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| | Ferdinand II, king of Aragon. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
 | | In the same year Ferdinand and Isabella took the fateful step of expelling from their kingdoms all Jews who refused to accept Christianity. | | | In 1469, Ferdinand married Isabella I of Castile, and in 1474 they assumed joint rule of Castile. | | | Many of Ferdinand’s policies had long-lasting effects, especially the expulsion of the Jews and the Muslims, many of whom settled in N Africa, the search for American gold, and the conversion of large agricultural areas into grazing lands for the benefit of the wool industry. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/fe/Ferdi2Ara.html
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| | Post Comment |
| | Ferdinand has respect for religion which he maintained among his subjects but unlike Queen Isabella, he lacks religious fervor of his wife and resulted for not supporting the Spanish Inquisiton and expulsion of the Jews due to political reasons. | | | Queen Isabella was married to Ferdinand in secret because she wasn't allowed to get married without Enrique's consent and her step brother already arranged her marriage to a man named Don Fradique who was old and myopic compared to the young and well-built Ferdinand. | | | We discussed earlier that Queen Isabella's method of ruling revolved around the interest of her people and based on the principles of religion, King Ferdinand's rule is centered on the 'spirit of egotism' in which the circle of his views might be more or expanded but self was the steady, unchangeable centre. |
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Isabella I |
| | Isabella took a prominent part in this war; not only did she attend to the government of the kingdom, and provide for the support of the army while Ferdinand did battle at its head, but she repeatedly visited the camp to animate the troops by her presence. | | | Ferdinand, after a journey the story of which reads like a novel, for its perils and its dramatic interest, was married to Isabella in the palace of Juan de Vivero, in 1469. | | | In 1465 an attempt was made to arrange the marriage between Isabella and Alfonso V of Portugal, but the princess had already chosen Ferdinand of Aragon for a husband and was therefore opposed to this alliance. |
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| | Isabella of Castile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Isabella is entombed in Granada in the Capilla Real, which was built by her grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Carlos I of Spain), alongside her husband Ferdinand, her daughter Juana and Juana's husband Philip; and Isabella's 2-year old grandson, Miguel (the son of Isabella's daughter, also named Isabella, and King Manuel of Portugal). | | | Along with the physical unification of Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand embarked on a process of spiritual unification, trying to bring the country under one faith (Roman Catholicism). | | | As part of this reform, and in their attempt to unify the country, Ferdinand and Isabella solicited Pope Sixtus IV to authorize the Inquisition. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile
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| | Queen Isabella I |
| | He convinced, Isabella and Ferdinand that the Jewish people posed a threat to their Kingdoms, even those that had previously converted. | | | The King of Aragon, wished to marry Isabella to his son, Ferdinand. | | | As such on March 31, 1492 Isabella and Ferdinand ordered that by July 1st all people of the Jewish faith had to leave Spain or be put to to death. |
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http://www.ctspanish.com/legends/isabella1.htm
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| | Part II: The Court of Queen Isabella |
| | By the time he returned to Isabella's chambers, she had regained ample composure to convince Ferdinand that it was appearances which had been deceiving, not her. | | | Isabella was already 28 when Ferdinand married her and it wasn't her callipygian territories he lusted for, but her Castillian ones. | | | Coincidentally, perhaps, Isabella sang the very same song as Ferdinand, since by this point in her life, she had become an absolute devotee only of the lads who were prepucilarily past-tense. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/zine/crapshoot/isabella.html
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| | SPAIN FROM FERDINAND AND ISABELLA TO PHILIP |
| | In the Spain of Ferdinand and Isabella, the chief threat of heresy was thought to proceed from the Jews and conversos. | | | While Ferdinand and Isabella did weaken the political position of the nobility, this fact must be placed in proper perspective by the consideration of two related facts: They did not strengthen the townsmen politically, and they did not seriously weaken the great nobles socially or economically. | | | Ferdinand and Isabella successfully asserted their authority over them, and this was confirmed by a papal bull in 1523 during the reign of their grandson, Charles. |
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http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/18.html
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| | Isabella-of-Castile.htm |
