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| | History of Work Ethic |
 | | This was a social, economic, and political system under which landowners provided governance and protection to those who lived and worked on their property. | | | Berenstein did not accuse the theological leaders of the Protestant Reformation of deliberately constructing a belief system which would support the new economic order, but proposed that they did misconstrue the realities of the poor and the unemployed of their day. | | | During the medieval period, the feudal system became the dominant economic structure in Europe. |
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http://www.coe.uga.edu/~rhill/workethic/hist.htm
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| | Reading.2 |
| | Which labor system dominated at a given time and place depended on such factors as the area's natural resources, the number of Europeans in the area and the character of their economic activities, the size and cultural level of its Indian population, and the crown's economic and political interests. | | | At a time when scholasticism(1) was dying in (1) A system of theological and philosophical doctrine and inquiry that predominated in the Middle Ages. | | | This system, which had its origin in the Spanish medieval practice of granting jurisdiction over lands and people captured from the Moors to leading warriors, consisted in the as- signment to a colonist of a group of Indians who were to serve him with tribute and labor. |
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http://www.bradley.edu/academics/las/his/His105/Reading.2
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| | Sociology 350 |
| | The encomienda had legal, economic and political features. | | | The encomienda was a system by which indigenous labor was allocated by the colonial authorities to the Spanish settlers. | | | During the 16th and 17th centuries the majority of the native population in Latin America was subjected to the system of the encomienda (also called the repartimiento de indios). |
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http://www.unm.edu/~nvaldes/350/encom.htm
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| | comthree.htm |
| | Karl Marx believed that capitalism had brought more material progress in two centuries than other economic systems had brought in all previous history; he also believed that capitalism's end was inevitable. | | | Marx believed that history was a story of the evolution from one economic system to another and that this evolution took place through a dialectical process. | | | Marx argued that every economic system had different classes of people, that some of these classes of people exploited others, and that conflict between these classes was the driving force in history. |
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http://www1.mwc.edu/~bhansen/comthree.htm
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| | Feudalism and Capitalism come to America |
| | There are accounts, however, such as that of Doris Heneker, that assert that on contact with the capitalistic system of their English-speaking neighbours, as early as 1788, the habitants appreciated its economic superiority, and petitioned for its adoption among themselves. | | | They were rooted in the different characters of the nation states and of the national economic policies that were associated with the rise of European, market oriented capitalism. | | | Much had changed in the system, but there were still identifying characteristics: a township, six by six miles, divided into 36 square sections, with reserves for the support of a school, and to finance the building of a railway. |
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http://www.upei.ca/~rneill/canechist/topic_3.html
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| | Table of Contents and Excerpt, Nutini, The Mexican Aristocracy |
| | In this dynamic of continuous preponderance, economic variables (the encomienda and hacienda systems and seigneurialism, accompanied by rather pronounced ethnic differences) were the necessary conditions for the maintenance of a worldview and expressive array that constituted the sufficient conditions of superordinate stratification. | | | As control of the ruling party is coming to an end, and the political system becomes more representative and democratic, politics as a source of wealth is being curtailed. | | | Thus ensued the tacit covenant that governed Mexico's political system throughout most of the nineteenth century: an increasingly mestizo political class which governed without undue interference as long as it respected the interests of the aristocratic and banking and industrial classes. |
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http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exnutmex.html
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| | Continental System on Encyclopedia.com |
| | Economic warfare had been carried on before 1806, but the system itself was initiated by the Berlin Decree, which claimed that the British blockade of purely commercial ports was contrary to international law. | | | CONTINENTAL SYSTEM [Continental System] scheme of action adopted by Napoleon I in his economic warfare with England from 1806 to 1812. | | | Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 was brought on by Russia's refusal to conform to the decrees, and the war between England and the United States, known as the War of 1812, was to some extent a result of the economic warfare. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/C/Contin-S1ys.asp
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| | Radstats: The theory and practice of wage subsidisation: some historical reflections |
