to his advantage.
The Civil War was an example of the forcible unification of a union using realpolitik.

http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871/terms.html (803 words)



German History

These are wonderful historic texts featuring German history starting from German origins and Martin Luther, through Bismarck and Economic Miracle, and to re-unification and Gerhard Schroeder.
Get information on German historical past and present, chronology of main historical and political events in Germany.
The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing west.

http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/links/history.htm (559 words)



junker.txt

German unification could be so readily endorsed and supported by the United States precisely because it was part and parcel of a general process of Central and East European liberation, extending beyond the Soviet empire even finally to the breakup of the Soviet Union itself.
It is equally well-known that a large part of the German public had drawn the conclusion from the deliberately vague wording of Wilson's state- ments that the American president was actually demanding also the abdication of the emperor and the transition to a German republic.
The United States chose to interpret German unity from this providential perspective, as it had done with other national and democratic movements in Europe during the nineteenth century, be it in Greece, Hungary, Italy, or a republican France.

http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~german/research/ghi/junker.txt (10261 words)



MSN Encarta - Germany

In the early 19th century, French conquest of the German states started a movement toward German national unification, and in 1815, led by the state of Prussia, the German states formed a confederacy that lasted until 1867 (see German Confederation).
In 1989 Germans from the East and West breached the Berlin Wall, an event that symbolized the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the beginning of German reunification.
The principal language is German, and two-thirds of the people are either Roman Catholic or Protestant.

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761576917 (10261 words)



RTE Business - Germany to cut holiday day to boost economy

The plan to change the holiday had been widely trailed in the German press and was criticised by some as disrespectful to the historic struggle for unification.
In a move derided by opponents as 'unpatriotic', the German government has decided to shift the October 3 unification day holiday to a Sunday in order to bolster its economy.
However Germany's federal system means that the government in Berlin has the power to change only two of these - the May 1 Labour holiday and unification day.

http://www.rte.ie/business/2004/1104/germany.html (10261 words)



NationMaster.com - Detailed Nation Profile: Germany

The Berlin Wall was more about protecting the German Democratic Republic from losing its citizens.
Americans call the German State "Anti-American" just because it didn't agree with the Iraq War, don't they?
With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR).

http://www.nationmaster.com/country/gm (588 words)



Germany Info: Culture & Life: History: German Unification

Both eastern and western German public figures have encouraged the continuation of the annual Jugendweihe ceremonies, arguing that in their post-unification form they provide an opportunity to remind young people of the responsibilities they will be taking on as citizens in a democratic society.
This trend was confirmed in a recent survey of the group within German society most likely to have doubts about unification: voters who regularly cast their ballots for the Party of Democratic Socialism.
It was not until 1995 that Germany's major political parties found a way to reconcile the pre-unification Federal Republic's prohibition of abortion except under special circumstances and the German Democratic Republic's policy of allowing abortion on demand during the first trimester of pregnancy.

http://www.germany-info.org/relaunch/culture/history/unification.html (2526 words)



The German Turnverein

It was only with the revival of the drivefor German unification in the late 1860s, that the gymnastic movement rediscovered its purpose and was able to regain he momentum of the revolutionary era.
The center of the revived movement shifted out of Prussia, which had been its heartland under Jahn's leadership, to the South and West German States, where the
Given the radicalization of the movement in the 1840s, it is not surprising that the German gymnasts were directly involved in the 1848 revolutions.

http://www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/rz/turnvere.htm (1122 words)



On German nationalism

A fundamental assumption of this approach is a "natural" trajectory of national development, which leads to the demonization of all German history, culture and politics as culminating, because of the late unification of the German nation, in the compensatory xenophobic nationalism of the Nazis.
Following German reunification, there have been numerous warnings concerning an alleged resurgence of nationalist sentiments in Germany.[1] Eva Geulen's analysis of German nationalism is part of this pattern.
Thus one could claim that the "belated" German nation has (as some of its citizens have discovered) an advantage over older nations which have never had to reflect on their artificial character, as had Germany between 1945 and 1991.

http://es.geocities.com/sucellus23/telos26.htm (3770 words)



George Bush Presidential Library and Museum

In this letter he commits his government to seek, shortly after unification, to provide expeditious and satisfactory resolution of claims of Jewish victims of the Nazi regime against the German Democratic Republic.
In this same letter he states that the Federal Republic of Germany will, shortly after unification, resolve through negotiations with the United States Government the claims of U.S. nationals that were previously under discussion with the German Democratic Republic.
In his letter of September 18 to Secretary Baker, Foreign Minister Genscher also makes clear that the Government of a united Germany accepts responsibility for the resolution of unresolved claims against the German Democratic Republic, both of American citizens, and of Jewish victims of the Nazi regime.

http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1990/90092501.html (907 words)



German Unity Day Celebrated

Re-unification has had a significant impact on Germany's position in Europe and the world.
The release said that contrary to some fears, German unification did not destabilize the continent nor did it negatively affect the multilateral framework for German and European foreign policy.
The process of German re-unification starting with that day, together with the dramatic changes in other countries of the former Eastern Block, the release indicated, helped to end the East-West antagonism.

http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2000/10/27-10-00/Germ.htm (225 words)