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| | Paris Commune - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The Commune was made possible through a civil uprising of all revolutionist trends within Paris after the Franco-Prussian War ended with French defeat. | | | Later they were tried; a few were executed; many were condemned to hard labour; many more were deported for long terms or for life to virtually uninhabited French islands in the Pacific. | | | The Paris Commune has been celebrated by anarchist and Marxist socialists continuously until the present day, partly due to the variety of tendencies, the high degree of workers' control and the remarkable cooperation among different revolutionists. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune
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| | Encyclopedia: French Revolution |
| | The causes of the French Revolution, the uprising which brought the regime of King Louis XVI to an end, were manifold. | | | Early Modern France is the portion of French history that falls in the early modern period from the mid 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance to the eve of the French Revolution). | | | During the French Revolution (1789-1799) democracy and republicanism replaced the absolute monarchy in France, and the French sector of the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/French-Revolution
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| | The French Revolution |
| | This is the way in which the French bourgeois revolution unfolded: at every stage the big bourgeoisie attempted to manoeuvre and compromise with the monarchy, dragging their feet and attempting to preserve as much as possible of the old regime. | | | But the French revolution marked a decisive social and political transformation: the smashing of the power of the aristocracy; the radical clearing out of the Augean stables of feudalism; and the distribution of land to millions of small peasant proprietors. | | | The French Revolution was a bourgeois revolution, and it would be entirely mistaken to attempt to draw exact parallels between the processes involved and the movement of the modern proletariat. |
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http://www.marxist.com/History/french_revolution.html
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| | The French Revolution |
| | The revolution was worse off now than it had been before the attempt to nationalize religion, or before the decision to strike against counter-revolutionary émigrés and go to war, or before the execution of the king. | | | On October 3, seventy-three deputies of the National Convention who had voted against the expulsion of the 31 moderates earlier in the year were accused of conspiring against the French people. | | | Lafayette- an American as well as French citizen - fled northward, hoping to reach the United States by way of the United Netherlands, but he was captured by Germans hostile to the French and put in an Austrian prison. |
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http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h33-fr.html
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| | The French Revolution II |
| | The French Revolution II The French Revolution II The Restructuring of France | | | The new legislature was elected and convened on October 1, 1791. | | | Eventually, however, the Assembly rejected that argument and extended civil and political equality to Jews. |
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http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev892.html
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| | French Revolution chronology |
| | Robespierre delivers an important report on the principles of revolutionary government, which he describes as a necessary and provisional form of war against the enemies of liberty, to be distinguished from constitutional government, which conserves and protects liberty once firmly and peacefully established. | | | The rulers of Austria and Prussia agree to halt the French Revolution. | | | In Paris, rumors abound of imminent invasion, the collapse of the Revolution, and of conspiracies mounted by imprisoned aristocrats. |
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http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/gbrown/hist462/resources/chrono.htm
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| | The Paris Commune (1871) |
| | The immediate consequences of the defeat of the Commune were disastrous for the French Labour moment as a period of severe repression followed the blood letting of the last week. | | | Patriotic resentment of the French defeat inevitably meant resentment of the new government at Versailles. | | | This was a view shared by governments outside France, for the very existence of the Commune roused the fury of the European bourgeoisie. |
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http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/paris.html
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| | BASTILLE DAY -- The Bastille is located in Paris -- It was being used as a prison when the strongly-fortified high tower was stormed at the outset of the French Revolution |
| | The leaders of the French Revolution threw off a long-established institution, a partnership of state and church, which they thought had no continuing claim to be legitimate. | | | At the end of the 19th century the French considered the enduring gains of the Revolution to be the idea of the nation, one and indivisible, based on a voluntary union and incorporating the principles of human rights and national sovereignty, the rule of law and a republican form of government. | | | This display of national unity was deliberately organized on the first anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, the first revolutionary act by the people against the arbitrary power of the royalty, an act that stamps France as one of the cradles of liberty. |
