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| | Atlantic slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | While the French people had originally been as opposed to the slave trade as the British, it became a matter of national pride that they not allow their policies to be dictated to them by Britain. | | | Led by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) and establishment Evangelicals such as William Wilberforce, the movement was joined by many and began to protest against the trade, but they were opposed by the owners of the colonial holdings. | | | Africans were very rarely kidnapped by Europeans because they could not penetrate the interior. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade
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| | African slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The trade in slaves across the Indian Ocean also has a long history beginning with the control of sea routes by Arab traders in the ninth century. | | | It is believed that capital punishment and human sacrifice in the region nearly disappeared since prisoners became far too valuable to dispose of in such a way. | | | The British Navy could suppress much of the trade in the Indian Ocean, but the European powers could do little to affect the intra-continental trade. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_trade
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| | The Story of Africa BBC World Service |
| | Whether badly or well treated, slaves were, in American society at large, marked out and despised for the colour of their skin, and so were their descendants. | | | By the end of the 18th century one historian estimates 70,000 people a year were captured and taken against their will to the Americas. | | | In ancient times a slave in North Africa, Greece or Rome, or in Arab countries, could rise to a position of public prominence. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter4.shtml
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| | The Slave Trade |
| | This marked the beginning of a pattern whereby other concerns, be they political or economic, overrode the moral questions of the slave trade. | | | The Americans opposed this principle, not so much out of a desire to continue the slave trade, but out of a sense of national pride and an appeal to the freedom of the seas. | | | Many Northerners considered it an alien practice even though it had been permitted in Northern states a few decades earlier. |
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http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/slave.htm
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| | The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Chapter four, which may be of particular interest to readers of this list-serve, outlines some of the economic implications of the trade for the world economy as well as for European and African merchants. | | | Not only are such narratives an increasingly popular area of inquiry within the historical community (see, for example, the recent collection of images put on the web by anthropologist and ethnohistorian Jerome S. Handler at http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/), but they also serve as a useful supplement, or counterpoint, to the numbers found in the TSTD. | | | That said, it is refreshing to read a clearly-written, broad survey that does not attempt to oversimplify or dumb-down the material. |
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http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0829.shtml
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| | Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Curtin's paraphrased remarks on the place of Goree in the Atlantic slave trade to the denial of the Holocaust. | | | I didn't conclude from any of the early postings about Goree, including P. Curtin's, that anyone was trying to undermine the importance of Goree or deny its role in the slave trade in the manner of the disbelievers in the Holocaust. | | | I thought that some people were saying that to link the importance of Goree necessarily to the claim that millions of slaves passed through the island is actually to undermine that importance. |
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http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html
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| | African American Odyssey: Slavery--The Peculiar Institution (Part 1) |
| | However, the report states that "enough has been disclosed to satisfy every reasonable mind, that considerable numbers were involved." One informer noted that Vesey told a meeting of the rebel group they would seize the guard house and magazine to get arms. | | | African Americans repeatedly questioned how their owners could consider themselves noble in their own fight for independence from England while simultaneously believing that it was wrong for slaves to do the same. | | | A $1,000 reward had been offered for his death. |
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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade And Ghana |
| | Ghanaians, it seems, view the Trans-Atlantic slave trade as an unfortunate historical human calamity which must not be allowed to happen again. | | | kings themselves were involved in the trading, ordering raids and kidnaping, and arranged markets where the captured were sold. | | | The people of the Gold Coast, were not mere spectators of this misadventure but active participants. |
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http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/ghana.htm
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | (A fact often forgotten by those who regularly cite Britain's prime role in the abolition of the slave trade.) | | | Slaves obtained from the Muslim dominated North African coast however proved to be too well educated to be trusted and had a tendency to rebellion. |