| | There is something profoundly pessimistic about the idea that the ills of an economic system can be explained largely by the quality and motivation of an underclass comprised of the poorest of the population. | | | In the Speenhamland era there were four ways by which able-bodied workers were aided outside the workhouse: the allowance in relief of wages (supplementation of wages by parish relief), the roundsman system, the labour rate and public works. | | | An immediate effect of the Speenhamland System was to put upward pressure on the number on outdoor relief by throwing subsidised workers into competition with independent labourers, and forcing the latter onto parish relief. |
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http://www.radstats.org.uk/no077/wilkinson.htm
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| | DPD Chapter 2: The Locus of Development, the Micro-Macro Connection, and Exact Specification |
| | This is a harder problem, but the answer still appears to be no. First, the concept of "political" in political development and political culture has been drawn widely enough to embrace every social form through which people relate to one another: political, legal, economic, religious, and general social institutions. | | | As part of the individual system, these beliefs are like any psychic phenomenon. | | | Researchers can thus examine these beliefs from the perspective of either system. |
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http://www.d.umn.edu/~schilton/Articles/DPD2.html
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| | colum.html |
| | Throughout the Americas, Indian people remain at the bottom of every socioeconomic indicator, we are under continuing physical attack, and are afforded the least access to economic, political, or legal redress. | | | He was personally responsible for the design and operation of the encomienda system that tied Indians as slaves to the lands stolen from them by the European invaders. | | | Columbus Day is a perpetuation of racist assumptions that the Western Hemisphere was a wasteland cluttered with savages awaiting the blessings of Western "civilization." Throughout the hemisphere, educational systems perpetuate these myths - suggesting that indigenous peoples have contributed nothing to the world, and, consequently, should be grateful for their colonization and their microwave ovens. |
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http://www.dickshovel.com/colum.html
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| | The Wheat Staple and Early Agriculture |
| | Percy, M.B. and R. ostak, "The Political Economy of the Abolition of Seigneurial Tenure in Canada East," Explorations in Economic History, 29(1), Jan. 1992, pp. | | | Unlike earlier authorities on the subject the author concludes that the seigniorial system was probably partly to blame because it altered the distribution of income which in turn changed the pattern of investment and kept the level of total output lower than it otherwise could have been. | | | Examines the use of the leader and associates system brought to Lower Canada from New England and used to colonize the Eastern Townships in the period indicated. |
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http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~reak/hist/wheatcf4.htm
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| | Swami And Friends - Arvind N. Das |
| | Gradually, Sahajanand also came round to the view that the zamindari system was `an obstacle in the way of economic and social advancement of society' and that `zamindars were parasitical elements fattening on the blood of the toiling peasantry'. | | | The zamindari system could not withstand the assault from three sides, the substantial tenants, the Indian capitalists and the State. | | | After zamindari abolition in the 1950s, although the formal organisation remained extent, largely under the control of the Communist Party of India (CPI), it lost its teeth. |
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http://www.virginia.edu/soasia/symsem/kisan/papers/swami.html
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| | Archaeology Wordsmith |
| | DEFINITION: A hierarchical political and economic system of the Middle Ages in which land was granted in return for military or labor services and the peasantry was ruled by a class of landowners. | | | DEFINITION: A political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were dependent on their land and on their lord. | | | A sociocultural system is a complex cultural structure consisting of a definable population within a more or less determinable locus, or territory, characterized by shared, interrelated ways of life including beliefs, norms, values, and technologies, transmitted to different degrees within the population, through various subgroups, from generation to generation. |
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http://www.reference-wordsmith.com/cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=system
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| | German reunification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | While the GDR became the richest, most advanced country in the Eastern bloc, many of its citizens still looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity. | | | The FRG and the GDR both made competing claims to be the legitimate legal successors of the German Reich. | | | The travel restrictions for East Germans were subsequently removed by the new government on November 9, 1989, and many people immediately went to the Wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification
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| | Lenin The New Economic Policy |
| | Thus the background to the establishment of a would-be Communist economic system in Russia continued to be stressed by disputations over the political direction of society. | | | The early stages of the development of this policy contemplated how the peasantry could be encouraged to produce more food for the towns and, in the later stages of planning, was extended towards encouraging economic exchange between town and country and to encouraging industrial production. | | | A recovery of economic activity in both rural and urban areas and between country and town was thus facilitated. |