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http://www.hightowertrail.com/Bastil.htm
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| | SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): The National Assembly: 1789–1791 |
| | By storming one of Paris’s most notorious state prisons and hoarding weapons, however, the revolutionaries gained a symbolic victory over the Old Regime and conveyed the message that they were not to be trifled with. | | | Although subsequent French constitutions that the Revolution produced would be overturned and generally ignored, the themes of the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen would remain with the French citizenry in perpetuity. | | | Although some blood had already been shed, the Revolution seemed to be subsiding and safely in the hands of the people. |
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http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/frenchrev/section3.rhtml
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| | The Paris Commune |
| | Indeed, Marx stated in 1866 that the French workers were "corrupted" by "Proudhonist" ideas, "particularly those of Paris, who as workers in luxury trades are strongly attached, without knowing it [!], to the old rubbish." [Marx, Engels and Lenin, Anarchism and Anarcho-syndicalism, pp. | | | Thirdly, it is critically important to unify political and economic revolutions into a social revolution. | | | Therefore the Paris Commune did not "break with the tradition of the State, of representative government, and it did not attempt to achieve within the Commune that organisation from the simple to the complex it inaugurated by proclaiming the independence and free federation of the Communes." [Kropotkin, Fighting the Revolution, vol.2, p. |
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http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchism/writers/anarcho/commune.html
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| | The First Revolution |
| | It was a revolution inspired by, led by, and ruled by the middle class; it was no wonder, then, that the Constitution and the economic reforms were, in the end, great windfalls for the middle class. | | | The rallying point was Rousseau's idea that the members of a nation are the nation itself; this is what legitimated the claims of the new National Assembly. | | | In an idea derived from Rousseau, they saw government as a creation of the people; when the social contract had been broken, then the people had a right to revoke that contract and set up a new government. |
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http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/REV/FIRST.HTM
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: French Revolution |
| | The influence of freemasonry in the French Revolution proclaimed by Louis Blanc and by freemasonry itself is proved by the researches of M. Cochin. | | | The Assembly replied by the Decree of 27 May, 1792, declaring that all non-juring priests might be deported by the directory of their department at the request of twenty citizens, and if they should return after expulsion they would be liable to ten years of imprisonment. | | | After the public manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick in the name of the powers in coalition against France (25 July, 1792) and the Assembly's declaration of "Fatherland in danger" there came petitions for the deposition of the king, who was accused of being in communication with foreign rulers. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13009a.htm
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| | The French Revolution |
| | The French Revolution (1789-99) violently transformed France from a monarchical state with a rigid social hierarchy into a modern nation in which the social structure was loosened and power passed increasingly to the middle classes. | | | Born of this second revolution and briefly favored by military victory, the National Convention horrified Europe by establishing a republic (Sept. 22, 1792), inaugurating a policy of revolutionary war, and sending the king to the guillotine on Jan. 21, 1793. | | | The Revolution was then believed to be over, and the National Assembly was dissolved on September 30. |
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http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_revolution.shtml
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| | The French Revolution |
| | A final revolutionary goal was expressed by the concept of fraternity, which meant that all citizens regardless of social class, region, or religion shared a common fate in society, and that the well-being of the nation sometimes superseded the interests of individuals. | | | Similar municipal revolutions occurred in 26 of the 30 largest French cities, thus assuring that the capital's defiance would not be an isolated act. | | | Those who made the Revolution believed they were rising against tyrannical government, in which the people had no voice, and against inequality in the way obligations such as taxes were imposed and benefits distributed. |
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http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev891.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: French Revolution |
| | The influence of freemasonry in the French Revolution proclaimed by Louis Blanc and by freemasonry itself is proved by the researches of M. Cochin. | | | Sorel has brought out the connection between the diplomacy of the Revolution and that of the old regime. | | | No section of French territory should recognize the authority of a bishop living abroad, or of his delegates, and this, adds the Constitution, "without prejudice to the unity of faith and the communion which shall be maintained with the head of the Universal Church". |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13009a.htm
