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| | East Germany: |
 | | The Eastern German economy has struggled since German re-unification, and large subsidies are still transferred from west to east. | | | The East German territory was reorganized into what is now the city of Berlin and five states, reconstituting political entities that had been abolished in 1950. | | | in lifestyle, wealth, political beliefs and other matters) and thus it is still common to speak of eastern and western Germany distinctly. |
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http://winelib.com/wiki/East_Germany
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| | Paradox Interactive Forums - A Prussian AAR |
| | In December, Venice (Persia, Mameluks, Georgia, Navarra and Iraq) declares war on Turkey (Tunisia and Algiers), presumably in an attempt to recapture Venetians lands from the Ottoman forces who have fared badly against their eastern foes in recent wars. | | | Strategically, the Venetians have been as smart as ever and their allies join in bringing the Persians, Mameluks, and Iraqis to their support while the Turks have only Algiers and Tunisia as allies. | | | But perhaps the map of the world has changed irreversibly and the Turks are no longer a threat to Christian civilisation. |
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http://www.europa-universalis.com/forum/showthread.php?t=9016
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| | Germany's Expellees and Border Changes - An Endless Dilemma? Look into one of the least-known chapters of World War II ... |
| | But by then most of Silesia was under Habsburg control, Eastern Brandenburg and Pomerania under the Electors of Brandenburg, and East Prussia under the rule of the Teutonic Knights. | | | Still, having lost most of their worldly possessions, the expellees and refugees formed a nucleus of malcontents among whom radical- rightists, and former Nazis and neo-Nazis found fertile soil for political parties and pressure groups pursuing a revisionist and irredentist policy. | | | Over the centuries there have been plenty of such claims in Central and Eastern Europe, between Germans and Slavs, as well as between Germans and other peoples in the region, such as the Romanians and Hungarians. |
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http://www.germanlife.com/Archives/1995/9506_01.html
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| | Courtly Lives - Tczew, Poland/Dirschau, Germany |
| | Pomerania and Brandenburg preferred and deliberately chose German domination to the "hated overlordship" of Poland (Thompson, 433, 446). | | | In 1221 he stated: God forbid that the land should even relapse into its former state, that the Slavs should drive out the German settlers..." | | | The Vistulan Pomeranians were later known as Cassubians. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/Tczew.html
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| | Swinoujscie |
| | The Gulf of Pomerania, an idyllic view, however we have reached the EU-boundary. | | | This border also was created in 1945 without any historic background. | | | The town is situated on the river Swina (in German Swine) on two islands: Uznam (German: Usedom) on the left bank and Wolin (German: Wollin) on the right bank. |
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http://grenzen.150m.com/swinoGB.htm
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| | History of Pomerania |
| | West- (Vor-) Pomerania was combined with Mecklenburg as a country of the GDR. | | | Occupation Pomeranias by troops of the German emperor Ferdinand II. | | | Eastern Pomerania, Stettin and Swinemünde became, after the second World war, placed under Polish administration (Oder-Neiße Line). |
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http://www.ruegenwalde.com/rwalde/pgesch_e.htm
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| | Pomerania History |
| | The Peace of Westphalia (1648) gave Hither Pomerania (Vorpommern)-i.e., the western part, with Stettin, Stralsund, and the island of Rügen-to Sweden, while Farther Pomerania (Hinterpommern)-i.e., the eastern part, with Stargard-went to the electorate of Brandenburg (after 1701, the kingdom of Prussia). | | | Pomerania had by then been thoroughly Germanized; Pomerelia, like the rest of Prussian Poland, was subjected to intense Germanization. | | | The part of Pomerania west of the Odra was included in the new state of Mecklenburg, in the Soviet Zone of Occupation (later East Germany—1949-90). |
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http://www.richware.net/rohde/pomerania_history.htm
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| | POMERANIA - LoveToKnow Article on POMERANIA |
| | At the peace of Westphalia they claimed the duchy, in opposition to the elector of Brandenburg, and the result w~s that the latter was obliged to content himself with eastern Pomerania (Hinterpommern), and to see the western part (Vorpommern) awarded to Sweden. | | | In 1625 the whole of Pomerania became united under the sway of Duke Bogislaus XIV., and on his death without issue, in 1637, Brandenburg claimed the duchy by virtue of a compact made in 1571. | | | The soil of Pomerania is for the most part thin and sandy but patches of good land are found here and there. |
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http://www.1911ency.org/P/PO/POMERANIA.htm
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| | Geschichte Pommerns |
| | Pomerania under Prussian and Swedish Rule: 1648 - 1815 | | | Early History and Christianity in Pomerania: up to 1173 | | | This document was translated from German into English in 2002 by |
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http://radde.tripod.com/HistoryPomerania.html
