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| | Soviet Economic Decline: Did an Oil Crisis Cause the Transition in the Soviet Union? |
 | | The only way that the Soviet Union could have possibly survived such an oil production decline crisis, not to mention a complete loss of oil export revenue for hard currency, as well as cut its internal consumption, and cut off Eastern European exports, would be to shift to a market economy. | | | The only way that the Soviets could do this was to free up their economy since energy and especially petroleum energy is the foundation of an economy. | | | Possibly military defense spending did play a role in further economic collapse, and as Dallin has said, Gorbechev and his policy of glasnost were a big factor in changing Soviet society since this allowed people to feel freer to react politically and express their desire to change communist rule. |
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http://www.hubbertpeak.com/reynolds/SovietDecline.htm
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| | Encyclopedia: Europe |
| | The Enlargement of the European Union is the growth in size of the European Union, from the six founding member states in 1952, to the 25 current member states. | | | The European Union has 25 member states as of 1 May 2004. | | | European Turkey comprises territory to the west and north of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Europe
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| | EUROPA - General publications - Booklets: EU at a glance |
| | The Union is an advanced form of multisectoral integration, its competence extending to the economy, industry, politics, citizens' rights and foreign policy of its fifteen member States. | | | The European Union and the Member States have committed almost ECU 140 billion since 1990 in loans and aid to the countries of central and eastern Europe and to the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union (Statement by Jacques Santer at the Transatlantic Summit on 28 May 1997). | | | In November 1995, the European Union laid the foundations of the new Euro-Mediterranean partnership at the Barcelona Conference which all the Member States of the EU and the countries bordering the Mediterranean attended (except Libya, Albania and the countries of the former Yugoslavia). |
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/publications/booklets/eu_glance/12/txt_en.htm
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| | Estonia - Free Encyclopedia |
| | It's economy is one of the strongest of those countries planning to join European Union. | | | Since the last Russian troops left on August 31 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with Western Europe. | | | Forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union in June, 1940, it regained its freedom in August 20, 1991 with the Singing Revolution and collapse of the Soviet Union. |
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http://www.wacklepedia.com/e/es/estonia.html
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| | NewsHour Online: Economy |
| | Eleven nations of the European Union prepare for a common currency. | | | December 31, 1997 --The Global Economy 1997 has been another big year for the U.S. economy, but the crisis in Asia has cast a shadow over the end-of-the-year festivities. | | | December 19, 2000 -- Economy In Transition Experts discuss the politics of the slowing economy. |
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http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/economy/economy.html
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| | :: Activities :: European Union :: |
| | In order to become a member state of the European Union, a country must be a stable democracy, have laws that the police and courts enforce, protect the rights of all its citizens and have an economy that allows people to buy and sell what they need easily. | | | The history of the United States of America has some similarity with the history of the European Union. | | | The European Union (EU) is a family of democratic European countries. |
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http://www.teaching.com/europe2004/activities/eu.cfm
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| | PKatzenstein |
| | "International Flows and Domestic Restructuring: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe's Accession to the European Union," with Elena Iankova (28 pp., November 1998). | | | "Economic Dependence and Political Autonomy: The Small European States in the International Economy," in John Ruggie, ed., The Antinomies of Interdependence (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp. | | | "Tombstones and Milestones: International Organization and the Growth of International Political Economy, 1968-1998," with Robert O. Keohane and Stephen D. Krasner (66 pp., September 1997). |
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http://falcon.arts.cornell.edu/Govt/faculty/PKatz.html
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| | Course Outline: |
| | “The Institutional Foundations of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union” International Organization | | | “The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies: An Analytical Overview.” In Robert O. Keohane and Helen V. Milner, eds., Internationalization and Domestic Politics. | | | External Trade Policy Liberalization in the European Union.” International Organization 52 (1) (Winter 1998): 55-86. |
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http://courses.ats.rochester.edu/stone/PSC574
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| | BIGpedia - European Union - Encyclopedia and Dictionary Online |
| | The Government and Politics of the European Union by Neill Nugent (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) ISBN 0333984617 | | | The "European Community" is one of the three pillars of the European Union, being both the most important pillar and the only one to operate primarily through supranational institutions. | | | The term European Community (or Communities) was used for the group of members prior to the establishment of the European Union. |
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http://www.bigpedia.com/encyclopedia/European_Union
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| | Hungarian Minority in Romania: DAHR Electoral Program |
| | The goal of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania and its parliamentary faction is to promote through their activity that Romania become member of the European Union as it contributes to the political-organizational unity of the Hungarian nation within the European state about to be formed. | | | Integration into the European Union shall be successful if all the groups of society take a unitary action in accession while views come closer. | | | Our duty is to convince and make the Romanian majority, society and political sphere understand that this is a modern European project that offers acceptable solutions for themselves as well. |
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http://www.unpo.org/news_detail.php?arg=24&par=1381
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| | European Union, Russia fail to reach agreement on 'strategic partnership' |