| | A revived movement for the Christian unification of Spain was capitalized on by the "Catholic monarchs" (''Reyes Cat?licos'' in Spanish) Isabella of CastileIsabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in order to justify their invasion of Granada, the expulsion of the Jews and the forceful conversion of the Moors. | | | In 1492, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of CastileIsabella of Castile issued General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (''see also Spanish Inquisition'') and many Sephardi Jews fled to the Ottoman Empire, some to the Land of Israel. | | | The Spanish Inquisition was a historical institution founded under Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile in 1478 surrounding the suppression of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. |
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http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/I/Isabella-of-Castile.htm
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| | Encyclopedia: Spanish Inquisition |
| | He alleged that the Inquisition was a cynical ploy by Ferdinand and Isabella to confiscate the Jews' property. | | | Isabella of Castile Isabella of Castile (Spanish: Ysabel, Isabel or Isabela) (April 22, 1451 – November 26, 1504) was Queen of Castile and Leon, with her husband Ferdinand V as co-ruler. | | | In the 15th century, Spain was not a single state but a confederation of realms, each with their own administrations, such as the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile, ruled by Ferdinand and Isabella, respectively. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Spanish-Inquisition
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| | isabella.HTM |
| | Some major events of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella included their defeat of a Portuguese invasion force, their conquest of Granada, their expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain, their establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, and their commissioning of a voyage of discovery by Christopher Columbus. | | | The Pope's permission was needed because Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins, and their wedding would otherwise violate church laws against incest. | | | Isabella sent word to the King of Aragón that she was ready to marry his son, Prince Ferdinand, as soon as she received a dowry of forty-thousand florins and a Papal dispensation to marry. |
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http://www.oldnewspublishing.com/isabella.htm
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| | National Columbus Celebration Association |
| | That patron was Isabella of Castile, the great queen who, together with her husband Ferdinand of Aragon, had transformed Spain from a weak, strife-ridden array of divided kingdoms into a strong, peaceful country about to complete its reconquest of the last Moorish outpost in its territory. | | | Considering that these are the circumstances of a woman who was at the same time queen, captain of the Castilian army, judge and supreme overseer of that kingdom, wife of the king of Aragon and mother of future monarchs, Isabella had a job not cut to the measure of every person. | | | Wiliam Prescott, History of The Reign of Ferdinand aNd Isabella, the Catholic, v II (America Stationers’ Co., 1838) |
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http://www.columbuscelebration.org/Articles/Snell.htm
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| | SPAIN FROM FERDINAND AND ISABELLA TO PHILIP |
| | In the Spain of Ferdinand and Isabella, the chief threat of heresy was thought to proceed from the Jews and conversos. | | | While Ferdinand and Isabella did weaken the political position of the nobility, this fact must be placed in proper perspective by the consideration of two related facts: They did not strengthen the townsmen politically, and they did not seriously weaken the great nobles socially or economically. | | | In the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella and in the early sixteenth century, Spain was still open to the rest of the world and receptive to new ideas and experiences. |
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http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/18.html
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| | Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Maria Christina was the fourth wife of King Ferdinand VII of Spain (Fernando in Spanish) (1783-1833, king 1813-1833) and mother of and regent for Queen Isabella II of Spain (Isabel in Spanish) (1830-1904, queen 1833-1868). | | | As the widow of Ferdinand VII and the mother of Isabella II, Maria Christina was buried in the royal crypt of the El Escorial monastery (El Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial, the Royal Monastery of Saint Lawrence of Escorial). | | | When Ferdinand died on September 29, 1833, Maria Christina became regent for their daughter Isabella. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies
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| | SPAIN FROM FERDINAND AND ISABELLA TO PHILIP |
| | In the Spain of Ferdinand and Isabella, the chief threat of heresy was thought to proceed from the Jews and conversos. | | | While Ferdinand and Isabella did weaken the political position of the nobility, this fact must be placed in proper perspective by the consideration of two related facts: They did not strengthen the townsmen politically, and they did not seriously weaken the great nobles socially or economically. | | | Ferdinand and Isabella appointed one in each of the chief towns of Castile, and gave these corregidores broad administrative and judicial powers. |
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http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/18.html
