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| | Ahura |
 | | In the tradition of Zarathushtra, the Kavis are condemned perhaps as a group who had joined the enemies. | | | Relative Chronologies: Xvaniratha, Vedic and Avestan; soma, haoma; kavi us'anas and kayanids | | | The terms used in Avestan are: hvanirathem, hvaniratha, khaniratha, which is one of the 7 keshvars (or karshvare: regions, continents) of the earth: |
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http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/ahura.htm
(15039 words)
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| | Avestan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Like Zoroaster's lifetime, widely differing dates for Avestan have been proposed; scholarly consensus floats around 1000 BC (roughly contemporary to the Brahmana period of Vedic Sanskrit). | | | This page was last modified 08:22, 17 October 2005. | | | The Indo-Iranian language group is the major eastern branch of the Indo-European languages. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan
(458 words)
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| | The Prescise Iranian Calendar |
| | The Fasli year, officially observed by Iranians -- Zartoshtis, Jews, Christians, and Muslims -- in modern Iran, is the "saredha" of the Avestan people, "tharda" of the Achaemenian, "Vihezakîk" of the Sassanians, and the "Jalali" of Omar Khayyam. | | | However, the present universal week is most probably of Chaldean or Hebrew origin, and has been generalized by Jewish, Christian and Islamic persuasion. | | | This is because the Avestan day begins with the “Ushahin Gâh,” the Dawn Time, which begins from midnight. |
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http://www.zoroastrian.org/articles/The%20Precise%20Iranian%20Calendar.htm
(4059 words)
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| | Iranica.com - SPIEGEL |
| | Evidence for this is the fact that Kharshedji Rustamji Cama (q.v.) in 1859 pursued Avestan and Pahlavi studies with Spiegel in Erlangen (where conversely he himself instructed Spiegel in elementary Gujarati). | | | The year before, his treatise on Zarathushtra had appeared (Spiegel, 1867b), which dealt with the scanty Greek and Oriental sources about the prophet, his name, date and homeland, his descent and all of his life and activity. | | | It is no exaggeration to say that this work represents the peak of Spiegel's scholarly studies and sums up his entire lifelong endeavor. |
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http://www.iranica.com/articles/sup/Spiegel.html
(5192 words)
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| | An Annotated Bibliography on Zoroastrian Studies |
| | Also gives a brief sketch of the historical development of Zoroastrianism in the light of the results proposed concerning the questions of its founder’s homeland and his time, in order to make it clear on some fundamental problems connected with the historical perspective of the studies of the religious world of pre-Islamic Iran. | | | Also deals with the historical study, especially Avestan, of the figure of Zoroaster and his work, the Gathas. | | | Deals with different periods of ancient Iranian history: Pre-gathic, Gathic, Avestan, Pahlavi etc. Also describes the prayers, rituals and Zoroastrian theology together with the Zrvan heresy. |
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http://ignca.nic.in/bibzs002.htm
(4324 words)
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| | Iranica.com - EXEGESIS |
| | In the first half of the 19th century a Christian missionary, John Wilson, publicly attacked the Zoroastrian faith in the Indian press, condemning it as non-monotheist. | | | Several facts suggest that a form of exegesis was known at a period when Avestan was still spoken. | | | His arguments were based on his knowledge of Anquetil's translation of the Avesta, at a time when few, if any, Parsis thought of Avestan as a language that could be understood and translated, and tradition and orthopraxis formed the only basis of their religion. |
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http://www.iranica.com/articles/v9f2/v9f202.html
(9347 words)
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| | U |
| | Associated spellings/words: urvara." Valhalla - "Hall af the chosen slain with 540 doors, wide enough to allow the passage of 800 warriors abreast. | | | When Osiris died he was deified and religion called after him, just as our religion today is called the Christian religion after the teachings of Christ; In the text of the Book of the Dead it is stated that he was the son of Seb and Nut [Col. James Churchward]. | | | Associated spellings/words: vazra." Vasuki - "Definitions: one of the three great serpent kings who reportedly ruled the Nagas in Patala; the serpent who was twisted as a rope around Mount Mandara at the Churning of the Ocean." (Hindu Mythology) VEST /r - "Definitions: clothe, to dress. |
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http://mirrorh.com/u.htm
(7969 words)
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| | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 |
| | This survey has touched on only a representative sample of the available reconstructed Indo-European lexicon and has made no attempt to cite the mass of evidence in all the languages of the family, ancient and modern, for these reconstructions. | | | (The terms “centum” and “satem&; come respectively from the Latin and Avestan words for “hundred,” illustrating the two developments.) The boldface entry words in Appendix I do not distinguish plain from palatal velars, but more precise information is given for the interested reader in some entries following the English gloss of the root. | | | And at least one three-member formula (in the sense of the word in traditional oral poetry) can be reconstructed for the poetic language of prayer, on the combined evidence of four languages, Latin, Umbrian, Avestan, and Sanskrit: “Protect, keep safe, man and cattle!” (p |
