|
| |
| | Larkey: Political Economy of Memory in East Germany |
 | | The post-unification period has witnessed the privatization of the East German economy, the de-regulation of most areas of public life and the de-centralization of the centralized economic and political institutions in the country. | | | In the wake of the 1955 establishment of the NATO and Warsaw Pact military alliances, the Socialist Unity Party and the GDR government pursued a policy of a constructing a socialist German nation within the GDR state (25). | | | East Germans are reconstructing and renegotiating their identities with rock music, drawing on both local as well as global sources, re-interpreting symbols and musical narratives to both accommodate and resist hegemonic West German historical and cultural discourses which de-legitimize and subordinate East German social experiences and discourses within the project of German unification. |
|
http://www.bsos.umd.edu/CSS97/papers/larkey.html
(9608 words)
|
|
| |
| | Nazi Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially communists and some types of socialists, were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. | | | The German economy was transferred to the leadership of Hermann Göring when, on October 18, 1936 the German Reichstag announced the formation of a Four-year plan which was designed to gear the Nazi economy towards a war footing, which Hitler had revealed in the Hossbach Memorandum. | | | In 1942 the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a fully war economy under Albert Speer. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany
(4509 words)
|
|
| |
| | NTU Info Centre: East Germany |
| | East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a Communist Party-led state that existed from 1949 to 1990 in the former Soviet occupation zone of Germany. | | | It was created in 1946 through the merger of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the Soviet controlled zone, although the SPD remained a separate party in East Berlin. | | | The East German territory was reorganized into what is now the city of Berlin and five states, reconstituting political entities that had been abolished in 1950. |
|
http://www.nowtryus.com/article:East_Germany
(1485 words)
|
|
| |
| | junker.txt |
| | The United States would remain Germany's most important ally, despite the permanent German diplomatic balancing act between France and the U.S. As a country dedicated to the rule of law, Germany guarantees democratic basic rights, maintains a federalist structure, and is devoted to the princi- ples of a social market economy. | | | I would argue that it was this transformation of the German Empire into the evil empire that enabled the American people in general and President Wilson in particular to put an end to the deeply ambivalent U.S. policy toward Europe of the years 1914- 1916, a policy that could not be maintained indefinitely. | | | It is equally well-known that a large part of the German public had drawn the conclusion from the deliberately vague wording of Wilson's state- ments that the American president was actually demanding also the abdication of the emperor and the transition to a German republic. |
|
http://www.h-net.org/~german/research/ghi/junker.txt
(10261 words)
|
|
| |
| | Treuhandanstalt |
| | Conscious about the particularity of underemployment in the GIDR economy and the consequently necessity to lay off a large part of the labor force, the East German employers allowed wages to rise as much as possible to benefit from high unemployment payments. | | | Considering the special situation, and in order to protect the whole of the East German economy, article 9,3 of the West German Constitution should not have been immediately expanded to the new Lander. | | | While other East European countries in transition have as main objectives to establish monetary stability with a convertible currency, an institutional infrastructure, and the adjustment of the economy, especially on the enterprise level, East Germany took over with the unification a hard currency and the institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany. |
|
http://www.fatemi.com/CONFERENCES/treuhandanstalt.html
(6571 words)
|
|
| |
| | East_German |
| | However, the East German press occasionally reported prosecutions of particularly egregious cases of illegal "second economy" activity, involving what are called "crimes against socialist property" and other activities that are in "conflict and contradiction with the interests and demands of society" (as one report described the situation). | | | East German economists and planners were well aware of the alleged strengths and weaknesses of their system of planned economy. | | | East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a Communist state that existed from 1949 to 1990 in the former Soviet occupation zone of Germany. |
|
http://www.plasmatvwholesaler.com/search.php?title=East_German
(4545 words)
|
|
| |
| | Links for German Teachers - Culture |
| | Goethe Institute - Culture and Society - "articles on basic issues relating to culture, the economy, government and society in Germany, as well as contributions on very topical events... | | | The web site also has useful information on the geography, the economy, science, the people, the government, and the history of Switzerland. | | | An extensive directory of links to web sites focusing on various aspects of culture in german speaking countries. |
|
http://www.caslt.org/research/german14.htm
(4545 words)
|
|
| |
