|
| |
| | Caliph - encyclopedia article about Caliph. |
 | | But no one took his claim seriously, and he was soon ousted and driven out of Arabia by the Saudis, a rival clan that had no interest in the Caliphate. | | | Furthermore, the prevalence of old grudges and nationalist rivalries (particularly in the Arab world) have prevented large-scale interstate cooperation amongst Muslim states from taking place. | | | The Umayyad Emirs of Spain are not listed in the summary below because they did not claim the caliphate until 929. |
|
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Caliph
(3809 words)
|
|
| |
| | Encyclopedia: Al-Andalus |
| | The treatment of non-Muslims (specifically Jews) in the Caliphate has been a subject of considerable interest from scholars and commentators, especially those interested in drawing parallels to the co-existence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world. | | | The Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, also known as the Golden Age of Arab Rule in Spain refers to a period of history during the Muslim occupation of Spain in which Jews were generally accepted in Spanish society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life blossomed. | | | Menocal's 2003 book, The Ornament of the World, argues that the Jewish dhimmis living under the Caliphate, while allowed fewer rights than Muslims, were still better off than in other parts of Christian Europe. |
|
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Al_Andalus
(9259 words)
|
|
| |
| | Umayyad Spain |
| | Maimonides has been touted as one of the best examples of the mutual tolerance between Muslims, Jews, and Christians that led to the cultural flowering in Andalus in the medieval period. | | | Maimonides wrote his most famous work, Dalalat al-Ha’ireen ("Guide of the Perplexed") in Arabic, an attempt to reconcile Jewish theology with Muslim Aristotelianism. | | | Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (New York: Little, Brown, 2002) |
|
http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/umayyad_spain.htm
(1233 words)
|
|
| |
| | Taifa |
| | The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an independent Muslim-ruled principality, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Spain (called "Al-Andalus" by the Arabs) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. | | | Zaragoza, also very powerful and expansive but inhibited by the neighbour Christian states of the Pyrenees | | | Reversing the trend of the Ummayad period, when the Christian kingdoms of the north often had to pay tribute to the Caliph, after the disintegration of the Caliphate the divided Muslim kingdoms were much weaker than their Christian counterparts, particularly the Castilian-Leonese monarchy, and had to to submit to them, paying tributes known as parias. |
|
http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/T/Taifa.htm
(542 words)
|
|
| |
| | Laputan Logic - The Caliphate of Cordoba |
| | This building recalls a time when Cordoba was the capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba, a western arab emirate that had broken free from the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate based in Bagdad. | | | Cordoba's amphitheatre was abandoned in the 4th century, when Emperor Constantine, influenced by Christianity, banned the murderous sports as immoral. | | | This point was really brought home to me when I visited the ancient city of Nimes in Southern France, home to the best preserved Roman coliseum in the world. |
|
http://www.laputanlogic.com/articles/2003/10/10-0002.html
(1295 words)
|
|
| |
| | CORDOBA |
| | Córdoba was a centre of trade, industry and learning, where Jews and Christians lived alongside Muslims. | | | Civil war ended the caliphate and the city was pillaged. | | | Cordoba’s core is the old city around the Mezquita on the banks of the Guadalquivir. |
|
http://www.casadecarmona.com/ingles/infcordobaindex.htm
(156 words)
|
|
| |
| | Early Medieval Period |
| | In Spain, the Christian King Ewig ordered every Jew either to convert or face expulsion. | | | The Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba had broken up. | | | Al-Rahman's caliphate and that of his successor, al-Hakam II (961-976), mark the high point of Muslim rule in the West. |
|
http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/early_medieval_periods.htm
(2966 words)
|
|
| |
| | Abbadid dynasty -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Muslim Arab dynasty that ruled Córdoba, Spain, after the dissolution of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba (1031), one of the party kingdoms ('ifahtas). | | | Muslim-Arab dynasty of Andalusia that arose in Sevilla (Seville) in the 11th century, in the period of the factions, or “party kingdoms” (ta'ifahs), following the downfall of the caliphate of Córdoba. | | | Muslim-Arab dynasty of Andalusia that arose in Sevilla (Seville) in the 11th century, in the period of the factions, or “party kingdoms” ('ifahtas), following the downfall of the caliphate of Córdoba. |