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http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html
(9441 words)
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| | decline.html |
| | The Avestan peoples, as they are called, included the nation of Persia which who were united by the Zoroastrian faith. | | | Also part of the Avestan peoples were the Athravans, or the eastern Iranian Zoroastrian priesthood, as well as the better known Magi, who formed the priesthood's western branch. | | | The athravans are believed to have been the group that authored the Avesta texts as well as the practices contained therein. |
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http://www.conncoll.edu/academics/departments/relstudies/290/iranian/zoroastrianism/decline.html
(1595 words)
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| | Avestan - FreeEncyclopedia |
| | Western study of Vedic and Avestan at the end of the 18th century was responsible for the discovery of the Indo-European language group, and thus to the creation of modern linguistics and philology. | | | The oldest form of Avestan, spoken by Zoroaster himself is found in the Gathas[?]. | | | This is a dialect variant of Vedic, the oldest known form of the Sanskrit language. |
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http://openproxy.ath.cx/av/Avestan.html
(100 words)
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| | Introduction to Zoroastrianism |
| | The Gths, it was decided, were his work and contained his teachings; the Yasna Haptanghiti was the work of his more or less immediate followers; and the Young Avesta represented, on one hand, pre-Zoroastrian, Òpagan,Ó beliefs and, on the other, a relapsed and corrupt form of ZarathustraÕs teachings. | | | Avestan is the language in which the most ancient Iranian religious texts are written, the Avesta. | | | Among the Middle Iranian languages is Parthian, spoken in Parthia, east of the Caspian Sea, which became an official language under the Parthian (Arsacid) rulers of Iran (ca. |
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http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Zoroastrianism.1.Intro
(2766 words)
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| | Avesta |
| | As a rule, they were not intolerant towards Zoroastrianism, but Islam became the dominant religion and some Avestan works were translated into Arabic, the originals being lost. | | | It contained all the texts that we have already seen, but also some books on cosmogony and law, a biography of Zarathustra, apocalypses and several expositions of doctrine. | | | The excellent transmission of the Gâthâ's suggests that there was some sort of written version, but we do not know what this can have been. |
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http://www.livius.org/au-az/avesta/avesta.html
(1734 words)
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| | AVESTA: The Scriptures of Zoroastrianism |
| | That is, Avesta means "unknown," which describes how the language of the Avesta - also known as Avestan - became unknown to the Zoroastrians of later centuries. | | | For these Gathas were composed and preserved for a thousand years or more without being written down. | | | Jafarey's interpretation is, as far as I know, original to him. |
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http://www.accessnewage.com/articles/mystic/avest.htm
(2632 words)
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| | Welcome to the Faculty of Oriental Studies at Oxford University |
| | From the palaces at Susa and Persepolis, and the Achaemenian tombs at Naqsh-i-Rustam, come other inscriptions dealing with politics and religion, including Xerxes's "daiva inscription", which bans the worship of false gods and promises rewards to the worshipper of Ahura Mazda. | | | These are followed by some Younger Avestan Yashts, some chapters of the Videvdat, and then by the Old Avestan Yasna Haptanhaiti, and finally the Gathas of the prophet himself (which are studied last because of their syntactic and stylistic difficulty). | | | Avestan and Old Persian are the two languages which have been preserved from the oldest recorded period in the development of the Iranian language family. |
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http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/sa/oldiranian_info.shtml
(1522 words)
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| | Avesta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This has become known as Zend Avesta (Zand Avesta, Zend-Avesta), and the latter term is often used to refer to the sacred text instead of simply "Avesta". | | | The word Venidad is a corruption of Avestan vî-daêvô-dâta, "given against the devs (demons)", rendered in Pahlavi Juddivdad). | | | The fact that the more ancient text is now referred to as Zend is a modern misunderstanding. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesta
(766 words)
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| | AncientScripts.com: Avestan |
| | The Avestan language has a lot of consonants, and neither Pahlavi nor Aramaic had enough to represent all of them unambiguously. | | | First, Avestan has a large number of letters. | | | Due to lingusitic change, fluency in Avestan as spoken a thousand years earlier was deteorating, and hence the need to write the language became increasingly apparent. |
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http://www.ancientscripts.com/avestan.html
(240 words)
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| | History on Podium: Women in the Avesta Era |