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http://www.capoeira.co.za/index_files/arta1.htm
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| | Thoughts on the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | The philosophy of eniyan (enia) l’aso would prove that Africans (or Yoruba people) who captured opponents during inter- ethnic wars, used them to boost their own population. | | | Will it be wrong to say that racism (the belief that Blacks are sub- humans) was at the root of how Europeans prosecuted the trade? | | | Even if the African continent had been devastated as a consequence....well, why speculate? |
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http://www.westafricareview.com/vol1.2/vol1.2a/naallah.html
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| | The Scourge of Slavery |
| | However, with the birth of Islam came a rebirth of the slave trade. As Ronald Segal in "Islam's Black Slaves" documents: "When Islam conquered the Persian Sassanid Empire and much of the Byzantine Empire, including Syria and Egypt, in the 7 | | | Although the Old Testament provided for slavery for criminals and insolvent debtors, kidnapping and enslaving law-abiding people incurred the death penalty. "Anyone who kidnaps another and either sells him or still has him when he is caught must be put to death." Exodus 21:16 | | | Patrick, the English missionary to the Irish, was once a slave himself, kidnapped from his home and taken to Ireland against his will. |
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http://www.christianaction.org.za/articles_ca/2004-4-TheScourgeofSlavery.htm
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| | Amazon.com: African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame: Books: Anne C. Bailey |
| | The Diligent: A Voyage through the Worlds of the Slave Trade by Robert W. Harms | | | Join Amazon Prime and ship Two-Day for free and Overnight for $3.99. | | | At the center of this story was an instance when the dominant clan, who had participated in the slave trade by capturing people from the interior for sale, had some of their own members tricked onto a slave ship never to return. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0807055123?v=glance
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| | HIAF 403: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | The primary course objective is to provide students with an overview of the Atlantic Slave Trade and how it affected the historical destinies of four continents. | | | Do you think that the primary motivation for abolition were economic factors? | | | Why did they also seek to halt the involvement of other slave trading nations? |
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http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~rtvinson/1051.htm
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| | African Timelines Part III: African Slave Trade & European Imperialism |
| | A human catastrophe for Africa, the world African Slave Trade was truly a "Holocaust." | | | Islam appears to have been introduced into the Hausa states from 11 | | | Kidnapped as a child from the Benin region of Nigeria and shipped to the United States as a slave, Olaudah Equiano (Igbo) wrote his autobiography, as a free man in Great Britain under the pseudonym of Gustavus Vassa. |
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http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm
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| | BBC News AFRICA Focus on the slave trade |
| | But it was not until 1888 - when slavery was banned in Brazil - that the trade was outlawed across the American continent. | | | Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 but a fierce debate in the United States, which stoked civil war between the abolitionist northern states and the pro-slavery south, delayed a unified resolution. | | | Unknown numbers of people - according to some estimates at least 4 million - died in slave wars and forced marches |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1523100.stm
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| | Ama A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | So, by the project’s end Ama had begun a new journey; she had convinced almost all students that reparations is not about whether or not, but rather in what inclusive form. | | | An engrossing and powerful story of a woman of courage, intelligence, and strength, AMA is not for children, for the squeamish, or for those who demand political correctness in their history. | | | Ama is about the Black Atlantic but when I wrote it I hadn't heard of Paul Gilroy or John Thornton and had only read some earlier work of Paul Lovejoy's. |
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http://www.nathanielturner.com/amastoryofatlanticslavetrade.htm
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Here I found a detailed report on the Atlantic Slave Trade. | | | This report was just as good as something you would find in the library or the book store, but in the comfort of your own home. | | | I was able to find out all about the Portuguese involvement in slave trading, the beginning in Europe and the travel to the Americas. |
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http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/earlyus/_disc51/000003f4.htm
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| | Ama, A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | andnbsp;the holocaust which was the Atlantic slave trade has in some way | | | Never has (the story of the Atlantic Slave Trade) been so | | | I hope that you will find Ama's story a good read; but beyond |
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http://www.ama.africatoday.com
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| | Atlantic History Seminar Slave Trade Workshop |