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| | Paris Commune |
| | It is thus that the crisis of French imperialism increases the crisis that strikes the colonies (Kanaky, Réunion, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Guyana, etc.) and the neo-colonies of Africa (especially the Franc zone) and vice versa. | | | The Fundamental Law of the Revolution, according to Lenin | | | The Paris Commune was certainly a State, but a State of a particular type: "It was essentially a working-class government, the produce of the struggle of the producing against the appropriating class, the political form at last discovered under which to work out the economic emancipation of labour." |
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http://www.mltranslations.org/France/pariscom.htm
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| | The French Revolution in the Electronic Passport |
| | The middle class now had the power to rule France and the French Revolution had begun. | | | The states-general advised the king on difficult decision, but no French king has called the states general in 179 years. | | | The treasury was bankrupt after supporting America in their revolution. |
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http://www.mrdowling.com/705-frenchrevolution.html
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| | French Revolution |
| | The Macroeconomic Causes and Consequences of The French Revolution | | | The purpose of this unit is to study the significance of the French Revolution, understand its origins, see how France was transformed by revolution, and assess the importance of revolution as a tool for political modernization. | | | With the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, the French Revolution tore down the medieval structures of |
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http://idcs0100.lib.iup.edu/modernera/french.htm
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| | French Revolution |
| | Louis XVI, opposed to the course of the revolution, but rejecting the potentially treacherous aid of the other monarchs of Europe, cast his lot with General Bouillé, who condemned both the emigration and the assembly, and promised him refuge and support in his camp at Montmedy. | | | The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which republicanss overthrew the monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring. | | | List of people granted honorary French citizenship during the French Revolution |
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http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/french_revolution_1.html
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| | Introduction to the French Revolution |
| | True, women were denied political rights in the French Revolution (as were the majority of men when the Convention scrapped the democratic constitution of 1793) but nowhere else at the time did women share political rights with men. | | | Although the causes of the French Revolution are deep and controversial, most agree it was precipitated by financial problems that led Louis XVI to call a meeting of an old representative institution, the Estates General, in 1789. | | | He places the French Revolution within the context of the Atlantic civilization and argues that the French Revolution was one aspect of a much broader Age of Democratic Revolution. |
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http://edweb.tusd.k12.az.us/uhs/website/courses/WC/Historiography/the_french_revolution.htm
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| | Causes of the French Revolution |
| | "The French Revolution gave peoples the sense that history could be changed by their action, and it gave them, incidentally, what remains to this day the single most powerful slogan ever formulated for the politics of democracy and common people which it inaugurated: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. | | | The French Revolution was, essentially, the invention of a new political culture: "In my view the social and economic changes brought about by the Revolution were not revolutionary. | | | As the French Revolution demonstrated, the level of violence is likely to be greater after the first outbreak of revolution or revolutionary situation, as one group claiming sovereignty seeks to vanquish one or more other rival groups also claiming sovereignty. |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151s03/french_rev_causes_consequences.htm
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| | The French Revolution |
| | The actions and ideas of the French Revolution have been keenly studied by political theorists. | | | The French Revolution summed up the whole Anti –Feudal process in Europe by swiftly putting an end to all the feudal privileges, laws and institutions in France. | | | All those suspected of being against the revolution and being held in prison were also massacred. |
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http://www.aldridgeshs.eq.edu.au/sose/revrespg/french/aolnote1.htm
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| | French Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | During the French Revolution (1789-1799) democracy and republicanism replaced the absolute monarchy in France, and the French sector of the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. | | | Louis XVI, opposed to the course of the revolution, but rejecting the potentially treacherous aid of the other monarchs of Europe, cast his lot with General Bouillé, who condemned both the emigration and the assembly, and promised him refuge and support in his camp at Montmedy. | | | This period saw the rise of the political "clubs" in French politics, foremost among these the Jacobin Club: according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, one hundred and fifty-two clubs had affiliated with the Jacobins by August 10, 1790. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution