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| | Isabella I |
| | At only 19 years of age Isabella disobeyed the wishes of Henry by marrying Ferdinand V, heir to the throne of Aragon. | | | What Queen Isabella is perhaps most remembered and revered for is her sponsorship of Christopher Columbus's voyage to discover a path that traveled west to India. | | | When Isabella was still a teenager, she showed her wisdom by refusing the usurped crown that was offered to her while her brother Henry IV was still on the throne and proclaiming that she would not become queen while her brother was still living. |
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http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b2isabella1.htm
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| | isabella.HTM |
| | Some major events of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella included their defeat of a Portuguese invasion force, their conquest of Granada, their expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain, their establishment of the Spanish Inquisition, and their commissioning of a voyage of discovery by Christopher Columbus. | | | The Pope's permission was needed because Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins, and their wedding would otherwise violate church laws against incest. | | | Isabella had never seen Ferdinand, but her chaplain assured her that the young prince was "handsome in face, body, and person." Ferdinand's most striking quality was said to be his air of calm self-confidence, which he maintained even in the most desperate battlefield situations. |
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| | Isabel I |
| | Ferdinand and Isabella succeeded as joint sovereigns to the throne of Castile on the death of Isabella's half brother Henry IV in December of 1474. | | | From 1481 the "Catholic Kings," as Ferdinand and Isabella were known, ruled both kingdoms jointly, but it was a union of crowns not countries. | | | It was typical of Isabella's political vision that she agreed to finance the expedition of Christopher Columbus which brought the New World and wealth to Spain. |
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http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/isabel.html
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| | Isabel I |
| | Ferdinand and Isabella succeeded as joint sovereigns to the throne of Castile on the death of Isabella's half brother Henry IV in December of 1474. | | | From 1481 the "Catholic Kings," as Ferdinand and Isabella were known, ruled both kingdoms jointly, but it was a union of crowns not countries. | | | Isabella had five children: Isabel, John, Joan, Maria, and Catherine. |
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http://www.kings.edu/womens_history/isabel.html
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| | Ferdinand II of Aragon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Ferdinand, the son of John II of Aragon by his second wife, the Aragonese noblewoman Juana Enriquez, was made King of Sicily by his father in 1468 in preparation for his marriage to Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile. | | | After Isabella died that same year and left her kingdom to her daughter Joanna, Ferdinand served as her regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. | | | Ferdinand and Isabella's children included Joanna of Castile and Catherine of Aragon. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_V_of_Spain
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| | Book1: Origin and Establishment, Chapter 1 |
| | The spirit in which these claims of clerical immunity were advanced as a shield for criminals and the resolute firmness with which they were met by Ferdinand and Isabella are illustrated by an occurrence in 1486, in Truxillo, where a man committed a crime and was arrested by the corregidor. | | | When, in 1479, Alonso Carrillo and the Marquis of Villena made a final attempt to urge the King of Portugal to another invasion of Castile, one of the arguments advanced was the hatred entertained for Ferdinand and Isabella in consequence of the taxes levied to support the three thousand horsemen of the Hermandad. | | | The guilty priests themselves, even in Castile, were exempt from civil authority, but Ferdinand and Isabella had no hesitation in invading their domiciles and, by repeated edicts in 1480, 1491, 1502, and 1503, endeavored to cure the evil by fining, scourging, and banishing their partners in sin. |
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http://libro.uca.edu/lea1/1lea1.htm
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| | Queen Isabella - encyclopedia article about Queen Isabella. |
| | Born in Alcalá de Henares, she was the youngest child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and, as a third-great-granddaughter of Edward III of England, a fourth cousin of both Henry VII and his wife Elizabeth of York. | | | and Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II of Aragon, nicknamed the Catholic (March 10, 1452 – June 23, 1516) was king of Aragon, Castile, Sicily, Naples and Navarre and Count of Barcelona | | | (1451-1504) (queen regnant), wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II of Aragon, nicknamed the Catholic (March 10, 1452 – June 23, 1516) was king of Aragon, Castile, Sicily, Naples and Navarre and Count of Barcelona |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Queen%20Isabella