|
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003228
(746 words)
|
|
| |
| | Al-Andalus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article |
| | One notable example is that of (Click link for more info and facts about Hasdai ibn Shaprut) Hasdai ibn Shaprut, a prominent Jew who controlled the customs (among other duties) in Cordoba. | | | After the caliphate's collapse in 1031, Al-Andalus broke up into a number of mostly independent Islamic (An organization that is controlled by a dominat person or group) fiefdoms called (Click link for more info and facts about taifa) taifas. | | | In Muslim culture, Andalus today is a nostalgic symbol of an earlier "Golden period" of (The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran) Islam. |
|
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/a/al/al-andalus1.htm
(1032 words)
|
|
| |
| | Books and Culture's Book of the Week: 'A Golden Age' of Religious Tolerance? - Christianity Today Magazine |
| | Menocal lovingly profiles the careers of such urbane men as Hasdai ibn Shaprut, a 10th-century Jew who served as political leader of C& Jewish community and vizier to the great caliph Abd al-Rahman III, while in his spare time translating Greek medical works into Arabic. | | | It was brought down shortly after 1000 by fanatical Muslim invaders from North Africa, the Almoravids and the Almohads, who persecuted and expelled Jews and Christians, burned the books of more tolerant Muslims, and helped to inflame a new anti-Islamic militancy in the Christian north. | | | Christians and Jews lived peacefully in Muslim C& (the "ornament" of the book's title), tolerated as "people of the book" and freely embracing Arabic as the language of poetry and philosophy. |
|
http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/132/12.0.html
(1462 words)
|
|
| |
| | Cordoba - Spain. A city of the mind, gone the Caliphate, what will tomorrow bring? |
| | The Labor Wars in Cordoba, 1955-1976 : Ideology, Work, and Labor Politics in an Argentine Industrial City (Harvard Historical Studies, Vol 116) | | | The focus of the study concerns quite a short period of time: 1009-1031 A.D., although a wide-ranging investigation of the political structure of Muslim Spain is embarked on. | | | Peter C. Scales / Hardcover / Published 1994 - - - This book is a discussion of the complex events which surround the breakup of the Muslim Caliphate of Cordoba in the early eleventh century. |
|
http://www.omega23.com/Reference/b23j10_Cordoba.html
(1062 words)
|
|
| |
| | Córdoba, Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | While they were heirs to the wealth of the Caliphate, their instability and endemic hostilities among themselves made them vulnerable to attacks from the Christian north. | | | When Abd-ar-rahman III submitted a rival claim to the title of Caliph, then held by the Abbasids in Baghdad, he assumed the title Caliph of Cordoba and transformed his kingdom from an emirate or sultanate into a caliphate. | | | The German Emperor Otto I sent his emissaries to the Caliph; But in the 1020s and 1030s the whole imposing political structure collapsed, fissioning into more than a dozen successor statelets, known to historians as (the reinos de taifas) such as Seville, Badajoz, Toledo, Saragossa, Albarracín, Valencia, Almería and Granada. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordoba,_Spain
(665 words)
|
|
| |
| | caliphate on Encyclopedia.com |
| | The politics of history: the legacy of the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria. | | | This later became the caliphate of Córdoba, or the Western caliphate, and persisted until 1031. | | | (kăl´Ĭfātand180;, -fĬt), the rulership of Islam; caliph, the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state. |
|
http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/c1/caliphat.asp
(739 words)
|
|
| |
| | Cities of Andalusia - Córdoba |
| | The former capital of the mighty Caliphate is now the quiet capital of the province of Córdoba. | | | Jewish, Arabic and Christian culture co-existed peacefully here for a short while and contributed to an enormous advanve in science and philosophy. | | | Route of the Caliphate - from Córdoba passing the Sierras Subbéticas, Alcalá la Real and some smaller villages of the Granadian Vega reaching finally Granada. |
|
http://www.andalusia-web.com/cordoba.htm
(530 words)
|
|
| |
| | islamchron |
| | 755 Umayyad Abderrahman founded Moslem Caliphate of Cordoba, Spain | | | 762 The Caliph Al-Mansur laid out a Persian garden at his palace |
|
http://condor.depaul.edu/~jmessmer/survey/islamchr.htm
(334 words)
|
|
|