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| | Dukes of Pomerania |
| | Warcislaw I of Western Pomerania gave birth the Griffin family of dukes who ruled duchy until 1637. | | | Polish king Boleslaw Smialy (1058-1080) is reported to have lost of Pomerania. | | | 1255/12661271 Msciwoj II from 1271 part of united Duchy of Pomerania |
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http://www.freeglossary.com/Dukes_of_Pomerania
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| | NodeWorks - Encyclopedia: Prussia |
| | These expulsions, together with the nationalisation of land by the Communist regime in the German Democratic Republic, destroyed the junkers as a class and marked the effective end of Prussia as a social and political entity; the GDR bureaucracy is seen by many as a "Red" continuation of the Prussian tradition, however. | | | During this period the formidable Prussian military machine and efficient state bureaucracy were founded, institutions which were to form the foundations of the German state until 1945, and (in some respects) of the GDR after that. | | | De jure, Prussia continued to exist as a territorial unit until the end of the war, but in practice the "Gauee" of the Nazi Party organization were the building blocks of the Nazi state. |
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http://pedia.nodeworks.com/P/PR/PRU/Prussia
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| | Wikinfo Gdansk |
| | After his assassination in 1296, the city was temporary ruled by the kings of Bohemia and Poland, Wenceslaus II and his son Wenceslaus III. | | | Both historians believed the area to be populated. | | | Gdańsk is, with a population of 460,000 (2002), the largest city in the historical province of Eastern Pomerania. |
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http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Gdansk
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| | Genealogy Page |
| | Now the Germans had gone to Germany, the Ukrainians acquired some eastern sections in the east and the Jews who survived the Nazi terror emigrated to Israel. | | | Pomerania was returned to Poland, except for Gdansk, which was made a free city in 1919, until the end of Nazi occupation in 1945, when it was finally returned to Poland. | | | In 1815 northern portions of historical Brandenburg, so-called Neumark, were added to Pomerania together with some former parts of the Kingdom of Poland, which were already taken by Brandenburg in the second half of the century. |
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http://rjburrows.tripod.com/id5.html
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| | Pomeranian History (Buetow, Lauenburg) |
| | All who do not escape by sea attempt to leave in wagon caravans or by railway. | | | This act was the basis of a claim by Brandenburg to Pomerania and Pomerellen during a later dispute over hereditary rights. | | | Duke Bogislaw X unites all Pomerania under his rule and in his own time is called "the Great". |
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http://members.tripod.com/~radde/Milestones.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pomerania |
| | The prelates and some of the nobility protested and left the diet; the towns gradually abandoned their opposition and accepted Bugenhagen's propositions, and Bishop Erasmus Manteuffel, who maintained his protest, died in 1544. | | | When Duke Barnim XI of Stettin, who had been a student at Wittenberg, and his nephew, Philip of Wolgast, joined the Lutheran party, its victory was assured. | | | Otto had the supervision of the Pomeranian Church until his death, but could not found a diocese to which to appoint the chaplain Adalbert. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12225a.htm
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| | BBC NEWS Europe Germans still feeling the divide |
| | The population of what was once the German Democratic Republic has fallen from 14.8 million people to 13.5 million since 1990. | | | This is the reality of life for many eastern Germans, 15 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. | | | This is one of the results of the frustration that is felt across eastern Germany. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3709952.stm
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| | Pomerania |
| | The Borns from whom I am descended originated in Pomerania (German Pommern), a strongly Protestant, Lutheran province of the German kingdom of Prussia. | | | Parts of Prussia, including eastern Pomerania where my ancestors lived, were given to Poland at the end of World War II. | | | By so doing, they doubtlessly saved their sons from the trenches of World War I, and their grandsons from service in Hitler's army during World War II. |
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http://home.comcast.net/~sr_born/vorfahren/pomerania.htm
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| | Franz Mehring: Absolutism and Revolution in Germany (Part 2c) |
| | Frederick ordered them to be set up after his heavy losses at Prague and Kohn, when he had to send for the regular troops from the Mark and Pomerania but did not wish to leave these provinces totally defenceless against the advancing Russians and Swedes. | | | Twice the Elector thought he had this part of Pomerania also in his hands; twice, in the Treaty of Westphalia and the Treaty of St. Germain [51], he had to relinquish it, to his bitterest annoyance. | | | However undeniable the Elector’s hereditary claims to the whole of Pomerania were, France, Austria and Sweden all opposed them. |
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http://www.marxists.org/archive/mehring/1910/absrev/ch02c.htm