| | East Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | However, the East German press occasionally reported prosecutions of particularly egregious cases of illegal "second economy" activity, involving what are called "crimes against socialist property" and other activities that are in "conflict and contradiction with the interests and demands of society" (as one report described the situation). | | | East German economists and planners were well aware of the alleged strengths and weaknesses of their system of planned economy. | | | The East German territory was reorganized into what is now the city of Berlin and five states, reconstituting political entities that had been abolished in 1950. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German
(5949 words)
|
|
| |
| | BIGpedia - German reunification - Encyclopedia and Dictionary Online |
| | The primary cause of this was the severe weakness of the East German economy, especially vis-à-vis the West German economy, combined with a (politically motivated) conversion rates from East German Mark to the Deutschmark that did not reflect this economical reality, resulting in a very sudden (usually fatal) loss of competitiveness of East German industries. | | | The other choice would have been for East Germany to join as a whole along the lines of a formal union between two German states that then would have had to, amongst other things, create a new constitution for the new founded country. | | | The democratic government of the Federal Republic of Germany and its NATO allies at first did not recognize the German Democratic Republic or the Peoples Republic of Poland, per the Hallstein Doctrine. |
|
http://www.bigpedia.com/encyclopedia/German_reunification
(1121 words)
|
|
| |
| | Excerpts from a Nazi Geography Textbook (1943) |
| | Until the National Socialist takeover, the German economy followed the principles of economic liberalism, which held that a nation's economy could develop irrespective of its natural economic foundations. | | | The German scholars and scientists, missionaries and merchants, farmers and craftsmen were working in distant lands under foreign flags for other peoples, among whom they were guests, and they mostly lost their German nature. | | | The National Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP) became the political movement of the entire nation. |
|
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/textbk02.htm
(1121 words)
|
|
| |
| | Consequences of German Nazism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In Greece the impact of German Nazism was an occupation of the country which destroyed its economy and much of its previously established society. | | | Germany itself and the German economy were devastated, with great parts of most major cities destroyed by the bombings of the Allied forces, sovereignty was taken away by the Allies and the territory filled with millions of refugees from the former eastern provinces, moving the eastern German border westwards to the Oder-Neisse line. | | | German Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state profoundly affected many countries, communities and peoples before, during and after World War II and the Holocaust. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences_of_German_Nazism
(2023 words)
|
|
| |
| | leslie04.html |
| | It is impossible to praise too highly the extraordinary erudition, the immense industry, and the manysidedness of intellectual sympathy which distinguish Roscher's history of German political economy; but we venture to suggest to him a revision of the brief notice which it includes of the history of English political economy in the last thirty years. | | | In the second period German Political Economy in his view disengaged itself finally from both theology and jurisprudence, and became an independent science. | | | The term `cameralistic,' which makes a great figure in early German economics, originated (as Roscher mentions in another work) in the office or chamber (Cammer), which in each German State was charged with the supervision and administration of the Crown revenues. |
|
http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/leslie/leslie04.html
(2671 words)
|
|
| |
| | The East Prussian Genealogy Website - History of Germany by John Holwell |
| | World War II itler's foreign policy goals were determined by his belief that Germany was overpopulated and needed to conquer Europe in order to secure Lebensraum (living space) in Poland and Russia. | | | The costs of bringing the faltering economy of East Germany in line with the West promised to be enormous, but the great prosperity of the former West Germany gave cause for optimism on that score. | | | When, in November 1918, it was obvious that Germany had to sue for peace, the German people rose in revolt against their leaders. |
|
http://www.paetzel.info/histgerm.htm
(4885 words)
|
|
| |
| | Economy of the German Democratic Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | However, the East German press occasionally reported prosecutions of particularly egregious cases of illegal "second economy" activity, involving what are called "crimes against socialist property" and other activities that are in "conflict and contradiction with the interests and demands of society" (as one report described the situation). | | | The fact that East Germany had a planned economy did not mean that a single, comprehensive plan was the basis of all economic activity. | | | The ultimate directing force in the economy, as in every aspect of the society, was the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands--SED), particularly its top leadership. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_East_Germany
(2687 words)
|
|
| |
