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History <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Among the discoveries <bb>>ofb>bb>> Schweinfurth was one that confirmed the Greek legends <bb>>ofb>bb>> the existence beyond Egypt <bb>>ofb>bb>> a "pygmy race".
Indeed, <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> elites as a whole began to view the world as a finite place, one in which only the strong would predominate.
One <bb>>ofb>bb>> the regions which was the last to come under Arab rule was that <bb>>ofb>bb>> Nubia, which had been controlled by Christians up to the 14th century.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_Africa



Scramble for Africa

However, in Africa (exclusive <bb>>ofb>bb>> what would become the Union <bb>>ofb>bb>> South Africa in 1909), the amount <bb>>ofb>bb>> capital investment by Europeans was relatively small before and after the Berlin Conference, the companies involved in tropical African commerce were small and politically insignificant, exerting only a tiny influence on domestic politics.
In short, Britain had sought to extend its East African empire contiguously from Cairo to the Cape <bb>>ofb>bb>> Good Hope, while France had sought to extend its own holdings from Dakar to the Sudan, which would enable its empire to span the entire continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.
Sub-Saharan Africa, the last vast region <bb>>ofb>bb>> the world largely untouched by "informal imperialism" and "civilization," was also attractive to Europe's ruling elites for other potential reasons.

http://www.bidprobe.com/en/wikipedia/s/sc/scramble_for_africa.html



Exploring Africa -> Students-> African History-> Colonial Exploration and Conquest in Africa

The <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa coincided with the expansion <bb>>ofb>bb>> Christian missionary activity in Africa.
<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> nations were able to make certain areas <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa into their colonies in two main ways.
You will remember from the last module that parts <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa, such as Ethiopia and Egypt, were home to Christians right from the beginning <bb>>ofb>bb>> Christianity as a region.

http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm7/B/stu_7Bactivitytwo.html



Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus

It was, however, Columbus's voyage that marked the beginning <bb>>ofb>bb>> the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas, and that linked Eurasia and Africa to the Americas.
Most Europeans accepted Ptolemy's claim that the terrestrial landmass (for Europeans <bb>>ofb>bb>> the time, Eurasia and Africa) occupied 180 degrees <bb>>ofb>bb>> the terrestrial sphere, leaving 180 degrees <bb>>ofb>bb>> water (in fact, it occupies about 120 degrees, leaving 240 degrees unaccounted for at that time).
Columbus is often credited as the Discoverer <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas, because <bb>>ofb>bb>> his role in making 15th century Europe aware <bb>>ofb>bb>> their existence; it is his discovery that created the still-existing bonds between the continents.

http://www.factbook.org/wikipedia/en/c/ch/christopher_columbus.html (3557 words)



Native American - Biocrawler

The <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Native Americans.
In the 15th to 19th centuries, their populations were ravaged, by the privations <bb>>ofb>bb>> displacement, by disease, and in many cases by warfare with <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> groups and enslavement by them.
Europeans also brought diseases against which the Native Americans had no immunity.

http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Native_American (4981 words)



Africa

Before <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa, Europeans were mainly interested in gold and black gold (slave) trade (which created various slave towns up and down the Western Coast <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa).
Like colonial cities Europeans built in Latin America and Asia, colonial cities in Africa were centers <bb>>ofb>bb>> commerce and administration (which was designed to strengthen the ties between the colonial territory and the mother country), and they were often located on or near the coast (or a major waterway).
Colonizers established a great number <bb>>ofb>bb>> cities in Africa and displaced internal networks <bb>>ofb>bb>> trade and influence which had developed over many centuries.

http://www-scf.usc.edu/~yucekus/africa.html (4981 words)



EDSITEment Lesson - Printer Friendly

<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> heads <bb>>ofb>bb>> state laid down ground rules for the colonial conquest <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa at the Congress <bb>>ofb>bb>> Berlin in 1884-5.
This page provides a map and general information about Nigeria, including descriptions <bb>>ofb>bb>> its four main ethnic groups: Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, and Hausa, and the Igbo Information page from the Peoples Resources section <bb>>ofb>bb>> the site offers information about the ethnic group described in Things Fall Apart.
Have the class discuss what these statements say about Achebe's view <bb>>ofb>bb>> the role <bb>>ofb>bb>> the writer/storyteller in society.

http://edsitement.neh.gov/printable_lesson_plan.asp?id=382 (4981 words)



La leyenda Negra, the Black legend: truths and myths about the Spanish <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> part 2