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http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/new_economic_policy.html
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| | Soviet Russia in the era of NEP |
| | What is meant, of course, are healthy, economically and morally substantiated interests which do not run counter to our system."35 However as both eras painfully experienced, the interests of the people often ran "counter to the System" and often resulted in catastrophe. | | | Both social and economic relations benefited from the liberalization of State controls. | | | However, as I will discuss later, this "responsibility" leads to a direct challenge of socialist ideology. |
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http://members.aol.com/ThryWoman/SRNP.html
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| | Continental System |
| | System of economic preference and protection within Europe from 1806 to 1813 created by the French emperor Napoleon in order to exclude British trade. | | | Apart from its function as economic warfare, the system also reinforced the French economy at the expense of other European states. | | | Helicon Publishing is a division of Research Machines plc. |
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http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0013588.html
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| | Argentina's Current Political-Economic Crisis |
| | Because the convertibility system was not well understood, it has been blamed for a number of Argentina's ills that either had little to do with convertibility or simply did not exist. | | | Anyone attempting to make sense out of Argentina's fall from grace to economic and political chaos faces a real challenge. | | | Unfortunately, a lack of resolve by the Argentine government and a lack of support from the U.S. government prevented this economically beneficial, but politically somewhat difficult, option from being implemented either when president Menem first proposed it in 1999 or subsequently. |
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http://www.cato.org/dailys/03-12-02.html
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| | Amazon.com: Books: Gulag : A History |
| | For what forced the Gulag into becoming a more or less permanent fixture within the Soviet system was its value economically in producing goods and services that were marketable both within the larger Soviet economy as well as in international trade. | | | This remarkable volume, the first fully documented history of the gulag, describes how, largely under Stalin's watch, a regulated, centralized system of prison labor-unprecedented in scope-gradually arose out of the chaos of the Russian Revolution. | | | Stalin found it useful to expand the uses of the camp system to enhance industrial growth, and the camps became flooded with millions of Soviets found wanting in terms of their ultimate suitability for everyday life in the workers' paradise. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1400034094?v=glance
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| | GoodBye Soviets? |
| | THE PARTICIPATORY ECONOMIC claim that the demise of the Soviet Union is the demise of an authoritarian, exploitative system--including central planning--is so self evident from the historical record that it ought not be controversial. | | | Yet, even for those who didn't long ago reject the Soviet system as a horrible crime, surely the image of a population eager to reject even the names of their cities and towns reveals real hatred for the past system. | | | Finally, the presence of an economy so fantastically top-heavy, militarily biased, ecologically devastated, and unable to deliver even for its elites, ought to close the book on any claims to justice or rationality for the Soviet economic model. |
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http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/oldalbert3.htm
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| | Virginia Indian Relations |
| | The distortion of the headright system was done with considerable public approval and in some ways reflected the evolution of economic development that seemed to demand a more convenient and lese expensive method for obtaining title to large areas of unoccupied land. | | | Since abuses of the headright system were so flagrant from its inception, caution should be exercised by anyone attempting to establish facts concerning an immigrant by citing his inclusion in a headright list. | | | But the abuses threw out of balance the relation between patented land and the number of people in the colony; and furthermore through perversion of the system, speculation in land was not prevented and there resulted large areas of wholly uncultivated and uninhabited lands to which title had been granted. |
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http://sciway3.net/clark/gill/vaheadright.html
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| | For a New Economic Policy |
| | The economic policies of recent years at both national and European levels have failed to grasp the opportunities opened up by the positive developments of the late 1990s and are incapable of facing the challenge of the present slowdown. | | | Monetary policy is simply not regarded as part of economic policy, and the policy of the ECB is completely left out of the picture, although it has an enormous impact on the European economy. | | | New democratic movements, now active throughout the EU and beyond, are posing a direct political challenge to the hegemony of the deregulated, globalised US financial system. |
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http://www.france.attac.org/i2849