| | Please send inquiries or comments to Atlantic History Seminar, Harvard University. | | | This two-day Workshop was devoted to analysis and interpretation of the Atlantic slave trade, focused on the new database of 27,224 slave voyages, 1562-1867, compiled under the sponsorship of the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute at Harvard University. | | | International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World |
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http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~atlantic/sltrprog.html
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| | UWEC geography 111 Vogeler - West African Slave Trade Map |
| | Source for the map: Third World Atlas by Alan Thomas. | | | Estimate the number of slaves that were brought to the southern United States and to all of the Caribbean islands from 1701 and 1810. | | | Indeed, the US Department of State estimates that nearly 20,000 people are trafficked (sold) in the USA alone. |
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http://www.uwec.edu/geography/Ivogeler/w111/slaves.htm
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | and the Origins of the Black Atlantic World | | | Scholars who study the black societies, cultural expressions, and political ideologies that formed and reformed in dynamic processes over the centuries of slavery and after emancipation, are sometimes struck by core similarities among the peoples of the black Atlantic world, and they are sometimes concerned with the variations and differences between these peoples. | | | From 1441 to 1888, the trans-Atlantic slave trade created an African Diaspora in the forced migration of some 12 million people from many diverse societies and cultures in west and west central Africa to European colonies in the Caribbean Islands, in Central and South America, and in North America. |
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http://www.unc.edu/depts/afriafam/AnniversaryConference/baw.htm
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| | Bibliography: Gender and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Lest We Forget: the Passage from Africa to Slavery and Emancipation: A Three-Dimensional Interactive Book with Photographs and Documents from the Black Holocaust Exhibit. | | | "Was the Slave Trade Dominated by Men?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 23, 2 (1992): 237-257. | | | Spirits of the Passage: The Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Seventeenth Century. |
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http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~roots/site/gender/beck.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Britain outlawed the slave trade in 1807, as did the United States in 1808. | | | These nations began to claim larger parts of the slave trade during the 1640s, and by the 18th century the British were the dominant slave traders. | | | Antislavery sentiments began to appear in Europe in the 18th century with roots in Christian religious principles and in the egalitarian philosophy that emerged during the Age of Enlightenment. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761595721_2/Atlantic_Slave_Trade.html
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| | New Georgia Encyclopedia: Atlantic Slave Trade to Savannah |
| | Slaves who died from disease were buried on the west end of Tybee Island. | | | This measure preceded by ten years the national ban on the slave trade from Africa, which led to an illegal slave trade that persisted for many decades. | | | Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870 (1896; reprint, Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1999). |
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http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-686
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| | The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: a Forgotten Crime Against Humanity |
| | The faces of those who suffered because of the economic greed of slave traders are yet to be remembered in such a forgotten crime against humanity. | | | One may argue that these acts, while in violation of the Rome Statute, were lawful because they did not violate the international law of the time, which had no universal standard. | | | Ironically, crimes against humanity intrinsically refer to natural human beings of the earth and imply a significant objection to the maltreatment of human beings by others. |
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http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/slavery05.htm
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| | Timeline: The Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | The U.S. Supreme Court hears the case and issues a unanimous opinion declaring the slave trade to be a violation of natural law, meaning it can be upheld only by positive law. | | | Slave economies of Cuba and Brazil expand rapidly. | | | June 28: The Anglo-Spanish agreement on the slave trade is renewed, and enforcement is tightened. |
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http://amistad.mysticseaport.org/timeline/atlantic.slave.trade.html
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| | Wonders of the African World - Episodes - Slave Kingdoms |
| | This understanding should not detract from the horrors of the slave trade or from its American legacy of inequality and racism. | | | Fifteenth-century Africa, was not a homogenous group of people. | | | The historical roots of racial discrimination in the United States today can be traced back to North American slavery and the kidnapping of more than 20 million Africans. |
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http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi3/slave_2.htm
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| | Afrikan Involvement In Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Several Afrikan nations such as the Ashanti of Ghana and the Yoruba of Nigeria had economies depended solely on the trade. | | | Without the Europeans, there would have never been an Atlantic slave trade. | | | Afrikan peoples such as the Imbangala of Angola and the Nyamwezi of Tanzania would serve as middlemen or roving bands warring with other Afrikan nations to capture Afrikans for Europeans. |
