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| | Swiss German Morphology and Lexicon |
 | | Other interesting lexical features of Swiss Standard German the specific formations used to combine words; in some cases, words are simply put together in ways that would be considered sub-standard in the Federal Republic, while in other cases, the constructions, such as the infixed -s- or -en- in compounds, may be used irregularly. | | | This usage of dialect in areas once reserved for Standard German is contrasted with the increasing independence of the Swiss Standard German lexicon from that of the Standard German spoken in the Federal Republic. | | | This has in some ways led to the standardization of a High German usage, often in somewhat stilted but and formal situations, but in a Standard German that varies slightly from the one used in Germany and Austria. |
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http://www.nthuleen.com/papers/130paper2.html
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| | German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Standard German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school. | | | As Germany was divided into many different states, the only force working for a unification or standardisation of German during a period of several hundred years was the general preference of writers trying to write in a way that could be understood in the largest possible area. | | | Outside of Europe and the former Soviet Union, the largest German speaking communities are to be found in the USA and in Brazil where millions of Germans migrated in the last 200 years; but the great majority of their descendants no longer speak German. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language
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| | German language - Wikipedia |
| | Standard German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school. | | | The High German dialects spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in the former Soviet Union) have several unique features, and are usually considered as a separate language, Yiddish. | | | Central German dialects include Ripuarian, Luxembourgish, Moselle Franconian, Rhine Franconian, Hessian, Thuringian, and Upper Saxon, and are spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of France, and in Germany approximately between the River Main and the southern edge of the Lowlands. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language
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| | German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Standard German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school. | | | Although a dialect continuum still exists at certain places along the Dutch-German language border this is fading away because of standardisation in both countries, as can be seen in the pictures to the right in which the dialectal borders and the standard borders can be seen. | | | The High German varieties spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in the former Soviet Union) have several unique features, and are usually considered as a separate language, Yiddish. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language
(4161 words)
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| | German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Standard German is rarely spoken, for instance when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school. | | | The High German dialects spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in the former Soviet Union) have several unique features, and are usually considered as a separate language, Yiddish. | | | German is spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, in two-thirds of Switzerland, in two-thirds of the South Tyrol province of Italy (in German, Südtirol), in the small East Cantons of Belgium, and in some border villages of the South Jutland County (Nordschleswig) of Denmark. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language
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| | Low Saxon (Low German) |
| | However, this has come to be used for German dialects that are spoken in the German state of Saxony (Sachsen), originally a non-Saxon state that was given this name because of 15th- and 16th-century dynastic maneuvers. | | | However, its label “German” led to language policies that were an extension of German ones as they were before Lowlands Saxon came to be officially recognized in Germany. | | | However, it was also referred to as “German” and “Low German” (dudesch, nederduydesch, etc.). |
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http://www.lowlands-l.net/talk/eng/lowsaxon.html
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| | Syllabus for German Immigrant Culture in America: Lesson 4 |
| | While non-standard dialects tended to form stable speech communities in rural areas, the situation was different for the mass of German immigrants who established ethnic enclaves in American cities during the 19th and 20th centuries. | | | In many cases groups of German immigrants settled in such a way as to establish speech islands characterized by a distinct local dialect. | | | This distinction is clearly reflected in the German speech islands found in North America. |
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http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/merrill/lesson4.html
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| | Ethnologue report for language code:gsw |
| | Standard German is taught in some primary schools, and used in local newspapers. | | | Standard German is the language of instruction in school. | | | All speakers are actively or passively bilingual in Standard German. |
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http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gsw
(311 words)
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| | THE FRENCH AIR FORCE |
| | Reporters on the scene confirmed the German domination of the skies, and the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Luftwaffe came to be accepted as one of the principal causes of the French collapse. | | | The relevance of the French experience for leaders of the United States Air Force lies in the fact that the institutional struggle for autonomy and the operational necessity for cooperation are permanent and uncongenial elements of every defense establishment. | | | Pierre Cot, The Defeat of the French Air Force," Foreign Affairs, 19 (October 1940-July 1941), pp. |