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| | A Brief History of Haciendas in Mexico |
| | Haciendas were the product of a massive economic depression in which the only market available was a small internal one. | | | Many hacienda families are killed and haciendas burned. | | | The Mexican economy had never seemingly been healthier when revolution broke out. |
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http://www.pmexc.com/pmc/tours/fieldtrp/fthcdas/fthcdhis.htm
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| | Manorialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Manorialism or Seigneurialism describes the organization of rural economy and society in medieval western and parts of central Europe, characterised by the vesting of legal and economic power in a lord supported economically from his own direct landholding and from the obligatory contributions of a legally subject part of the peasant population under his jurisdiction. | | | In certain areas of the former Empire of the West, a system of villas was entrenched in Late Antiquity and was inherited by the medieval world. | | | The aprisio made its first appearance in Charlemagne's province of Septimania in the south of France, when Charlemagne had to settle the Visigothic refugees who had fled with his retreating forces after the failure of his Saragossa expedition of 778. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism
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| | The Cold War Museum - Fall of The Soviet Union |
| | The state which the Bolsheviks created was intended to overcome national differences, and rather to create one monolithic state based on a centralized economical and political system. | | | Now that the Soviet Union, with its centralized political and economic system, has ceased to exist, the fifteen newly formed independent countries which emerged in its aftermath are faced with an overwhelming task. | | | By the time of the 1985 rise to power of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union's last leader, the country was in a situation of severe stagnation, with deep economic and political problems which sorely needed to be addressed and overcome. |
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http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/fall_of_the_soviet_union.php3
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| | End of Europe's Middle Ages - Feudal Institutions |
| | In the Middle Ages, networks of personal agreements formed the basis of the political, economic and social systems. | | | In the manorial system, however, the bonds were between lords and serfs and were defined by conditions of protection, labour and economic support. | | | Developing from the Roman villas of late antiquity, the manor became the basic agricultural unit in the early Middle Ages and reflected the system of personal bonds seen in feudal arrangements. |
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http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/feudal.html
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| | HIS 232: Guide to the Syllabus |
| | Socialism thus emerged as an ideological challenge to the capitalist economic system imposed by the developing industrial system, one that appeared to consign the urban masses to being merely cogs in an all-consuming industrial machine that, for its part, served to increase the power as well as the wealth of their antagonists, the bourgeois capitalists. | | | After the defeat of Germany, however, the fear and distrust separating the two ideological systems was given renewed force by the emergence of the victorious Soviet Union as one of the world's two superpowers. | | | His peremptory demands and threats of violence after his arival in Canton early in 1839 forced the merchants to hand over thousands of casks of opium--some 6 to 9 million dollars worth--which Lin promptly dumped into the sea without compensation to the merchants. |
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http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/syllabus/ob4.html
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| | The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time |
| | As he saw it, four institutions were crucial to the economic and political order that had characterized the North Atlantic Community and its periphery in the nineteenth century: a balance of political power, the international gold standard, a self-regulating market system, and the liberal state. | | | Polanyi is in fact careful to note that the range of human motives varies little across systems, with the specific form of action that any motive such as self-interest, generosity, anger, or jealousy may take dependent upon the system. | | | In much of Western Europe a combination of redistributive and reciprocative systems dominated through the end of the feudal and manorial era, and came to be increasingly supplemented and then replaced by market trading, the control and encouragement of which was a major focus of medieval municipal and mercantilist national governments. |
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http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/polanyi.shtml
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| | Malaysian New Economic Policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In recent years, the NEP has come under attack as being an inefficient system that promotes a laid-back attitude among the Bumiputras. | | | Although the NEP was hailed in some quarters as having reduced the socioeconomic disparity between the Chinese minority and Malay majority, others accused it of having reduced non-Malays to the status of second-class citizens. | | | In addition, due to the dramatic government intervention, the NEP increased the national debt and economic inefficiencies, causing worry among private sector investors. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy
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