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http://www.africawithin.com/kwaku/afrikan_involvement.htm
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| | Slavery and the Slave Trade |
| | The economic forces which generated slavery spanned the continents of the southern Atlantic, as did the experience of slaves taken from societies in the interior of Africa and traded as servile laborers in the interior of Brazil. | | | This course is an attempt to unify the experiences of the enslaved, fragmented through historical scholarship, and to understand the trans-continental reach of modern economic forces which generated slavery and sustained the slave trade. | | | Africans from nearly all areas of the continent were shipped as slaves to Brazil, although the majority originated in the interior of what today are the independent nations of Angola and Zaire. |
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http://jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu/~plarson/syllabi/others/saslave.html
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| | HST 388: Africans and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | Slave Movement During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries | | | Bibliography of primary materials (and some secondary) dealing with the slave trade and its abolition. | | | The African slave trade and its suppression, a classified and annotated bibliography of books, pamphlets and periodical articles |
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http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/History/bi/hst388-africa
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| | Slavery in America |
| | It is estimated that as many as 15 million people were transported as slaves, with unknown numbers dying enroute. | | | This map depicts the forced movement of millions of enslaved Africans to the Americas over a span of 4 centuries. | | | Importantly, the practice of slavery had been in operation in Africa and in central Europe for centuries prior to the redirection of the trade to the Americas. |
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http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/geography/slave_trade.htm
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | He converted to Christianity, met William Wilberforce and became an abolitionist, wrote "Thoughts on the Slave Trade" in 1788, and was curator at Olney Parish in England when he died in 1897. | | | Philip D. Curtin has estimated that 241,400 slaves were imported into the Americas in the 16th century, 1,341,100 in the 17th century, 6,051, 700 in the 18th century, and 1,898,400 between 1810 and 1870, for a total of 9,566,100. | | | Amazing Grace by Bill Moyers (PBS, 1993) described the slave trade origins of the song, beginning with John Newton who was active in the Guinea coast trade 1745-54 and kept a daily journal. |
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http://history.acusd.edu/gen/civilwar/03/slavetrade.html
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| | African Slave System |
| | By the 17th century the removal of slaves from Africa became a holy cause that had the full support of the Christian Church. | | | He wrote about what he saw in his book An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa (1788). | | | Grandmother was one of them who got fooled, and she say the last thing seen of that place was the natives running up and down the beach waving their arms and shouting like they was mad. |
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASafrica.htm
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| | Atlantic Slave Trade |
| | This shows the account of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the form of a timeline. | | | The timeline is actually a part of a site about the ship, Amistad. | | | It is an interesting site, but does not provide for to much detailed information on the Atlantic Slave Trade. |
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http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/earlyus/_disc51/000003f6.htm
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| | Juneteenth.com - The Middle Passage - Tom Feelings |
| | Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade. | | | Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World. | | | Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...' |
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http://www.juneteenth.com/middlep.htm
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| | Slavery Images |
| | This collection is envisioned as a tool and a resource that can be used by teachers, researchers, students, and the general public - in brief, anyone interested in the experiences of Africans who were enslaved and transported to the Americas and the lives of their descendants in the slave societies of the New World. | | | The thousand images in this collection have been selected from a wide range of sources, most of them dating from the period of slavery. | | | It must be emphasized that little effort is made to interpret the images and establish the historical authenticity or accuracy of what they display. |
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http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery
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| | Essential America : Chapter 2 Topic |
| | The trans-Atlantic slave trade brought millions of Africans to the Americas. | | | How did they survive the slave ship and the Middle Passage? | | | Consider the slave trade as a component of the North Atlantic trade triangle by linking to: |
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http://www.wwnorton.com/eamerica/ch2/topic.htm
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