| | Russia and the European Union failed to complete negotiations on a partnership to boost security, trade and democracy but said Thursday they were confident a final agreement would be reached next year. | | | Russia and the EU sought to forge a partnership to boost ties in four areas: the economy; freedom, security and justice; external security; and research, education and culture. | | | Russia provides much of the energy for the rest of the continent, and more than half of its exports go to the expanded EU. |
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http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/news/archive/2004/11/25/international0911EST0471.DTL
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| | Western Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Until the enlargement of the European Union of 2004, Western Europe was sometimes associated with that Union, although non-members such as Norway and Switzerland unquestionably were considered parts of Western Europe. | | | United States of America and Canada — which have received millions of Western European settlers since the discovery of the New World. | | | This is also why NATO members such as Greece and Turkey were generally considered Western European even though they are geographically in the southeast. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe
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| | FOUND info about: union |
| | 174 The United States and the European Union The Political Economy of a Relationship Terrence R. Guay union | | | 350 Religious Freedom and the Neutrality of the State The Position of Islam in the European Union W. Shadid (Editor), et al union | | | 55 The Politics and Economics of the European Union An Introductory Text Robert A. Jones union |
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http://jura.vulkanoiden.de/union_yyy.html
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| | Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union | | | Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the Communist period. | | | Russia is fairly sparsely populated and has extremely low average population density due to its enormous size; population is densest in the European part of Russia, in the Ural Mountains area, and in the south-eastern part of Siberia. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia
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| | Reader's Companion to American History - -MARSHALL PLAN |
| | The Marshall Plan, according to revisionists, allowed the United States to remake the European economy in the image of the American economy. | | | The plan promoted European economic integration and federalism, and created a mixture of public organization of the private economy similar to that in the domestic economy of the United States. | | | The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. |
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http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057100_marshallplan.htm
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| | Economy |
| | The association agreement initialed between Morocco and the European Union in November 1995 and signed on February 26, 1996 will mark the Moroccan economy evolution and will consecrate its anchoring to the world economy, through the establishment of sound bases, relations based on reciprocity, partnership and co-development. | | | Meanwhile, negotiations for the renewal of the fisheries accord between Morocco and the European Union resulted in the two sides' reaching on November 31, 1995 a four-year agreement. | | | Thanks to Morocco's social and political stability, its economy has achieved several gains that are set to be consolidated by the implementation of measures taken following the social dialogue, the modernization of the judiciary system and a productive and sound management of the public sector and private enterprises. |
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http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/economy/economy.htm
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| | Latif's Cavern: 07/01/2002 - 07/31/2002 |
| | The European Union's economy does not have these inherent characteristics and as such unless they begin economic reforms to realign their economies to the Anglo-American model, then the EU zone will never be able to achieve parity with them. | | | Indeed in Jordan a compromise has evolved where the Palestinians remain in charge of the economy, whilst the Hashemities (or the native Jordanians) are in control of the government. | | | Afghanistan's economy is in such a state that companies aren't exactly going to invest in any industry, bar those related to oil & gas pipelines (in any case most of the pipelines will have to pass through Pakistan), and as such Pakistani industrialists are going to begin (and already are) making investments in Afghanistan. |
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http://latif.blogspot.com/2002_07_01_latif_archive.html
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| | TR 2/2004: K. Baßler: The Marshall Plan Hoax |
| | The funds thus freed up were used to set up the so-called ERP Fund for further support of the German economy." | | | The effect on the other European nations was proportional; 20% on average, and significantly more for those such as The Netherlands, whose economy was closely interconnected with Germany. | | | Incidentally, the Marshall Plan also depended to a great extent on this European economic union; with relatively few exceptions, it gave aid only if the recipient would grant special "drawing rights" for its products to other European nations. |
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http://www.vho.org/tr/2004/2/Bassler123-126.html
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| | cp.htm |
| | She was formerly the Associate Director of the Miami European Union Center, serving also as an editor, research associate, and program consultant. | | | Teaching: Comparative Politics, Politics of European Union, Latin American Politics, Comparative European Politics | | | Currently, he is an academic advisor for the World Lebanese Cultural Union, the American Lebanese Coalition, and the Florida Society of Middle East Studies, as well as a board member of the Iraq Institute for Strategic Studies. |
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http://www.fau.edu/polsci/faculty/cp.htm
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| | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | This led to inefficiency and confusion, and in 1921 there was a partial return to the market economy with the adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP). | | | In the technological race between the Soviet Union and the West (principally the United States), the USSR exploded (1953) a hydrogen bomb; announced (1957) the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles; orbited (1957) the first artificial earth satellite (called Sputnik); and in 1961 sent Yuri Gagarin in the first manned orbital flight. | | | Soviet economists, who had been secretly relying on doctored economic figures and raw material exports to gloss over the economy& deficiencies, could not disguise the USSR& failure to meet its Five-Year Plan goals. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/un/UnionSov.html
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| | Global Political Economy |