| | As noted, in the Avestan era men and women were socially equal and they were praised because of their virtues and decency, while in other countries as Sumeria, Babylonia, China, India, Egypt and the two advanced countries of Rome and Greece women were deprived of their basic rights. | | | After the Avestan era, due to various factors such as contact with different nations, intermingling of the Zarathushtrian religion with alien concepts, and deviation from the original teachings, women's prominent standing in the society diminished. | | | For better insight into women's rights during the Avestan era, one should begin with the hymns of Zarathushtra, the Gathas, and avoid searching for personal views. |
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http://www.iranchamber.com/podium/history/020814_women_avesta_era.php
(2080 words)
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| | Lycos Search : Avestan |
| | The Avestan language was written in a phonetic script running from right to left which was probably... | | | Award-winning history site combining professional articles on historical events people and places, as well as study aids for GCSE and Alevel students. | | | Avestan Vowels - Find your books at the best price with Kelkoo UK |
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http://search.lycos.co.uk/cgi-bin/pursuit?query=Avestan&cat=loc&lyca=MI&matchmode=and&mtemp=main&etemp
(226 words)
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| | Avesta |
| | Avestan is a very ancient language and is similar to Sanskrit, the language of the Rig Vedas, one of the religious books of the Hindus. | | | But Avestan was only a spoken language at that time, for it did not have a script and so there was no reading or writing. | | | This alphabet had 46 letters and all the prayers were now transcribed into the Avestan script. |
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http://www3.sympatico.ca/zoroastrian/Avesta.htm
(3192 words)
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| | Maps of Indo-European Languages-Avestan (Parsi) |
| | This map shows the regions of the world where Avestan (Parsi) is still used in the religious rites of Zoroastrianism (red circles). | | | Avestan comes from the Iranian sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. | | | Avestan is sometimes called Zend, though technically Zend is only the language of certain late commentaries on the Avesta. |
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http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/IE_Satem_Avestan.html
(274 words)
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| | Avestan alphabet |
| | The Avestan alphabet was replaced by the Arabic alphabet after Persia converted to Islam during the 7th century AD. | | | The alphabet is written from right to left, in the same way as Syriac, Arabic and Hebrew. | | | Greek influence, in the form of the full representation of vowel sounds, is also present. |
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http://www.omniglot.com/writing/avestan.htm
(160 words)
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| | Iranian Language Family |
| | Compositions in Avestan, another language of the period,have been transmitted orally for many years and were written down during the Sasanian rule (224-632 AD). | | | Avestan is the other Old Iranian language from which sufficient evidence are available. | | | The second is Younger Avestan (YAv.) which represents a later development of the language and might have been a living language down to the 7th century BC. |
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http://www.iranologie.com/history/ilf.html
(2828 words)
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| | The Achaemenid Empire |
| | Additionally, we have no evidence for the Avesta being written down prior to the Sasanian times, before which the texts were preserved orally by the Magi and other clergy. | | | These similarities suggest that Old Avestan and Vedic were very close in time, probably putting Old Avestan at about one century after Vedic. | | | The closeness in composition of Old Avestan and Vedic is so much that some parts of Gathas can be transliterated to Vedic only by following the rules of sound change (such as the development of Indo-Iranian “s” to Avestan “h”). |
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http://www.iranologie.com/history/zarathushtra.html
(2380 words)
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| | Avestan language |
| | Avestan was also called Zend language; it is not dead, just extinct from popular communication, but still in use in sacral purposes in Zoroastrian communities in India and Iran. | | | Avestan kept all eight of Indo-European noun cases, three numbers, verbs had primary and secondary endings. | | | The language is known by the only basic resource: the ancient Iranian epic poem "Avesta", which became known in Europe in the 18th century. |
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http://indoeuro.bizland.com/tree/iran/avestan.html
(204 words)
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| | Ephemerides of the Hypothetic Planets of the Avestan School |
| | Ephemerides of the Hypothetic Planets of the Avestan School | | | Now in Avestan School of Astrology (AShA) 12 hypothetical planets are found a use. | | | Transplutonian hypothetical planets Proserpine, Isis, Osiris and Anubis are well known for the Russian astrologers. |
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http://astrologer.ru/book/hypo_planets/index.html.en
(1631 words)
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| | Avestan language -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | Avestan was probably spoken in northeastern Iran, and Old Persian is known to have been used in southwestern Iran. | | | American scholar of the Indo-Iranian languages whose grammar of Avestan, the language of the sacred literature of Zoroastrianism, and Avesta Reader (1893) have served generations of students. | | | More results on "Avestan language" when you join. |