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| | Explore - Part 32 |
| | Through great movements of population after World War II, a new society began to form in all of Pomerania, recovering the trails of its ancestors of more than a thousand years ago. | | | A period of intensive germanization of these lands began, which lasted until the end of World War II. | | | This situation lasted until the end of World War I and the rise of Reborn Poland (1918). |
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http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore32.htm
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| | German Democratic Republic |
| | The communist secret police or Stasi was famous for its efficiency and the thoroughness with which it permeated every day life in East Germany. | | | It was with this truncated eastern Germany that the Soviets in 1949--after Western Germany (the other occupation zones) had been constituted as the Federal Republic of Germany--created the German Democratic Republic. | | | Nevertheless, Germany was considered the most industrialized of the Soviet satellite state of eastern Europe. |
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http://www.worldhistoryplus.com/g/germanDemocraticRepublic.html
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| | Ezion-Geber's Home Page - Preussen Gloria - Prussia, History of |
| | This, then, is the heartland of Prussia - a western Catholic and eastern Protestant part, until the mass expulsions of 1944-47 when the German population was either expelled or butchered by the Red Army. | | | These unpromising unfertile and sandy lands were to eventually become the centre not only of a great Prussian state but also of the German nation in 1871. | | | During the Protestant Reformation, the Eastern Ducal part of Prussia (purple part of map) with its capital Königsberg (today Kaliningrad), converted to the Lutheran faith, whilst the Western Royal part, with its capital Danzig (today Gdansk) which was still under Polish occupation, remained Catholic. |
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http://www.nccg.org/ezion_geber/preussen1.html
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| | WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF - Online Information article about WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF |
| | The elector of Brandenburg received the greater part of eastern Pomerania, and, as he had a claim on the whole duchy since the See also: | | | Pomerania with Rtigen and the mouths of the See also: | | | Mecklenburg, and the lands of the archbishopric of See also: |
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http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/WAT_WIL/WESTPHALIA_TREATY_OF.html
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| | U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Poland: Background |
| | As a result, the eastern provinces, inhabited by Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians and Jews were incorporated into the Soviet republics (Ukrainian, Byelorussian and Lithuanian SRR). | | | Those living in Eastern Pomerania (West Prussia) have survived and today over 300,000 people in Poland consider themselves to be members of this minority. | | | After the World War II, the Allies moved the territory of Poland to what was formally called its “ethnic boundaries”, i.e. |
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http://www.us-english.org/foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=39&TID=2
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| | Max Kade Institute: Information about Pomerania |
| | Records for other parishes may be in this archive: | | | Many records for western Pomerania (Vorpommern), as well as some for eastern Pomerania (Hinterpommern) that were originally in the state archive in Stettin, are located in the following state archive: | | | For the eastern part of Pomerania, some of the church records are in this archive: |
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http://csumc.wisc.edu/mki/Genealogy/pommern.html
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| | EUROPA - Education and Training - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaïc study |
| | The same is true at a local level where it is only spoken in unofficial contacts (see country report). | | | However, some other print media exist: Pomerania, published monthly since 1956, is the official bilingual (Polish-Kashubian) publication of the Kashubian Pomeranian Association (ZK-P); Najô ùczba is an educational insert of Pomerania, Òdroda. | | | In 1309 the region was sold and annexed to the state of the German Order which at that time was an independent political entity. |
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/pol3_en.html
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| | Paradox Interactive Forums - Brandenburg 1600-1631 |
| | The Electorate is now 9 provinces large and in control of 2 centers of trade which our merchants rapidly move to dominate. | | | Frederick Wilhelm marches from Eastern Pomerania and meets the French. | | | The war against corruption is never ending and we have lost another battle. |
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http://www.europa-universalis.com/forum/showthread.php?t=6183
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| | [No title] |
| | From there they were brought to the Berlin Parish Regis- | | | The Archive of the Protestant Church of Pomerania in | | | From the other areas of Pomerania, very few Parish Registers are preserved. |
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http://www.ezab.de/e/eeeb2pom.html
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| | GDANSK |