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| | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In 1547 the Bohemian Estates rebelled against Ferdinand when he ordered the Bohemian army against the German Protestants. | | | Each was supported by a certain amount of the nobility from the Hungarian kingdom, while Ferdinand also had the support of his brother Charles. | | | Charles also agreed to exclude his son Philip from the German succession, which instead passed to Ferdinand's eldest son Maximilian (1527–1576). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
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| | Queen Isabella I |
| | He convinced, Isabella and Ferdinand that the Jewish people posed a threat to their Kingdoms, even those that had previously converted. | | | Isabella once again showed her great abilities when she decided that Ferdinand and herself would equally rule the two Kingdoms. | | | It was particularly bad during the reign of Isabella and Ferdinand. |
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| | Isabella I -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | byname Isabella the Catholic, Spanish Isabel la Católica queen of Castile (1474–1504) and of Aragon (1479–1504), ruling the two kingdoms jointly from 1479 with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile). | | | By their marriage in October 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. | | | The son of Maximilian I, a Holy Roman emperor, Philip I founded the Hapsburg Dynasty in Spain through his marriage to Joan, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=43808&tocid=3564
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| | La Católica The Isabella of Castile Fanlisting |
| | Ferdinand and Isabella were given the title "the Catholic" by the Pope, in recognition of their role in "purifying" the faith. | | | Isabella and Ferdinand proceeded with their plans to unify all of Spain by continuing a long-standing but stalled effort to expel the Moors (Muslims) who held parts of Spain. | | | When Isabella married Ferdinand of Portugal in October 1469 without Henry's approval, Henry withdrew his recognition and again named Juana as his heir. |
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http://fan.nothingbutsong.org/isabella/index.php?about
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| | Spanish Inquisition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | He alleged that the Inquisition was a cynical ploy by Ferdinand and Isabella to confiscate the Jews' property. | | | Ferdinand was an astute politician, and developed close ties with St. Peter's in Rome as part of his political manoeuvering, aimed at consolidating the independent realms (joined by his marriage to Isabella) into a single state to be left to his heir. | | | In the 15th century, Spain was not a single state but a confederation of realms, each with their own administrations, such as the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile, ruled by Ferdinand and Isabella, respectively. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_inquisition
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| | Spain Ferdinand and Isabella - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System |
| | Ferdinand, who had received his political education in federalist Aragon, brought a new emphasis on constitutionalism and a respect for local fueros to Castile, where he was king consort (1479- 1504) and continued as regent after Isabella's death in 1504. | | | The marriage in 1469 of royal cousins, Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516) and Isabella of Castile (1451-1504), eventually brought stability to both kingdoms. | | | Both Isabella and Ferdinand understood the importance of unity; together they effected institutional reform in Castile and left Spain one of the best administered countries in Europe. |
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http://workmall.com/wfb2001/spain/spain_history_ferdinand_and_isabella.html
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| | Ferdinand VII -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer! |
| | In 1493, Columbus sailed back to Spain to tell Ferdinand and Isabella what he had found in the New World. | | | Napoleon soon replaced him as king with Joseph Bonaparte and held Ferdinand in France (1808–13). | | | The Spanish populace rose against the French invaders in the name of Ferdinand, who became known as “the Desired.” In 1812 independent Spaniards adopted a liberal constitution, which Ferdinand overthrew on his return as king in 1813 to rule in an absolutist style. |
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http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9364334
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| | Queen Isabella honored with unique exhibit - (United Press International) |
| | The show opens with 19th-century reproductions of the queen's gold crown and scepter, but the rest of the items in the show are authentically 15th century except for 17th-century copies of portraits of Isabella and her husband, King Ferdinand, and a 19th-century copy of a portrait of the aging, pious-looking queen. | | | The queen's concern for her new subjects' souls as well as their bodily well-being is reflected in a fascinating document detailing "Laws of the Indians," with a preface by King Ferdinand, enacted in Burgos in 1512, eight years after Isabella's death. | | | It is interesting to note that Italian political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli had Ferdinand as his model when he wrote his principal work, "The Prince," although it was dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici. |
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