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| | Prague Spring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Dubček's reforms of the political process inside Czechoslovakia, which he referred to as Socialism with a human face, did not represent a complete overthrow of the old regime, as was the case in Hungary in 1956. | | | This change was reflected by reformist elements within the communist party by installing Alexander Dubček as party leader. | | | For these reasons the people voted for communists in the 1948 elections - the last democratic poll for a long time. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring
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| | Czechoslovakia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Three years later the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power (1948–1989) following a parliamentary election in which the Communists emerged as the winner and the country came under the influence of the Soviet Union. | | | Many Germans, Hungarians and Poles, but also some Slovaks, felt disadvantaged in Czechoslovakia, because the political elite of the country introduced a centralised state and most of the time did not allow political autonomy for the ethnic groups. | | | Main articles: Czechoslovakia: 1918 - 1938 and Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia
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| | Czechoslovakia |
| | From 1968 to 1989, Czechoslovakia seemed to be a country of a politically apathetic population ruled by aging communist hard liners and bureaucrats. | | | But this internal strength was not enough; when Nazi Germany pressed its claims on Czechoslovakia's German-populated Sudeten borderland, the Czech leaders had to accede to the destruction of their Republic. | | | The government's primary target was the non-native aristocracy, many of whom did not live in Czechoslovakia. |
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http://www.geohistory.com/GeoHistory/GHMaps/GeoWorld/czhek.html
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| | History of Czechoslovakia - encyclopedia article about History of Czechoslovakia. |
| | The term is used to liken this event to the Velvet Revolution of 1989 which led to the end of the rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the formation of a new, non-Communist government. | | | Radical elements found expression: anti-Soviet polemics appeared in the press; the Social Democrats began to form a separate party; new unaffiliated political clubs were created. | | | The End of the Communist Era (1987-1989) and Democratic Czechoslovakia (1989/1990-1992) |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/History%20of%20Czechoslovakia
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| | Czechoslovakia - Columbia Encyclopedia® article about Czechoslovakia |
| | In late 1989, massive antigovernment demonstrations in Prague were at first suppressed by the police, but as democratization swept through Eastern Europe, the Communist party leadership resigned in November. | | | Press censorship was reduced, and the restoration of a genuinely democratic political life seemed possible. | | | During the summer of 1947, the Communists began a campaign of political agitation and intrigue that gave them complete control of the government in Feb., 1948. |
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http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Czechoslovakia
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| | BBC ON THIS DAY 21 1968: Russia brings winter to 'Prague Spring' |
| | Czechoslovakia's abortive path to freedom began when Mr Dubcek, a Slovak, became Communist Party leader in January. | | | A programme of wide-ranging democratic reforms had been gathering pace in the face of Soviet disapproval and the rebirth of social and political freedom became known as the "Prague Spring". | | | US President Lyndon Johnson said the invasion was a clear violation of the United Nations Charter and that the excuses offered by the Soviet Union were "patently contrived". |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_2781000/2781867.stm
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| | Czechoslovakia |
| | I did not believe that Hitler could be argued out of his plan to absorb this key strategic State in the German Reich. | | | Benito Mussolini suggested to Hitler that one way of solving this issue was to hold a four-power conference of Germany, Britain, France and Italy. | | | She was the only woman ever executed for political reasons in Czechoslovakia. |
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWczech.htm
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| | Separatism: Czechoslovakia |
| | When World War II ended, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted as a unitary state with some elements of asymmetric autonomy added as a concession to the Slovaks; for example, Slovakia had a Communist Party and so did Czechoslovakia, but Czechia did not. | | | The world did not come to an end in January 1993, but it would be hard to argue that life improved in the former Czechoslovakia. | | | He administered the state with Hitler's blessings throughout the war years and collaborated by sending Jews to the death camps. |
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http://metta.spencer.name/papers/separatism-ch8.html
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| | Czechoslovakia 1968 |