| | After the death of the last Duke of Pomerania - Msciwoj II, according to the Agreement concluded in 1282 as well as his last will, Gdansk Pomerania became the part of Poland under the reign of Przemysl II who used a title | | | Until XIII century West and East Pomerania were the separate Duchies bordered with the Polish State under Piasts, but the part of Eastern/Gdansk Pomerania belonged to Bishopric of Kuyavia (in the Piast Kingdom). | | | (650 - 500 B.C.) was named by the scientific investigators the Early Proto-slavic culture of Eastern Pomerania. |
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http://groups.msn.com/GDANSK/_whatsnew.msnw
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| | Parish and Archive Records |
| | Ukrainian Archives - Overview of Archives in Ukraine and how to contact them (in English). | | | The Baptist Archive pages contain some data for Baptists in Eastern Europe (German). | | | Posen (and also some eastern regions) in Poland. |
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http://www.sggee.org/parish
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| | The rarest songbird in Europe - and probably the most promiscuous |
| | A hundred years ago, the German Land of Brandenburg alone probably held around 100,000 singing males. | | | But in the 20th century most of these habitats were drained for agriculture, and the bird is now confined to strongholds in Eastern Poland, Belarus and Ukraine, a small but growing number in Hungary, and tiny, diminishing populations in ‘Pomerania’ (Eastern Germany and North West Poland) and West Siberia. |
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http://www.birdlife.org/news/pr/2005/08/aquatic_warbler.html
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| | Axis History Forum :: View topic - nine million germans expelleds ? |
| | Axis History Forum Index » Holocaust and 20th Century War Crimes » nine million germans expelleds ? | | | According a statement by the Bundesminister für Vertriebene in 1962, quoted by Heinsohn, there were 128,000 refugees from the Eastern territories among those killed by allied bombing in Germany. | | | I believe the figure was closer to 11 million. |
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http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=1698
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| | Faculty |
| | Send mail to jmcveigh@smith.edu with questions or comments about this web site. | | | She received her secondary education in East Germany; since 1960, she has lived in the United States where she received her B.A. and M.A. degrees at Middlebury College in Vermont, and a Ph.D. in German Literature from the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. | | | Gertraud Gutzmann comes from Eastern Pomerania, an area that became part of Poland after 1945. |
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http://www.smith.edu/ger/faculty.html
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| | DPL Pomeranian Newsletter - Table of Contents - |
| | The Old Lutherans in Pomerania: Who Were They? | | | John Schmeling, A Descendant of Pomerania, is Knighted for His Work | | | A Story of the Casting of the Bell for the Stargard Church, translated by Dennis Wehrmann |
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http://feefhs.org/FEEFHS/dpl/dpl-toc.html
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| | Nineteenth-Century Emigration of "Old Lutherans" from Eastern Germany (Mainly Pomerania and Lower Silesia to Australia, ... |
| | Search: Nineteenth-Century Emigration of "Old Lutherans" from Eastern Germany (Mainly Pomerania and Lower Silesia to Australia, Canada, and the United) : ISBN: 0915162067 | | | Nineteenth-Century Emigration of "Old Lutherans" from Eastern Germany (Mainly Pomerania and Lower Silesia to Australia, Canada, and the United) | | | Nineteenth-Century Emigration of "Old Lutherans" from Eastern Germany (Mainly Pomerania and Lower Silesia to Australia, Canada, and the United) by Clifford Neal Smith, New, Used Books, Cheap Prices, ISBN 0915162067 |
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http://www.bookfinder4u.com/detail/0915162067.html
(238 words)
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| | Holiday homes and vacation rentals Eastern Pomerania - VacationVillas.net. Rent a vacation home or holiday apartment. ... |
| | Wolgast, Wolgast, Eastern Pomerania, Baltic Sea - Mainland, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany | | | Warin, Warin, Eastern Pomerania, Baltic Sea - Mainland, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany | | | Wieck, Wieck, Eastern Pomerania, Baltic Sea - Mainland, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany |
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http://www.vacationvillas.net/index.cfm/fa/find.list/reg_refno/647
(182 words)
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| | Gdansk |
| | The claim was fictitious, because the Czech king Wenceslaus III[?]. | | | By 1148, the town had been assigned to the diocese of Wloclawek and Pomerania, while several crusades were ordered by the popes, to 'christianize' the pagan Prussians. | | | Brandenburg's fictitious claim to the Gdansk Pomerania was based on a treaty between Wenceslaus III[?] and the Brandenburg which took place on August 8, 1305, promising the Misnia (Meissen) territory to the Czech Kingdom in exchange for the Gdansk Pomerania. |
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http://www.ebroadcast.com.au/lookup/encyclopedia/gd/Gdansk.html