It was certainly the result <bb>>ofb>bb>> an effective propaganda campaign but it created an unfair anti Spanish bias powered by the political imperatives <bb>>ofb>bb>> the competition between the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> nations for the leadership <bb>>ofb>bb>> the world.
Further more, it will be used later during the evolution <bb>>ofb>bb>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> colonialism and imperialism as an implicit intellectual anchor for the "white man burden concept" which portrayed the white man as the natural leader <bb>>ofb>bb>> humanity and consequently as the naturally anointed steward <bb>>ofb>bb>> the riches and the natural resources <bb>>ofb>bb>> the world.
The conquest <bb>>ofb>bb>> Mexico by Cortez is one <bb>>ofb>bb>> the darkest chapters <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Spanish <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas.

http://www.kwabs.com/leyenda_negra_black_legend2.html (1248 words)



Yael_Lotan.htm

Unlike the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas, for example, or the British domination <bb>>ofb>bb>> Kenya or India, the Jewish settlement in Palestine has been given various and contradictory definitions.
What is certain, however, is that the violent outbreaks <bb>>ofb>bb>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> antisemitism stimulated the mass emigration <bb>>ofb>bb>> Jews to America and other distant lands.
But for the violent crises which rocked <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> societies during that period, it is possible that most Jews would have assimilated, leaving only a few small Orthodox communities to cling to their traditional way <bb>>ofb>bb>> life.

http://www.geocities.com/toi_billboard/Yael_Lotan.htm (3684 words)



Houghton Mifflin Textbook - Web Exercises

Though not the first <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> to explore the Americas, Columbus established a permanent link between the peoples <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas and the rest <bb>>ofb>bb>> the world.
In what is now the state <bb>>ofb>bb>> Texas, the first <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> outposts were missions established by Franciscan monks.
The most important legacy <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Age <bb>>ofb>bb>> Exploration was Christopher Columbus's accidental voyage to the Americas.

http://college.hmco.com/history/world/bulliet/earth_peoples/3e/students/web_activities/ch18.html (1037 words)



The Origins <bb>>ofb>bb>> Racism

African historiography since the attainment <bb>>ofb>bb>> independence in the 1960s has completely shattered the Hamtic myth and allied <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> racist writing on
Many but not all <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> academics and historians have forgotten the racist notion that "
Nonetheless, for a very long time <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> academicians and historians denied

http://afgen.com/africa_history.html (1037 words)



ICT [2005/12/25] An interview with Charles C. Mann

Now multiply these two stories by a hundred or a thousand and you get some idea <bb>>ofb>bb>> the enormous consequences wreaked by <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> diseases when they came to the Americas.
In fact, most <bb>>ofb>bb>> the time that Europeans tried to colonize the Americas in the absence <bb>>ofb>bb>> epidemic disease their efforts failed, usually because local people got tired <bb>>ofb>bb>> them and threw them out.
Wounded, almost each and every one, the Europeans were on the point <bb>>ofb>bb>> utter destruction when by a stroke <bb>>ofb>bb>> fortune smallpox came in with some Spanish ships that ended up providing reinforcements to Cortes...

http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096412156 (1206 words)



H-Net Review: Peter C. Mancall on Humanism and America: An Intellectual History <bb>>ofb>bb>> English <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>>, 1500-1625

The <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas, which historians in earlier generations had praised, has become cloaked with tragedy.
His is a more nuanced and sensible approach, pivoting on the question <bb>>ofb>bb>> what leading proponents <bb>>ofb>bb>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> had in their minds when they created plans for establishing English settlements abroad.
In other words, the English created an intellectual edifice in which they justified their actions in North America by claiming that they had more noble goals than mere profit and eschewed the kinds <bb>>ofb>bb>> violence and theft they believed characterized the Iberians' conquest.

http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=11591121790302 (2527 words)



The Traveler

The holiday celebrates the people who were living on the American continents when the Portuguese-financed Italian sailor opened the door to <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas.
Restrepo's lecture, "Unsettled Accounts: Columbus and Indigenous America," made clear that the version <bb>>ofb>bb>> Columbus' venture told in U.S. schoolrooms is an example <bb>>ofb>bb>> history written by the victors.
Indigenous Peoples' Day originated in Berkeley, Calif., in 1992, on the 500-year anniversary <bb>>ofb>bb>> Columbus' discovery, or invasion, <bb>>ofb>bb>> the new world.

http://media.www.thetraveleronline.com/media/paper688/news/2005/10/12/News/Indigenous.Peoples.Day.Sheds.Light.On.Continents.History-1017959.shtml?sourcedomain=www.thetraveleronline.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com (407 words)