| | As it was, numerous eye-witness reports tell of the bewilderment and demoralisation of the troops, as the realisation dawned on them that they had been duped by their leaders. | | | In the end it proved to be the bureaucracy itself, no longer able to guarantee its power and privileges on the basis of a nationalised planned economy strangled by the absence of democratic workers control, who turned towards capitalism as Trotsky had predicted in the 1930s. | | | There were instances of Russian troops breaking down and weeping in the streets, protesting that they didn't even know they were in Czechoslovakia. |
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http://www.marxist.com/1968/czech.html
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| | Czechoslovakia |
| | This book describes the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia which was accompanied by an intense hatred and prejudice toward the Jews. | | | Volume III is particularly germane to your work and is possibly one of the best sources of information on the subject of the Jews of Czechoslovakia in the Holocaust. | | | One of our members is a Holocaust survivor who spent many of the war years interned in the Theresienstadt (Terezin) concentration camp. |
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http://www.holocaust-history.org/questions/czechoslovakia.shtml
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| | "Radio Days - Munich Crisis" |
| | Hodza implied that if need be Czechoslovakia would go it alone against Hitler. | | | Before he left, Hitler delivered a memorandum to Chamberlain for him to present to Czechoslovakia. | | | And though Britain and France had barely reacted to the previous Anschluss, Hitler knew full well he could not invade Czechoslovakia without a reason. |
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http://www.otr.com/munich.html
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| | USSR Czechoslovakia Intervention 1968 |
| | As the KSC Presidium convened on August 20, the anti-reformists planned to make a bid for power, pointing to the imminent danger of counterrevolution. | | | In 1968 relations with the eastern European satellites had flared up again when leaders of the Czechoslovakian Communist party under Alexander Dubcek initiated reforms promoting democratization and free speech. | | | Kolder and Indra viewed the Kaspar Report with alarm and, some observers think, communicated their conclusions to the Soviet ambassador, Stepan V. Chervonenko. |
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http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/cite/czechoslovak1968.htm
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| | Czech Literature And The Reading Public |
| | These books included works by Havel, Hrabal, a political history of Czechoslovakia by the editor of emigré journal Svudectví Pavel Tigrid and for instance an account of week-long political protests in the streets of Prague in January 1989, which were suppressed by the communist police. | | | The only emigré publishing house whose existence was publicly acknowledged and whose work was quickly rewarded by an official Order of the White Lion, the highest decoration bestowed by the Czechoslovak Republic, was Skvorecky's 68 Publishers in Toronto. | | | People of widely differing political views made up the Charter 77 community. |
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http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/staff/Czech_literature.html
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| | Czechoslovakia - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Czechoslovakia |
| | Despite assurances that Czechoslovakia would remain within the Warsaw Pact, the USSR viewed these events with suspicion, and in August 1968 sent 600,000 troops from Warsaw Pact countries to restore the orthodox line. | | | This ‘Socialist Democratic Revolution’, as it was known, promised the return of freedom of assembly, speech, and movement, and the imposition of restrictions on the secret police, all with the goal of creating ‘socialism with a human face’. | | | It was the only East European state to retain a parliamentary democracy throughout the interwar period, with five coalition governments (dominated by the Agrarian and National Socialist parties), with Tomas Masaryk serving as president. |
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http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Czechoslovakia
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| | Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Czechoslovakia / Bibliography |
| | "Czechoslovakia," RAD Background Report, 150 (Radio Free Europe Research.) Washington, December 27, 1985, 13-16. | | | Situation Report: Czechoslovakia, 3 (Radio Free Europe Research.) Washington, February 18, 1982,1-12. | | | "Czechoslovakia Official on Bloc Unity," Situation Report: Czechoslovakia, 13 (Radio Free Europe Research.) Washington, August 13, 1985, 3-5. |
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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/czechoslovakia/cs_bibl.html
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| | The Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia and the crushing of the Prague Spring - 20-08-2003 - Radio Prague |
| | It has been thirty-five years since Soviet troops began entering Czechoslovakia late on August 20th and early August 21st in a carefully orchestrated invasion designed to crush the period of political and economic reforms known as the Prague Spring, reforms led by the country's new First Secretary of the Communist party Alexander Dubcek. | | | After August anyone who became a communist could be only an opportunist, for either material or 'moral' profit, but nobody could accept the idea of Communism as an ideology. | | | There the charismatic Slovak leader, as well as his companions, signed a document renouncing parts of the reform programme. |