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http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1985/sep-oct/kirkland.html
(311 words)
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| | Articles - Swedish language |
| | The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of German speaking immigrants. | | | Standard Swedish, which is derived from the dialects spoken in the capital region around Stockholm, is the language used by virtually all Swedes and most Finland-Swedes. | | | The Swedish linguist Ulla-Britt Kotsinas, who is a scholar frequently cited on the subject of Rinkeby Swedish, argues that these varieties are primarily spoken by teenagers from |
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http://www.kamero.net/articles/Swedish_(language)
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| | LINGUIST List 6.1307: Dialect |
| | I'd say that the reason why Northern German dialect speakers as well as Swiss German speakers understand Standard German is exactly the same as the reason why quite a lot of Danes understand Standard High German: they have been exposed to it in school. | | | And Ole should not underestimate the difference between Swiss and Standard German: it is greater than the difference between Danish a, say, _any_ kind of Norwegian. | | | I suspect that while the northern German dialect and the Swiss one may be |
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http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/6/6-1307.html
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| | Dirk H.R. Spennemann, Stamps and Postal History of the German Marshall Islands. Eagle Issues |
| | The first consignment of overprinted issues of the standard German Eagle stamps with the overprint Marshall-Inseln was received on Jaluit on 2 September 1899, first sold on 27 September 1897 and first cancelled the day after. | | | This then led to a widespread condemnation of the German Postal Services practices,[47] as well as the Germania-Ring requesting formal legal advice on the matter. | | | Large numbers of the 1000 3Pfennig stamps supplied to Jaluit never made it to the counter, but were acquired for speculative purposes by the German postal agent's father-in-law, German traders (Hütter; Mittel, Jentsch, Petersen, Krümling) and other colonial administrators, among them apparently the German administrator (Landeshauptmann), Eugen Brandeis. |
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http://marshall.csu.edu.au/html/Stamps/Stamps_Eagles_Text.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Denmark |
| | One of the German vassals, Count Henry of Schwerin, raised the standard of revolt and made prisoner his Danish lord (1223), whereupon the subjugated nations cast off the yoke. | | | Christian V (1670-1699) adopted the French regime as far as possible, invited German nobles into his country, and granted them extensive privileges. | | | More than half of the forty professors whom Christian III appointed at its reopening were Germans. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04722c.htm
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| | Alemannic German - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Swiss authors often consciously employ Helvetisms within Standard German, notably Jeremias Gotthelf in his novels set in the Emmental, and more recently Tim Krohn in his Quatemberkinder. | | | Since Standard German itself is based on Upper German dialects (Standard German has Apfel "apple", agreeing with Alemannic Öpfel, as opposed to Central German Appel, see High German consonant shift), it would be more artificial to consider Alemannic a separate language from German than it would be to say the same of Low German. | | | Since the Standard German is used in writing, and orally in formal contexts, throughout the Alemannic speaking regions (with the exception of the Alsace), Alemannic is not considered a language separate from German, even by its speakers. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German
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| | ANS: a general orthography for the Low Saxon language |
| | Much of this is due to the fact that for centuries it has been overshadowed and suppressed by Dutch and German respectively and that there has been practically no governmental support for it. | | | Each writer tries to write his or her home dialect, supposedly 'phonetically', using Dutch or German spelling conventions, many of which are unsuitable for this language. | | | In Germany, Low Saxon tends to be known as 'Low German' ('Plattdeutsch' or 'Niederdeutsch'), while in the Netherlands it tends to be known as 'Low Saxon' (Nedersaksisch). |
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http://www.ans.phileon.nl
(806 words)
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| | Phrasebase - Frisian Language Facts And Information |
| | Standard German, Low Saxon, and some English are used as second languages, but fluency is limited. | | | Mooringer has 70% lexical similarity with Standard German, 55% with English, 66% with Eastern Frisian; Föhr has 69% with Standard German, 62% with English, 68% with Western Frisian, 73% with Eastern Frisian, 86% with Mooringer, 91% with Amrum; Sylt has 64% with Standard German, 61% with English, 79% with Mooringer, 85% with Föhr. | | | 71% lexical similarity with Standard German, 61% with English, 74% with Eastern Frisian. |
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http://www.phrasebase.com/languages/index.php?cat=59
(806 words)
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| | Articles - Germanic languages |
| | In addition to the standard Latin alphabet, various Germanic languages use a variety of accent marks and extra letters, including umlauts, the à (Eszett), Ã, Ã, Ã
, Ã, È, and à and Ç·, from runes. | | | During the Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the second Germanic sound shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low German, with graded intermediate Central German dialects. | | | By Early modern times, the span had extended into considerable differences, ranging from Highest Alemannic in the South (the Walliser dialect being the southernmost surviving German dialect) to Low Saxon and Frisian in the North, and although both extremes are considered German, they are hardly mutually intelligible. |
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http://gaple.com/articles/Germanic_languages?mySession=80f69fa15b174a6e03d...