Ronke Oyekunle

Historians disagree on the motives for the establishment <bb>>ofb>bb>> the African Association, but evidence supports the reason <bb>>ofb>bb>> being for the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> economy.
There is evidence that the Europeans maintained the understanding that the West Africans had the control <bb>>ofb>bb>> the goods the Europeans sought; "There is copious evidence to demonstrate that they "acknowledged the sovereignty <bb>>ofb>bb>> the African authorities and paid them the respect and customary dues that recognized usage prescribed"(51).
 Betts carefully outlines and defines the French policies for <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>>.

http://www.louisville.edu/~atoyek01/Annotations.htm (407 words)



Life in the American Colonies

Discuss the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas beginning with the Spanish explorations <bb>>ofb>bb>> the 15th century.
Challenge students to research the impact <bb>>ofb>bb>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> on Native Americans.
Students should look for primary sources that detail the experiences <bb>>ofb>bb>> Native Americans as they encountered Europeans.

http://www.eduplace.com/ss/hmss/7/unit/act8.2.html (662 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>>

While <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> is often seen as the physical process <bb>>ofb>bb>> claiming, governing, and utilizing the resources <bb>>ofb>bb>> a land, imperialism is the wider term for a nation's ambition to create an empire.
This section is also about <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>>, but it includes an interesting twist: students choosing to participate will be asked to explore the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas and compare it with the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa and Asia in the late 1800's.
The <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> nations should not be honored as discoverers or as people spreading civilization; Instead, they should be seen as conquerors, destroying advanced cultures and societies in the pursuit <bb>>ofb>bb>> greater power.

http://www.oceanside.k12.ny.us/9ms/departments/socialstudies/pre_ap/keegan/colonization.htm (815 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa: Information From Answers.com

With the dismissal <bb>>ofb>bb>> the aging Chancellor Bismarck by Kaiser Wilhelm II, the relatively orderly <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> became a frantic scramble.
These forts often developed areas <bb>>ofb>bb>> influence along coastal strips, but (with the exception <bb>>ofb>bb>> the River Senegal), the vast interior <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa was not colonized and indeed little known to Europeans until the late nineteenth century.
The whole <bb>>ofb>bb>> Roman/Byzantine North Africa eventually fell to the Arabs in the 7th century, who brought the Islamic religion and Arabic language (see History <bb>>ofb>bb>> Islam).

http://www.answers.com/topic/colonization-of-africa (815 words)



Rebecca Dispatch

Thus begins the story <bb>>ofb>bb>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> in the Americas.
And while many <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> countries wanted their piece <bb>>ofb>bb>> this "New World," the Spanish were the first to create permanent cities in what would later become the United States.
So after Christopher Columbus and his sailors ran into the Americas on their way to the Indies, a new option presented itself to the crafty but crowded Europeans.

http://www.ustrek.org/odyssey/semester1/093000/093000beckyspan.html (893 words)



Colonial Rule

Just as quickly, <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> powers were confronted with the basic problem <bb>>ofb>bb>> colonial occupation: how to rule effectively and cheaply over a foreign subject population?
Meanwhile, Christian missionaries' calls for <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> intervention to end African slavery and "barbaric" practices (such as human sacrifice in the kingdom <bb>>ofb>bb>> Dahomey) provided a moral rationale for <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> political and economic ambitions.
<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> colonies often had fewer than one colonial officer for every 22,000 Africans, as was the case in Kenya in 1921.

http://archive.blackvoices.com/research/encarta/tt_382.asp (893 words)



Prof. Rawson's Courses

Understanding the context <bb>>ofb>bb>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas requires a reach further back into the past than does the traditional focus on Spain, France and England.
The WSC catalogue says "From <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> through the Civil War era.
Here students will try to determine whether those things we take for granted about America today have historic or contrived roots."

http://wwwfac.worcester.edu/history/CoursesRawson.htm (326 words)



Legacy image & caption africa section

The transatlantic slave trade (15th-19th centuries) and the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa disrupted the traditional internal processes <bb>>ofb>bb>> historical, social and cultural change on the continent.
World War II destroyed the myth <bb>>ofb>bb>> white supremacy and <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> invincibility.
It has acquired, in microform, historic records held by <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> colonial archives and American government agencies.

http://www.nypl.org/research/sc/WEBEXHIB/legacy/imgins9.htm (326 words)



<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Slavery under <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> rule began with importation <bb>>ofb>bb>> white <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> slaves (or indentured servants), followed by the enslavement <bb>>ofb>bb>> local aborigines in the Caribbean.
<<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> diseases and cruel systems <bb>>ofb>bb>> work (the famous haciendas and the mining industry) decimated the American population.
The first phase <bb>>ofb>bb>> modern <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> activity in this region began with the oceanic crossings <bb>>ofb>bb>> Christopher Columbus (1492-1500), sponsored by Spain, whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China, known as "the Indies".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas (1291 words)