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http://www.radio.cz/en/article/44313
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| | The Plastic People of the Universe |
| | The Nazi party had abolished jazz upon its occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938. | | | On January 5, 1968, Alexander Dubcek replaced Novotny as the leader of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia. | | | Prague officials felt Novotny had overreacted and replaced him with an experienced party leader who they believed would lead Czechoslovakia through necessary reforms without upsetting the Kremlin. |
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http://www.furious.com/perfect/pulnoc.html
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| | Czechoslovakia |
| | Tensions between the major ethnic groups were never entirely overcome, and by the mid-1930s there was considerable sentiment for autonomy in Slovakia, while the German minority in the Sudetenland sought union with a resurgent Germany. | | | Nearly a third of the Czechoslovak Communist Party members were expelled, and some 40,000 Czechs fled the country. | | | Czechoslovakia comprised the medieval kingdom of Bohemia, which came under Austrian Hapsburg rule in 1526, and Slovakia, long a part of the Kingdom of Hungary. |
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http://www.trussel.com/stamps/smoking/country/czechosl.htm
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| | Czechoslovakia |
| | Nazi sympathizers, Czech and German, began to enter Czechoslovakia and the Sudatenland to fight with Communists, Social Democrats, and Socialists, their traditional enemies, and to focus attention on the supposed plight of the ethnic Germans. | | | The women and children were sent to a concentration camp. | | | Most of these ethnic Germans did not want to be part of Germany, and many did not even speak German. |
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http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/czech.htm
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| | Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia |
| | These documents stated that Czechoslovakia should base its defense strategy on its own geopolitical interests and that the threat from the West had been overstated. | | | The invading troops could see that they had not been invited into and were not wanted in Czechoslovakia. | | | The people of Czechoslovakia generally resented the presence of foreign troops. |
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http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/czechoslovakia2.htm
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| | Troubled Times: Czechoslovakia |
| | Czechoslovakia is a landbound country which will find itself criss-crossed by frantic survivors who are seeking a better life elsewhere after the shift. | | | Meeting in Czechoslovakia, and learning that all other directions are just as hopeless as the one they came from, there is likely to be despondency and a sense of hopelessness. | | | Those in the lowlands in what is now the north will travel south to the mountains as the poles melt and the oceans steadily inundate. |
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http://www.zetatalk.com/info/tinfx157.htm
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| | CzechSite: Czech History |
| | In 1948 the Communist staged coup d'etat and Czechoslovakia became a communist country. | | | After World War II in 1945 Czechoslovakia was reestablished as an independent state. | | | After World War I in 1918 Czechoslovakia declared its independence. |
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http://www.czechsite.com/history.html
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| | CZECHOSLOVAKIA SCOUTING |
| | In 1912 he founded his first troop and in 1913 there were 19 troops in Czechoslovakia. | | | The number of scouts in former Czechoslovakia was: 1936 – 70,000, in 1945 – 230,000, in 1968 – 65,000 and after the 1989 – 80.000. | | | On the 28th October 1918, the World War ended and the independent Czechoslovakia was declared. |
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http://n2zgu.50megs.com/CZE.htm
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| | CZECHOSLOVAKIA |
| | The communist take-over after World War II led to a reorganization of the domestic league that initially hindered development. | | | By the 1960's, however, Czechoslovakia had one of the best sides in worl football inspired by their most famous player, Josef Masopust. | | | The former Czechoslovakia split into the Czecho Republic and Slovakia, and each formed its own associtation, league and national team. |
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http://www.fifaworldcup.co.uk/country/czechoslovakia.htm
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| | RP's History Online - Short Text |
| | The government that was installed after the invasion was one of the most hard-line in all the region, and the period of "normalization" that followed the invasion in the 1970's and 1980's was very hard on the people of Czechoslovakia. | | | Mass protests and demonstrations by the Czechoslovak people known as the "Velvet Revolution" led to the bloodless overthrow of the Communist regime in November, 1989. | | | A grassroots attempt to reform and humanize the Communist system, known as the |