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http://0-www.britannica.com.library.unl.edu/eb/article-9011429
(794 words)
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| | Avesta, zoroastrian language, avestan language |
| | A bibliography of books on Avestan language in English, German, and French. | | | Avestan that is also called Zend language is still in use in sacral purposes in Zoroastrian communities in India and Iran. | | | Since English and Avestan are related, an English speaker already knows a fair number of words! |
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http://www.perlit.sailorsite.net/avesta.html
(125 words)
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| | Uzbakistan |
| | Rostam Abido Komiolof the President of this Anjuman has announced that 400 members of this Anjuman are students who know to read, write and speak the Avestan Language. | | | The Amordad Newspaper with reference to the internet site of this Anjuman has reported that Mr. | | | A number of seminars pertaining to Zarathushtra’s teachings, the Gathas and the Avesta have been organized by him in |
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http://www.oshihan.org/Pages/UzbakistanClasse.htm
(724 words)
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| | Prayers from the Avesta> |
| | Several centuries later, Pahalavi became the religious language of Persia. | | | Pahalavi had a script of 14 characters and the Avestan prayers were written down for the very first time in Pahalavi script. | | | During Zarathushtra's time, Avestan was only a spoken language because it did not have any script. |
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http://www3.sympatico.ca/zoroastrian/pray.htm
(192 words)
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| | Proposal to encode Avestan in the BMP of ISO/IEC 10646 |
| | Avestan, though it looks like Arabic, is much more strongly alphabetic, like Greek and Hebrew, and it would be better to follow those scripts as models than to force the character/glyph model onto this script. | | | If the ligatures are not obligatory, then ZWJ should be used to make them. | | | Unlike Arabic, the numbers seem also to have RTL directionality (but see the issue on numbers below). |
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http://anubis.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n1684/n1684.htm
(380 words)
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| | Nineteenth International Unicode Conference - Abstract |
| | Unicode's claim of universality obviously is a challenge with regard to researchers working on ancient texts and their languages. | | | XML) on the other in order to code all information required in his critical edition. | | | My presentation intends to show an extremely complex case of ancient text research, namely Avestan philology. |
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http://www.unicode.org/iuc/iuc19/a377.html
(322 words)
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| | Avestan - Priz epen |
| | This same language root is also associated with the seasonseparate the two, particularly in Slavonic languages where they share the same name. | | | Language* Specify what language is supported by your service. | | | I am of Scottish descent so have interestof teach yourself books as well. |
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http://www.prizepen.com/language/avestan.html
(499 words)
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| | Zoroastrianism - Hindu Customs in the Parsi Community in India |
| | This is underlines the striking Similarity between the two Indo-Aryan languages in the 7th century B.C.E. The boy Zarathustra whose name means 'Lover of Camels' lived up to his name by feeding other peoples' cattle from his father's barn. | | | Amertat which means immortality in Avestan comes close to the Sanskrit word Amara for Immortality, the word Asha, which means righteousness 'in Avestan means hope' in Sanskrit, though not identical the connotations are close, the Avestan word Gatha which means a holy book is same as in Sanskrit. | | | Other similarities include 'Kshtra' which means power in both Sanskrit and Avestan Pahlavi. |
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http://hindubooks.org/sudheer_birodkar/hindu_history/zoroastrianism.html
(2827 words)
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| | Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in ... |
| | Except for this scriptural use, Avestan died out centuries before the advent of Islam. | | | Avestan, probably spoken in the northeast of ancient Persia, is the language of the Avesta, the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism. | | | Three phases may be distinguished in the development of Iranian languages: Old, Middle, and Modern. |
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http://www.farsinet.com/farsi
(1134 words)
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| | The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Indo-Iranian pt. 3 |
| | updated 9-5-2002 Avestan (Indo-Hittite), also called Avesta and erroneously called Zend, belongs to the Old Iranian sub-branch of the Iranian sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian sub-branch of the Indo-European sub-branch of the Indo-Hittite family of languages. | | | Languages on this page so far are Avestan, Indo-Iranian Languages, Kurdish, Pashto, Romany, Sinhalese, Tajik, and Urdu. | | | Indo-Iranian is further divided into sub-branches, Iranian and Indic, each of which includes a number of languages. |
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http://www.lib.umt.edu/guide/lang/indirn3h.htm
(1537 words)
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| | Iranian & Persian Studies |