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| | French Revolution. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | French participation in the American Revolution had increased the huge debt, and Necker& successor, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, called an Assembly of Notables (1787), hoping to avert bankruptcy by inducing the privileged classes to share in the financial burden. | | | Although some historians view the Reign of Terror as an ominous precursor of modern totalitarianism, others argue that this ignores the vital role the Revolution played in establishing the precedents of such democratic institutions as elections, representative government, and constitutions. | | | Completed in 1791, the constitution created a limited monarchy with a unicameral legislature elected by voters with property qualifications. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/fr/FrenchRe.html
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| | Causes of the French Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The causes of the French Revolution, the uprising which brought the regime of King Louis XVI to an end, were manifold. | | | For example, Karl Marx writing in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung shortly after the Revolutions of 1848 wrote that in both the English Revolution of 1648 and in the French Revolution "the bourgeoisie was the class that really headed the movement. | | | Extravagant expenditures by Louis XIV on luxuries such as Versailles were compounded by heavy expenditures on the Seven Years War and the American War of Independence. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution
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| | Commentary Magazine - Demystifying the French Revolution |
| | ...No later French historian, not even Furet, has been able or willing wholly to shake off the domination of Michelet, for whom the revolutionaries were always right, whatever their actions, because they were defending the cause of universal freedom and justice, which only evil or ill-informed people could oppose... | | | ...When the French nobility took advantage of the impending bankruptcy of the crown [in 1787-88] to provoke a political crisis, in the hope of winning a conservative constitution like that of Great Britain, the middle class took charge of the movement and converted it into a social revolution... | | | ...This burgeoning nationalism spurred the French intervention in the American Revolution... |
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http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V88I1P44-1.htm
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| | French Revolution. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | The direct cause of the Revolution was the chaotic state of government finance. | | | French participation in the American Revolution had increased the huge debt, and Necker’s successor, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, called an Assembly of Notables (1787), hoping to avert bankruptcy by inducing the privileged classes to share in the financial burden. | | | On Apr. 20, 1792, war was declared on Austria, and the French Revolutionary Wars began. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/fr/FrenchRe.html
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| | Talk:French Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | (In 1776, America revolted over taxation -- unfair taxation -- without representation.) Louis XIV's debts had no effect on the French revolution. | | | Maybe we should have French Revolutions with links to French Revolution of 1789, French Revolution of 1830, French Revolution of 1848, Fronde, Vendee, French May 1968, Commune de Paris and whatever may be. | | | The roots of the French Revolution can be traced to XV, but it was the privileges (nearly absurd when examined in depth) that the Old Noblesse (including the church Noblesse) refused to give up that created a frustration by ordinary people that change would never come. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:French_Revolution
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| | French Revolution Resources |
| | Special mention must be made of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, an excellent initiative on the part of the Center for History and New Media (George Mason University) and the American Social History Project (CUNY). | | | The Parisian Sans-Culottes and the French Revolution, 1793-4. | | | Richard Orsinger's France During the French Revolution and Under Napoleon Bonaparte looks promising as does another site on British Newspaper Coverage of the French Revolution. |
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http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/ancien_regime.html
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| | Lecture 12: The French Revolution - Moderate Stage, 1789-1792 |
| | With this in mind, there was a sizeable faction within the National Assembly who were so satisfied that they claimed the Revolution to be at an end, since its primary aims had been achieved. | | | Second, the economic, social, and political discontent of the urban working classes also propelled the Revolution in the direction of radicalism. | | | Our discussion will suggest that there were actually two revolutions, or two distinct stages within the Revolution: the moderate stage of 1789-1792, followed by the radical stage of 1792-1794 (see Lecture 13). |
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http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture12a.html
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