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http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history00.html
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| | Neville Chamberlain, Peace in Our Time |
| | It is my hope and my belief, that under the new system of guarantees, the new Czechoslovakia will find a greater security than she has ever enjoyed in the past. | | | I say in the name of this House and of the people of this country that Czechoslovakia has earned our admiration and respect for her restraint, for her dignity, for her magnificent discipline in face of such a trial as few nations have ever been called upon to meet. | | | The army, whose courage no man has ever questioned, has obeyed the order of their president, as they would equally have obeyed him if he had told them to march into the trenches. |
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http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/workbook/ralprs36.htm
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| | RP's History Online - WWI and Independence |
| | Over time, this organization was renamed the Czechoslovak National Council and was recognized as the valid voice of Czechoslovakia by Allied leaders. | | | The Czech university professor, philosopher and politician, Tomas Garrigue Masaryk (the same one who doubted the authenticity of the faked manuscripts and the one who was later to become Czechoslovakia's first president) had been an advocate of more independence for the Czech lands long before the war had even started. | | | Their position as the leaders of "free Czechoslovakia" was further strengthened with the formation of Czechoslovak military units known as the Czechoslovak Legions, which fought alongside the Allies. |
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http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history09.html
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| | Country Browser: Czechoslovakia |
| | Visit the links in the left hand area of this page to access the different reports. | | | This area contains a list of interesting reports based around the 2906 titles in the IMDb from Czechoslovakia (including international co-productions). | | | The form below allows you to search the database for titles from Czechoslovakia only. |
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http://us.imdb.com/Sections/Countries/Czechoslovakia
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| | World War II in Czechoslovakia |
| | Books on Czechoslovakia and Czechoslovakian history from Amazon | | | This effectively gave Germany "permission" to invade the Sudeten territories of Czechoslovakia. | | | World War II history books and items from Amazon |
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http://www.worldwariihistory.info/in/Czechoslovakia.html
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| | Vaclav Havel hero file |
| | The republic is reformed after the tumult of the Second World War but when the Communist Party engineers a takeover of the government in February 1948 the country becomes a Soviet satellite with a | | | Havel is elected interim president of Czechoslovakia on 29 December, promising to lead the nation to free and democratic elections. | | | Despite suffering much personal hardship during the struggle, including years of imprisonment, he refused to temper his criticism of the regime, parrying blunt repression with wit, intelligence and civility. |
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http://www.moreorless.au.com/heroes/havel.html
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| | Czechoslovakia |
| | Czechoslovakia owned 2 of these units and operated them between 1918 and 1921. | | | Three units were captured by Romania in 1939 during the final breakup of Czechoslovakia. | | | Buying tanks was again raised by the French as a question about 6 months later but by this time the Czech army was out of funds and it's budget was in the process of being cut further. |
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http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Czech/Czechoslovakia.html
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| | Czech Republic |
| | The former government returned in April 1945 when the war ended and the country's pre-1938 boundaries were restored. | | | Havel, imprisoned twice by the Communist regime and his plays banned, became an international symbol for human rights, democracy, and peaceful dissent. | | | Nearly 42 years of Communist rule ended with the nearly bloodless “velvet revolution” in 1989. |
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http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107456.html
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| | CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- Expo 86 |
| | Dedicated to the Age of Enlightenment, it was the first time many of Czechoslovakia's historic treasures left the country. | | | Czechoslovakia's pavilions at Expo 67 in Montreal and the 1958 Exposition Universelle at Brussels were acclaimed for their imagination. | | | In a visual panorama of ancient and modern art, the next exhibit allowed the visitor's mind to wander back to the time when astronomers first charted the heavens and navigators first mapped the seas. |
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http://bobbea.com/expo-86/czech.html
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| | CIA - The World Factbook -- Czech Republic |