(806 words)
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| | Swiss German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | There are specific settings where speaking Standard German is demanded or polite, e.g. | | | Swiss German ( Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdtsch, Schwiizerdtsch, Schwyzerttsch) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland. | | | The Swiss German dialects also do without a future form. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_German
(806 words)
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| | Ethnologue report for Germany |
| | Standard German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries. | | | Mooringer has 70% lexical similarity with Standard German, 55% with English, 66% with Eastern Frisian; Föhr has 69% with Standard German, 62% with English, 68% with Western Frisian, 73% with Eastern Frisian, 86% with Mooringer, 91% with Amrum; Sylt has 64% with Standard German, 61% with English, 79% with Mooringer, 85% with Föhr. | | | Dialects: German with a heavy cryptolectal lexical influsion from Rotwelsch, Yiddish, Romani, and Hebrew. |
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http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Germany
(1147 words)
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| | Low Franconian language: Information From Answers.com |
| | In Germany it is common to consider the Limburgian dialects as Low Franconian; in The Netherlands and Belgium however they are seen as Middle German or High German. | | | Together with Low Saxon and East Low German, these form the Low Germanic family of languages. | | | This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the linguists of the Low Countries define a Low German dialect as one that has only taken part in the fourth phase of the High German consonant shift. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/low-franconian-language
(1147 words)
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| | Ethnologue: Switzerland |
| | GERMAN, STANDARD [GER] 98,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). | | | Not intelligible with Standard German, but all speakers are actively or passively bilingual in Standard German. | | | 93.3% of German speakers speak a Swiss German dialect, and 66.4% speak dialect only, and no high German (1990 census). |
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http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/ethno/Swit.html
(508 words)
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| | Nazi Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially communists and some types of socialists, were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. | | | By the Nuremberg Laws passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. | | | Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the control of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)), or Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as chancellor and head of state. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany
(4509 words)
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| | Historical Maps: German dialects (text) |
| | The best standard German is spoken today roughly in the area marked by the five small and medium-sized towns 1 to 5 in the map (that is, roughly, the area south of Hanover). | | | In the 19th century, when the Germans fought for the unification, it was almost automatically that the High German variation of Luther became the standard school language. | | | West Middle German: Middle Franconian, Rhine Franconian (with Hessian). |
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http://www.tr62.de/german.html
(1612 words)
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| | Low Saxon language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In Germany it is considered, together with East Low German as part of a language called Plattdüütsch. | | | Low Saxon (in Low Saxon, Nedersaksisch, Neddersassisch) is any of a variety of Low German ("Nedderdüütsch" in Low Saxon) dialects spoken in northern Germany and the Netherlands. | | | The distinction between Low Saxon, East Low German and Low Franconian (on one side) or High German (on the other side) is not precisely defined; there are several clines that vary smoothly from one dialect to another. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Saxon_language
(1612 words)
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| | Articles - Yiddish language |
| | In the native Germanic vocabulary of Yiddish, the differences between standard German and Yiddish pronunciations are mainly in the vowels and diphthongs. | | | Use of the Western Yiddish dialect began to decline in the 18th century, as The Enlightenment and the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) led German Jews to view Yiddish as a "corrupt German". | | | The every-day language of the European Jews in the later Middle Ages was identical with the vernacular of the Christian community, which was German for most of the Ashkenazi territory. |
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http://gaple.com/articles/Yiddish?mySession=5f26e7e45276f1f675e4f586727c668b
(1612 words)
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| | THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE -- OLD ENGLISH NOTES: (ANGLO-SAXON) |
| | Standard German can be considered the creation of Martin Luther who naturally used his own dialect (he hailed from Thuringia) for his German translation of the Bible. | | | Low Saxon has recently been granted some official recognition in both the Netherlands and Germany, but its use as a written language is hampered by the lack of a widely accepted standard orthography and the existence of many dialects (which form an almost continuous spectrum between Standard Dutch and Standard German). | | | Once there were also German speaking areas in what is now Poland, the Czech Republic and even in the Russian exclave Kaliningrad (between Poland, Lithuania and the Baltic) but after World War II most of the ethnic Germans were deported to present-day Germany. |
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http://www.geocities.com/meister_z/OEHIST.htm
(1612 words)
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| | Swiss culture - information about culture in Switzerland : Standard languages and dialects |
| | Teachers in the German part of Switzerland complain that many pupils find it difficult to master standard German, and that their studies suffer as a result. | | | This poses a problem within Switzerland: French and Italian speakers who learn German at school are taught the standard language, and find they still cannot communicate with their compatriots. | | | A poll carried out in 2002 among German and French speaking Swiss asked them to name the Swiss German dialect they preferred. |
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http://www.swissworld.org/eng/swissworld.html?siteSect=601&sid=4039995&rubricId=14010
(1038 words)
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| | German Unification |
| | The makers of German unification pursued one overriding goal: all the effort they put, all the measures they took, and all the ideas they had within the framework of GEMSU they aimed at adjusting the standard of living in the East to that of the West. | | | But German unification was more than a mere incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. | | | The two newly founded German states became subject to fundamentally different social, political, and economic systems: the East adopted a socialist, planned economy and the West developed a democratic, social market economy. |
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http://www.fatemi.com/CONFERENCES/prey1.html
(14211 words)
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| | Essentialist Explanations |
| | Standard German is essentially southern grammar and lexis with northern phonology. | | | German is essentially a language developed by a group of Teutons who gathered in the forest one day to come up with a language that their enemies would have no chance of grasping. | | | Ido is a essentially a Jewish language spoken by an anti-Semite. |
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http://mercury.ccil.org/~cowan/essential.html
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