| | On the over-arching side of global evolution nation-states are and will transfer some of their powers and prerogatives to regional IGOs such as the European Union. | | | Political powers' move towards relinquishing their grip on the economy, thus reducing their potentials to take responsibility for public services and benefits to their citizens on the precepts of social justice: responsibilities which the nation-state had assumed when the tribal and communal patterns were absorbed and incorporated into the civic society of the nation-state. | | | In a nutshell, this inquiry is about the evolution of the political powers objectives from taxation to creation of jobs for their populations and the overall growth of wealth in their territories. |
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http://www.globalpoliticaleconomy.com/art_corporate.html
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| | rpt.htm |
| | Making a West African Union economy work will be slow, because the institutional problems of each nation are duplicated at the regional level. | | | The Senegal economy is so small it needs to be part of a larger market, and it is, the Economic and Monetary Union of West African States. | | | U.S. aid comes in ninth place, after France, Germany, Japan, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, the World Bank, European Union, and the IMF. |
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http://isis.csuhayward.edu/DBSW/politicalscience/slewis/senegal/rpt.htm
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| | America and the West: Lessons from the Marshall Plan - FPRI |
| | Nations will vote for joint economic projects faster than they will vote for federalism, although a federalism of sorts is clearly the objective of the European Union. | | | In the case of the Balkans crisis, all key elements were missing at the outset, and only disaster brought about the Dayton Plan: a U.S.-articulated “common interest” supported by a NATO- and pan-European force. | | | By harnessing the engine of economic expediency, the Europeans had advanced in a way that could not have been possible if they had announced their real political intentions. |
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http://www.fpri.org/ww/0103.199801.sicherman.lessonsfromthemarshallplan.html
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| | NTU Info Centre: East Germany |
| | East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a Communist Party-led state that existed from 1949 to 1990 in the former Soviet occupation zone of Germany. | | | It was created in 1946 through the merger of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the Soviet controlled zone, although the SPD remained a separate party in East Berlin. | | | Thus, on October 3 1990 the East German population was the first from the Eastern Bloc to join the European Union as a part of the reunified Federal Republic of Germany. |
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http://www.nowtryus.com/article:East_Germany
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| | Time for a new Marshall plan |
| | Indeed, the aid was originally intended for all European countries involved in the war (except for Franco’s Spain), including the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe. | | | Fifty years ago, on 5 June 1947, General George Marshall, the United States secretary of state and principal adviser to Democrat President Harry Truman, set out in a speech at Harvard University the basis for his famous "European Recovery Program", known to history as the Marshall Plan. | | | Speaking at The Hague, on 28 May last, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Marshall Plan, President Bill Clinton turned the spotlight right back on to Marshall aid in the context of current debate on the role the state should play in the economy. |
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http://mondediplo.com/1997/06/lead2
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| | The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Economy - overview |
| | Bulgaria, a former communist country striving to enter the European Union, has experienced macroeconomic stability and positive growth rates since a major economic downturn in 1996 led to the fall of the then socialist government. | | | Recovery was upended in the last quarter of 2000 with the outbreak of Palestinian violence, triggering tight Israeli closures of Palestinian self-rule areas and a severe disruption of trade and labor movements. | | | Growth will remain anemic in 2002 with a recovery likely near the end of the year. |
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http://www.brainyatlas.com/fields/2116.html
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| | UKRAINIAN EXTERNAL AFFAIRS - Year 2000 |
| | The European Union on October 4 extended the status as a free market economy to Ukraine, which will give the country's exporters more leverage in resolving anti-dumping disputes to their benefit. | | | Also discussed were the prospects for creating an energy union of which Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Belarus, and possibly Ukraine would be members. | | | There is also another group of farmers and trade unions in Poland who oppose the privatization of sugar refineries by foreign capital and demand the creation of a Polish sugar holding to save the sector from bankruptcy. |
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http://www.users.bigpond.com/kyroks/ukrexaf3.html
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| | Western European Government publications |
| | New Cronos is a comprehensive database of social and economic statistical data covering the European Union member states and also, in many cases, Japan, the United States, the candidate countries and the principal economic partners of the European Union. | | | Eurostat for example (the statistical office of the European Communities) produces datasets covering general statistics, economy and finance, population and social conditions, energy and industry, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, external trade, distributive trades, services and transport, environment, research and development in EU member states. | | | Developments in the European Union since the arrival of the European Single Market in 1992 makes a knowledge of the publications of national governments in western Europe, as well as those of the European Community, increasingly important. |
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http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/govpub/westeur/western_european_government_publ.htm
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| | POLISH NEWS - Essay Page - The Poland's 20th century. |
| | Admission to the European Union, widely expectedly to occur some time between 2003 and 2006, is likely to profoundly affect Poland's economy, government policies and social development -- both for better and worse. | | | Fears have been voiced that nearly all of Poland's economy will soon be controlled by foreign interests. | | | - Food-price increases again spark worker protests, the most serious in Ursus near Warsaw and Radom; police reprisals against protesters lead to the emergence of the dissident Workers' Defense Committee (KOR) which provides legal and material aid to jailed workers and their families. |
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http://www.polishnews.com/fulltext/essay/2000/essay56_8.shtml
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