| | Germany: A Brighter Sun In The East |
| | Yet there is reason to believe that the pessimism about the East German economy is overdone. | | | Germany could also better spend the $110 billion a year it pumps into the East German economy. | | | The jubilation that swept East Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 long ago gave way to the sober reality of globalization and market forces. |
|
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_40/b3902085_mz054.htm
(1474 words)
|
|
| |
| | Plans for 30 January 1943 |
| | The rebuilding and reorganization of German labor and the German economy were the prerequisites for the fact of our invincibility. | | | Adolf Hitler's words at the beginning of the construction of the Autobahns — "German workers, begin!" — were a clear expression of National Socialist Germany's conviction that labor, not capital (the position of the earlier Jewish-liberal-democratic system), was at the center of constructive activity. | | | In the period around 30 January, the German press will conduct a major campaign to review the ten years of revolutionary events that are behind us, showing the German people and the world the greatness of National Socialism's accomplishments, which we are today defending with weapons in hand against Bolshevism and Jewry. |
|
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/30jan1943.htm
(1474 words)
|
|
| |
| | German Confederation |
| | The "hungry forties" gave way to the prosperity of the 1850s as the German economy modernized and laid the foundations for spectacular growth later in the century. | | | Many of Germany's liberal intelligentsia--lower government officials, men of letters, professors, and lawyers--who pushed for representative government and greater political freedom were also interested in some form of German unity. | | | Vienna, for its part, did not realize at this early point the political and economic significance of intra-German trade. |
|
http://www.robertwise.com/confederation.htm
(1644 words)
|
|
| |
| | Germany says Privatization of East Complete Business Deutsche Welle 20.11.2003 |
| | Thirteen years after reunification, the privatization of East Germany’s economy has been officially declared complete. | | | “Neither the Treuhandanstalt nor the BvS thought they could do away with the economic results of 40 years of East German dictatorship,” the BvS president said. | | | In the summer of 1990, the Treuhand overtook all formerly East German companies that had yet to be privatized -- some 8,500 firms in all, with four million employees in some 45,000 work sites. |
|
http://www.dw-world.de/english/0,3367,1431_A_1037881_1_A,00.html
(458 words)
|
|
| |
| | Second World War Books: Review |
| | War Economy and Armaments (WiRuAmt) officials complained on April 1 that the occupation of Bohemia had solved none of the economic dilemmas facing the Reich, but had instead merely added to Germany's raw material needs. | | | In the spring of 1941, according to Ericson, Stalin finally adjusted his policies to one of "cautious appeasement" in which he attempted to fulfill his trade obligations and convince the Germans not to conduct an invasion during the campaigning season of that year. | | | German soldiers fed by Ukrainian grain, transported by Caucasus oil, and outfitted with boots made from rubber shipped via the Trans-Siberian railroad fired their Donetz-manganese-hardened steel weapons at their former allies. |
|
http://www.sonic.net/~bstone/archives/000107.shtml
(458 words)
|
|
| |
| | German Unification |
| | The two newly founded German states became subject to fundamentally different social, political, and economic systems: the East adopted a socialist, planned economy and the West developed a democratic, social market economy. | | | But German unification was more than a mere incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. | | | The makers of German unification pursued one overriding goal: all the effort they put, all the measures they took, and all the ideas they had within the framework of GEMSU they aimed at adjusting the standard of living in the East to that of the West. |
|
http://www.fatemi.com/CONFERENCES/prey1.html
(14211 words)
|
|
| |
| | Civil Society and East Ge |
| | While in East Germany labor and initiative collapsed and flowed West, Poland had no where to go, and the capitalist West flowed into their economy in the form of investments. | | | East Germans complain of being able to find jobs in the GDR, are discontent with the ill economy, and the 20percent average higher salary that West Germans have. | | | Whereas East Germany was immediately incorporated into the strong economic and social conditions of West Germany, Poland was forced to handle the transition alone. |
|
http://allfreeessays.com/student/Civil_Society_and_East_Germany.html
(3309 words)
|
|
| |
| | Ten Years of the GDR |
| | The dark forces that had driven the German people to the worst catastrophe of their history fought bitterly to hold on to their positions in the government and the economy. | | | The GDR is the legal German state because it developed according to international agreements, and also because its existence encourages the forces of progress and because the social order created by the German people themselves in the GDR is the surest guarantee for peace. | | | The German war-mongers who were defeated in the Second World War lost all of their economic and political power east of the Elbe. |
|
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ddr10.htm
(4273 words)
|
|
| |
| | leslie04.html |