H-Atlantic Discussion Network-Syllabi

The African Diaspora in the Americas: History, Conception, and the Politics <bb>>ofb>bb>> Culture (Brown, Harvard, 2003)
Latin America: The Founding <bb>>ofb>bb>> New Societies (1998, Scardaville, Univ. So.
History <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas: "Americans" and "Indians" since 1492 (Kraay, Calgary, 2001)

http://www.h-net.org/~atlantic/syllabi.htm (583 words)



Africa: A Voyage <bb>>ofb>bb>> Discovery with Basil Davidson

Killings <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africans were frequent in the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> Africa.
Some <bb>>ofb>bb>> the problems that Europeans faced were land that was claimed by countries before the Berlin Congress, religious fundamentalists, and fighting for land amongst Europeans after the Berlin Congress.
The common people <bb>>ofb>bb>> the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> colonies in Africa knew and understood many <bb>>ofb>bb>> the problems with <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> colonialism.

http://dickinsg.intrasun.tcnj.edu/films/basil/video6.html (583 words)



Indian Land Tenure Curriculum

The students should also be told to note whether native exposure to <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> diseases predated or were concurrent with colonizing activities, the economic activities <bb>>ofb>bb>> the colonists, whether they acquired land from natives and how, and how religion played a role in <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>>.
Ask the students to compare the motivations <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Europeans to explore and colonize lands with what they know about the traditional values certain American Indian tribes had in connection with the use and occupation <bb>>ofb>bb>> their land.
Discuss with the students how the indigenous peoples <bb>>ofb>bb>> these areas were also colonized by Europeans.

http://www.indianlandtenure.org/curriculum/6-8/Standard2/lesson1.htm (1323 words)



500 Years <bb>>Ofb>bb>> Resistance

Before the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas, in that time <bb>>ofb>bb>> life scholars refer to as "Pre-history" or "Pre-Columbian", the Western hemisphere was a densely populated land.
The accounts <bb>>ofb>bb>> slavery, although there is no way to explain it away, differed sharply from the Europeans in that it was not based on racism, nor was it a fundamental characteristic which formed the economic basis <bb>>ofb>bb>> these societies.
Throughout the year 1992, the various states which have profited from the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas will be conducting lavish celebrations <bb>>ofb>bb>> the "Discovery <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas".

http://members.fortunecity.com/gwolf2/500yrs.html (1755 words)



Edward J. Dodson / The Search for the Just Society, Part 4

The subject <bb>>ofb>bb>> this discussion is the <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas and the impact on indigenous tribes.
With the marriage <bb>>ofb>bb>> Ferdinand to Isabella, Spain became the second unified <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> state and began to compete with Portugal.
The indigenous tribes <bb>>ofb>bb>> North America were at the time <bb>>ofb>bb>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> arrival still largely semi-nomadic, although they generally controlled specific territories and operated under formal, hierarchical structure.

http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/dodson_course_4.html (1338 words)



Cultural Readings - Introduction

Europeans used the written and the printed word to call for <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> and promote its benefits; to depict native cultures in narrow ways familiar to <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> audiences; to proclaim the benefits <bb>>ofb>bb>> missionization; and to portray the lands <bb>>ofb>bb>> the New World as rich and ready for the taking.
Furthermore, as these documents attest, while Europeans attempted to "read" native cultures <bb>>ofb>bb>> the Americas, indigenous peoples sought to "read" Europeans, expressing their opinions and judgments in speeches, negotiations, religious gatherings, and in print.
The web site is grouped into six broad categories; it also includes scholarly essays on topics related to the exhibition and a brief bibliography and list <bb>>ofb>bb>> web links.

http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/kislak/index/intro.html (889 words)



Why Historians Have a Stake in the Debate Over Evolution

To understand <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> we must begin by acknowledging the vast difference in the flora and fauna <bb>>ofb>bb>> the North American and <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> continents at the time <bb>>ofb>bb>> contact.
Historians have long described the motives <bb>>ofb>bb>> <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> settlers—their desire to make money, convert those they viewed as heathen, worship freely, or to expand empire—but only in the last generation have we come to understand the vital importance <bb>>ofb>bb>> the biological factors that made <<bb>>bb>bb>>>colonizationb>bb>>bb>bb>>> possible.
Not only were Native American peoples isolated from <<bb>>bb>bb>>>Europeanb>bb>>bb>bb>>> disease for hundreds <bb>>ofb>bb>> generations, but also the fact that the New World contained fewer cities—in whose dense settings diseases and antibodies proliferate—helps account for the lack <bb>>ofb>bb>> immunities among native populations.

http://hnn.us/articles/14997.html (1473 words)

Topic: European colonization <b>of</b> <b>the<

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