(1896 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | This are the names which can't be excluded from the history of Pomerania. | | | For Pomerania the 12th century was not only that of a transition to firm state-resembling relations and the era of Christianization, but also one of severe devastations through war and plunder. | | | The driving forces were the rulers of Pomerania and Ruegen, also in small numbers the aristocrats, the mentioned monasteries, charitable institutions as well the religious knight fraternities. |
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http://radde.tripod.com/GermanSettlement.html
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| | Mściwój II of Pomerania - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography |
| | Because he had no sons, he has concluded the Treaty of Kępno in 1282, making duke Przemysł II his successor in all his possessions. | | | Mściwój II (also called Mestwin II or Mszczuj II) was a duke of Eastern Pomerania in years 1266-1294 (died 25 December 1294). | | | Later, he united all lands of Eastern Pomerania and became its sole ruler. |
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http://www.arikah.com/encyclopedia/Mestwin_II
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| | Wikipedia: Pomeranian language |
| | However, there are also other dialects used by authtonic people of Pomerania, such a dialect of Kociewiacy or dialect of Borowiacy. | | | It is the language of the German Pomeranians in western Pomerania, which today is included in the Bundesland of Germany called Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. | | | Pomeranian was also a group of Lekhitic dialects, sometimes called also the dialects of Polish. |
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http://www.factbook.org/wikipedia/en/p/po/pomeranian_language.html
(143 words)
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| | Hexapedia - Curzon line |
| | The territories east of this line were incorporated into the Byelorussian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics after so-called referendums, and hundreds of thousands of Poles and a lesser number of Jews were deported eastwards into the Soviet Union. | | | The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 said that the eastern border of Poland would be "subsequently determined." The lands lying between Poland and its eastern neighbours were inhabited by a mixed population of Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, Ukrainians and White Russians, with no single group being a majority. | | | Because the Russian Empire had collapsed into a state of civil war following the Russian Revolution, there was no recognised Russian government with whom the eastern border of Poland could be negotiated. |
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http://www.hexafind.com/encyclopedia/Curzon_line
(1320 words)
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| | Flight from Eastern Pomerania |
| | The Flight of the German Population from Eastern Pomerania | | | As a result, when, at the beginning of March 1945, the Russians began their major offensive against eastern Pomerania and Danzig the population in these regions had decreased only slightly, but the influx of refugees actually raised the number by several hundred thousand. | | | Which the exception of Kolberg, which held out until the 18th of March, by the 10th of March all of eastern Pomerania had been occupied by the Red Army. |
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http://members.tripod.com/~radde/FlightDanzig.html
(1299 words)
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| | Eastern Pomerania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Eastern Pomerania (also Pomerelia, East Pomerania, Gdańsk Pomerania, Vistula Pomerania, Polish: Pomorze Gdańskie, Pomorze Wschodnie, German: Pommerellen), is a geographical and historical region in the east of Pomerania in northern Poland. | | | The indigenous population of Pomeranians is mostly the Kashubians, who speak the Kashubian dialect of Pomeranian language. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Pomerania
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| | Christian Graf von Krockow and Pomerania |
| | Count Christian von Krockow (born 1927 in eastern Pomerania) on the expulsion. | | | This book has also appeared in Polish and in English. | | | The vengance that was visited on the Germans in the east in 1945, as always, affected for the innocent and hardly ever those who were guilty, who had in cowardly fashion escaped punishment either by flight or by suicide. |
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http://kaszuby.bytow.pl/radde/Krockow-e.html
(795 words)
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| | Unke Genealogy Page, The |
| | Pomerania was formed as a Prussian province in 1815, and became part of a unified Germany in 1871. | | | Descendants of these families left Pomerania in the next 2 centuries, usually to come to America in the 19th, and to move to other places in Germany in the 20th, especially after World War II. | | | Germany's defeat in World War II led to the loss of its eastern provinces, and that part of Pomerania which was east of the Oder River became a part of Poland. |
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http://www.unke-genealogy.de
(539 words)
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| | Family Background |
| | After World War I, from 1919 to 1939, Pomerania was divided among Germany, Poland, and the Freed City of Danzig (Gdansk). | | | For further information on Pomerania, go to Pomerania on the Resources page of this web site. | | | Until the end of World War II its area extended into Eastern Pomerania and Eastern Prussia, areas that are now administered by Poland. |
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http://www.bogenschneider.org/family_background.htm
(1024 words)
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