| | Wilhelm Roscher's `History of Political Economy in Germany' (Gesehichte der National-Oekonomik in Deutschland) is by far the most considerable contribution that has yet been made to this subsidiary branch of inquiry. | | | It is impossible to praise too highly the extraordinary erudition, the immense industry, and the manysidedness of intellectual sympathy which distinguish Roscher's history of German political economy; but we venture to suggest to him a revision of the brief notice which it includes of the history of English political economy in the last thirty years. | | | In the second period German Political Economy in his view disengaged itself finally from both theology and jurisprudence, and became an independent science. |
|
http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/leslie/leslie04.html
(4273 words)
|
|
| |
| | East & West Germany Struggle To Become A Unified Nation |
| | While West Germany became part of the United Nations and the European Community and quickly developed economic wealth, East Germany was forced to adopt the planned economy of the USSR, and their production was dictated by political preferences, not by the demands of the people. | | | Religious groups, interestingly, were one of the main forces behind the movement to liberate East Germany from the communist system. | | | Under the communist system, religious movements were mostly suppressed in East Germany. |
|
http://baltimorechronicle.com/east_west_germany.html
(1195 words)
|
|
| |
| | German National Identity: Patriotism and Stigma |
| | Notably, in this study, pride in German identity, the military, and in the economy, as well as liking of the national anthem all correlated extremely highly one another (p<.001) and loaded on the same initial component in a factor analysis. | | | The intertwined issues of German national identity and patriotism are not just matter for idle contemplation: divergent approaches to these controversial topics have shaped aspects of Germans’ lives ranging from the government’s official immigration policies to the everyday experiences of Germans abroad, from Germany’s position in the international community to German schoolchildren’s history lessons. | | | In the wake of two world wars and the Holocaust, a threefold stigma against German nationalism as militaristic, extremist, and ethnocentric has developed. |
|
http://surj.stanford.edu/archives/2003-05GermanNational.html
(2932 words)
|
|
| |
| | Avalon Project : Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression - Volume 2 Chapter XV Part 3 |
| | The creation of the national socialist German, unified state." (2380-PS) | | | The Plenipotentiary-General for War Economy will be a permanent member of the Reich Defense Council (Reichsverteidigungsrat). | | | Schacht was named as Plenipotentiary for War Economy. |
|
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/document/nca_vol2/chap15_part03.htm
(2932 words)
|
|
| |
| | washingtonpost.com: In Berlin Wall's Dust, Germany Flounders |
| | It was against this backdrop of insecurity that the governing party proposed last week to de-emphasize German Unity Day, a holiday celebrated on Oct. 3. | | | Political parties led by former communists and neo-Nazi sympathizers are seeing a modest resurgence, buoyed by deep dissatisfaction over not just a weak economy but public perceptions of national aimlessness. | | | "I wonder about the soul of a nation whose government plans such a thing, 15 years after our hard-fought unity," Lothar de Maiziere, the last East German prime minister, lamented in an interview with German television. |
|
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A35239-2004Nov8?language=printer
(870 words)
|
|
| |
| | Hungary (08/05) |
| | Ethnic groups: Magyar 89.9%, Romany 4% (est.), German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7%. | | | As Hungary began to pull away from the Soviet orbit, the United States offered assistance and expertise to help establish a constitution, a democratic political system, and a plan for a free market economy. | | | Available on the Internet at http://www.state.gov, the Department of State web site provides timely, global access to official U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes and daily press briefings along with the directory of key officers of Foreign Service posts and more. |
|
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26566.htm
(4708 words)
|
|
| |
| | German Democratic Republic Economy 1990 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System |
| | Overview: The GDR is moving rapidly away from its centrally planned economy. | | | German Democratic Republic Economy 1990- Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System | | | Once integrated into the thriving West German economy, the area will have to stem the outflow of workers and renovate the obsolescent industrial base. |
|
http://www.theodora.com/wfb1990/german_democratic_republic/german_democratic_republic_economy.html
(345 words)
|
|
| |
| | MSN Encarta - National Socialism |
| | To the German financier Hjalmar Schacht fell the task of formulating and carrying out much economic and banking policy, and the German architect and party leader Albert Speer was a major figure in overseeing the economy just before the end of World War II (1939-1945). | | | The movement culminated in the establishment of the Third Reich, the totalitarian German state led by the dictator Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945. | | | The immediate origins of National Socialism are to be found in the consequences of the German defeat in World War I (1914-1918). |
|
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560927/National_Socialism.html
(629 words)
|
|
|