| | In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize Communist party rule and create "socialism with a human face." Anti-Soviet demonstrations the following year ushered in a period of harsh repression. | | | With the collapse of Soviet authority in 1989, Czechoslovakia regained its freedom through a peaceful "Velvet Revolution." On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. | | | After World War II, a truncated Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. |
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http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ez.html
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| | Czechoslovakia 1938 |
| | The documents reflect the attitude of Nazi Germany towards Czechoslovakia and the development of the British response to the rising international tension in Central Europe culminating in the Munich Agreement. | | | This site contains a collection of key documents and other materials relating to the "Munich crisis" of 1938. |
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http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~pv/munich
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| | U B U W E B :: Concrete Poetry -- A World View : Czechoslovakia |
| | U B U W E B :: Concrete Poetry -- A World View : Czechoslovakia | | | Josef Hirsal was also a writer of reputation before he became associated with the New Poetry movement in Czechoslovakia. | | | And beyond its technical concerns, Czech concrete poetry is deeply involved with the human situation: with the relationship of the individual to society, as in Novak's "individualista"; and with the more intimate human relationships, which are dealt with in other selections. |
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http://www.ubu.com/papers/solt/czech.html
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| | RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY |
| | Alexander Dubcek's attempts to create "socialism with a human face" are often seen as historical and ideological forerunners to Mikhail Gorbachev's reform policies of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s in the USSR. | | | It has been 30 years since Soviet troops marched and tanks rolled down Wenceslas Square in Czechoslovakia's capital to crush a reform movement known as Prague Spring. | | | The events of 1968 shattered many illusions about Socialism and the Soviet system -- both in Czechoslovakia and in the West. |
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http://www.rferl.org/nca/special/invasion1968
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| | Czechoslovakia's WW2 Medals |
| | In March 1939 Czechoslovakia was overrun by the Nazi German forces and immediately underground resistance was started. | | | An emergency government was set up in exile in London and shortly after the outbreak of WW2 in September, military units were formed, first in France and later in Britain. | | | Many thanks to Kris Bednarsky for already supplying a wealth of pictures on this subject ! |
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http://users.skynet.be/hendrik/eng/39czech.html
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| | Chistmas In Czechosovakia |
| | It is said that English troops, fighting in Bohemia hundreds of years later, brought the song home with them. | | | In Czechoslovakia, St. Nicholas is called Svaty Mikalas and is believed to climb to earth down from heaven on a golden rope along with his companions: an angel and a whip-carrying devil. | | | This was the 10th century home of Good King Wenceslaus, the main character in the familiar English Christmas carol. |
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http://www.the-north-pole.com/around/checho.html
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| | Czech Republic |
| | General secretaries of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC) | | | - Former parties: KSC = Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (communist, only legal party 1948-89); OF = Obcanské Fórum (Civic Forum, Apr 1991 OF split into ODS, the Civic Democratic Alliance [ODA] and the Civic Movement [OH]) | | | 1 Jan 1969 Czech Socialist Republic within Czechoslovakia. |
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http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Czech_Republic.html
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| | Czechoslovakia |
| | Faint memories remained of Jihlava, though the ancient parts of the city must be exciting. | | | Neither the cities, nor the factories impressed me much, though the Skoda car and truck plant (now owned by the German Volkswagen) at Mlada Boleslav was one of the best industrial undertakings in Czechoslovakia. | | | Besides Prague I have paid official visits to a few places, factories that needed material handling systems. |
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http://www.amrita-it.com/csehszlovakia/czechoslovakia.htm
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| | Czechoslovakia |
| | Treaty of Friendship between Turkey and Czechoslovakia (in Turkish) |
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http://www.lectlaw.com/inll/173.htm
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| | Lyrics Search: Czechoslovakia |
| | ...And her boots get knocked, from here to Czechoslovakia... |
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http://www.lyricalcontent.com/wordsrch.php?q=Czechoslovakia&num=0&msort=popularity
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