| | For entry into this program, a knowledge of Persian is assumed and some undergraduate work in Arabic and in the history and culture of the Islamic world is recommended.. | | | Undergraduates and graduates specializing in Zoroastrian religion will need in-depth study of Avestan and Middle Persian texts is required in addition to secondary literature on the subject; those specializing in Manichean religion will need in-depth knowledge of Middle Persian, Parthian, and Sogdian, as well as modern Persian and some Arabic. | | | Depending on their interests, students must take one or more courses in Middle Persian (Pahlavi), Sogdian, Khotanese, Bactrian. |
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http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~nelc/iranian_persian.html
(779 words)
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| | Old Iranian Online |
| | Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma | | | Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra | | | Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment |
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http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/eieol/aveol-TC-X.html
(99 words)
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| | Indo-European Table with Sanskrit, Avestan, Slavic, Baltic, Greek, Latin, Tocharian, Anatolian, Gaelic, Latin, Italian, ... |
| | The early Hindu language, Sanskrit, Avestan (early Persian), Serbo-Croatian and Belarussian (old Slavic languages), Sudovian (believed to be an old Baltic language), Greek, Albanian (also believed to be an old branch of the Indo-Europeans), Latin; and Scottish Gaelic, Breton Gaelic, French and Italian form another group for comparison. | | | English serves a particular measure in the comparison since it contains many borrowed words from the Gaelic and "Romance" languages. | | | Indo-European Table with Sanskrit, Avestan, Slavic, Baltic, Greek, Latin, Tocharian, Anatolian, Gaelic, Latin, Italian, French and Etruscan–based on the Etruscan_Phrases vocabulary |
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http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table.html
(1588 words)
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| | PersianDNA™ [KHORDEH AVESTA] The Book of Common Prayer |
| | The contents of each Khordeh Avesta usually contains the basic Avestan prayers such as the "Yatha Ahu" and "Ashem Vohu", some of the Niyayeshes to Fire, Water, etc. and some of the Yashts to the various Yazatas. | | | Khordeh Avesta is organized as the following groups of texts: |
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http://www.persiandna.com/khordeh_avesta.htm
(155 words)
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| | Avestan Dictionary |
| | You are here: Home : Society and Culture : Language : Avestan Dictionary |
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http://www.iranmehr.com/directory/moreinfo/359.html
(24 words)
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia |
| | This Zoroastrian, or Avestan, literature is theological and liturgical in character, and its production goes back perhaps to the sixth century B.C., although in its present form it includes many later accretions and redactions, mostly of post-Christian times and coinciding with the period of the Sassanian dynasty (see Avesta). | | | Very similar to this Old Persian dialect is the language in which the Sacred Books of the Zoroastrians, generally but improperly called the Zend-Avesta, are written. | | | During the Parthian, or Arsacid dynasty, no literature was produced, except the few inscriptions and coins written in Greek. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11712a.htm
(14955 words)
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| | How to kill a cow in Avestan (ResearchIndex) |
| | How to kill a cow in Avestan (1997) | | | Online articles have much greater impact More about CiteSeer.IST Add search form to your site Submit documents Feedback | | | How to kill a cow in Avestan (ResearchIndex) |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/407140.html
(386 words)
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| | SOAS: |
| | An advanced course in Avestan, based on the reading and exegesis of texts including passages in Old Avestan (the Gathas of Zoroaster) and texts in Avestan script, together with an introduction to the closely related dialect of the Old Persian cuneiform inscriptions. | | | Successful completion of Zoroastrian set texts (Avestan) (or equivalent level in Avestan) is a prerequisite. | | | Building on the knowledge of Later Avestan acquired in the course Zoroastrian set texts (Avestan), the student will be introduced to two closely related dialects: Old Avestan and Old Persian |
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http://www.soas.ac.uk/studying/coursedetail.cfm?coursesunitsid=973
(204 words)
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| | Indo-European and the Comparative Method |
| | If there are exceptions, there must be some other conditioning factor. | | | Using this assumption, we can conclude that some common ancestor produced Sanskrit /bh/, Avestan /b/, Greek /ph/ (which is NOT /f/, it's aspirated /p/ at the stage we're talking about), Latin /f/, and Germanic /b/. | | | Now the question is, what was that common ancestor? |
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http://www.utexas.edu/depts/classics/documents/PIE.html
(767 words)
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| | THE MINNESOTA IRANIAN FONT FAMILY |
| | Modeled after some of the beautiful lead typefaces used in the 19th andearly 20th centuries in India (differing from the font of Geldner's critical edition), theyare closer to the orthography of authoritative manuscripts such as F1. | | | They are anattractive and functional way to render Avestan or transliterated Avestan on thecomputer. | | | The fonts we have produced thus far include: |
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http://cnes.cla.umn.edu/resources/IranianPages/avesta_fonts.htm
(147 words)
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