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| | Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Arabic was the official language of government, commerce and scholarship in Muslim controlled areas of Spain, and the majority of the population, including Christians and Jews, spoke it, though many were bilingual and the majority had been converted to Islam. | | | Spain is believed to have been about 8 % Jewish on the eve of the Spanish Inquisition. | | | It also had a significant effect on the upcoming elections in Spain, due in part to the ruling government's insistence that the ETA was the prime suspect in the bombings, even as the evidence of Muslim extremist terrorism rapidly emerged from the police investigation and the international press. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain
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| | Encyclopedia4U - Juan Carlos of Spain - Encyclopedia Article |
| | An attempted coup (23-F) on 23 February, 1981, in which the Cortes was seized, with gunfire in the parliamentary chamber, seemed likely to derail the process, until the unprecedented public television broadcast by the King called for unambiguous support for the legitimate democratic government. | | | In the hours before, the King had personally called senior military figures throughout Spain, many of whom had been told by coup leaders that he was supporting them, to tell them in no uncertain terms that they must defend the democratic government. | | | When he became king, one Communist leader (Santiago Carrillo), nicknamed him 'Juan Carlos the Brief', predicting that he and the monarchy would be swept away with all the remnants of fascism. |
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http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/j/juan-carlos-of-spain.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain |
| | That moral unity which the Catholic Sovereigns had restored in Spain by the expulsion of the Jews, the subjection of the Moors, and the establishment of Catholic unity, was broken by the influx of ideas from the French Revolution and English Liberalism. | | | Pombal and Choiseul had driven the Jesuits out of Portugal and France, and their enemies in Spain exploited this tumult to persuade the king that the Society was a menace to public order. | | | The geographical boundaries of Spain are: on the north, the Pyrenees, the Republic of Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay (known in Spain as Mar Cantabrico, or "Cantabrian Sea"); on the east, the Mediterranean; on the south, the Mediterranean, the Straits of Gibraltar and the Atlantic; on the west, Portugal and the Atlantic. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14169b.htm
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| | Spain (12/05) |
| | It opposes Spanish participation in NATO and U.S. presence in Spain and has a long history of assassinations, bombings, and kidnappings mostly against Spanish interests during the 1970s and 1980s. | | | Spain's accession to the European Community--now European Union (EU)--in January 1986 required the country to open its economy, modernize its industrial base, improve infrastructure, and revise economic legislation to conform to EU guidelines. | | | Spain has been an effective example of transition from authoritarianism to democracy, as shown in the many trips that Spain's King and Prime Ministers have made to the region. |
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http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2878.htm
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| | Spain and Andorra |
| | Read the Department of State Background Notes on Spain and Andorra for additional information. | | | Additional information on Spain may be obtained from the Tourist Office of Spain, telephone (212) 265-8822, or via the Internet at http://www.okspain.org. | | | Spain’s customs authorities encourage the use of an ATA (Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission) Carnet for the temporary admission of professional equipment, commercial samples, and/or goods for exhibitions and fair purposes. |
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http://travel.state.gov/travel/spain.html
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| | BBC NEWS World Europe Country profiles Country profile: Spain |
| | Following his election victory, Mr Zapatero described both the war and the occupation of Iraq as a "huge disaster" and pulled Spain's 1,300 troops out of the country. | | | Spain shares the Iberian peninsula with Portugal and its territory includes the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands and two North African enclaves. | | | Broadcasting in Spain has witnessed a spectacular expansion in recent years with the emergence of new commercial operators and the launch of digital services. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/991960.stm#media
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| | Spain |
| | (Spain sent no troops to Iraq during the war but contributed 1,300 peacekeeping forces during the reconstruction period.) Yet Aznar's Popular Party did extremely well in municipal elections in May 2003. | | | Spain then sank rapidly to the status of a second-rate power under the rule of weak Hapsburg kings, and it never again played a major role in European politics. | | | Spain, originally inhabited by Celts, Iberians, and Basques, became a part of the Roman Empire in 206 B.C., when it was conquered by Scipio Africanus. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107987.html
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| | Spain Country Analysis Brief |
| | MEG, completed in 1996, connects Algeria's Hassi R'mel gas field with Cordoba, Spain, via Morocco. | | | Spain was the world's second-largest producer of wind power in 2004, behind Germany, with the energy source meeting 6% of Spain's total electricity demand. | | | Forecasts predict that Spain should be able to sustain its current level of economic growth into the near future, maintaining its status as one of the fastest growing economies in the EU. |
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http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/spain.html
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| | Encyclopedia: History of Spain |
| | A revived movement for the Christian unification of Spain was capitalized on by the "Catholic monarchs"( Reyes Católicos in Spanish) Isabel I of Castilla and Fernando II of Aragón in order to justify their invasion of Granada, the expulsion of the Jews and the forceful conversion of the Moors. | | | At the same time, the Jews of Spain were ordered on March 30, 1492 to convert to Christianity or be exiled from the country. | | | Importantly, Spain never entered the period of the Dark Ages such as were endured in Britain, Gaul, Lombardy and Germany. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/History-of-Spain
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| | Habsburg Spain - definition of Habsburg Spain in Encyclopedia |
| | The Habsburgs, whose family had traditionally ruled over diverse, noncontiguous domains and had been forced to devolve autonomy to local administrators, replicated those feudal policies in Spain, particularly in the Basque country and Aragon. | | | Estates in Spain grew progressively larger and the economy became increasingly uncompetitive, particularly during the reigns of Philip III and IV when repeated speculative crises shook Spain. | | | Achieving the political goals of the Habsburg dynasty which meant in particular undermining the power of France, maintaining Catholic Habsburg hegemony in Germany, and suppressing the Ottoman Empire was more important to the Habsburg rulers than the welfare of Spain. |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Habsburg_Spain
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| | Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | It also had a significant effect on the upcoming elections in Spain, due in part to the ruling government's insistence that the ETA was the prime suspect in the bombings, even as the evidence of Muslim extremist terrorism rapidly emerged from the police investigation and the press. | | | Spain is believed to have been about 8 per cent Jewish on the eve of the Spanish Inquisition. | | | Spain became a unified crown with the union of Castile and Aragon in 1492 and the annexation of Navarre in 1515. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain
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| | Enlightenment Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The constitution, which also limited the king's powers considerably in favor of a unicameral legislature, was deeply unpopular among the conservative Spanish clergy, and among the people of Spain who associated much of it with the French who had only months before been evicted from their country. | | | Carvajal believed that the key to Spain's defense and modernization was a closer alliance with Britain, whose naval power could complement Spain's empire and whose commercial strength could encourage economic dvelopment in Spain. | | | Floridablanca's most enduring accomplishment was the freedom of trade in Spain's empire in the New World to foreigners. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_Spain
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| | Spain - Wikitravel |
| | Given that Spain has a high grade of political autonomy released to its regional governments, some of them also have regional law forces, such as the Ertzaintza in the Basque Country or the Mossos d'Esquadra in Catalunya. | | | Spain is a member of the European Union and the Schengen Agreement, which governs its visa policies. | | | Spain is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; as such it replaced Spanish pesetas with the Euro (symbol: €) in the year 2002. |
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http://wikitravel.org/en/Spain
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| | Spain |
| | Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain The Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, also know as the Golden Age of Arab Ru... | | | Abdera, Spain Abdera was an ancient seaport town on the south coast of Cartagena), in the district inhabited by the Bast... | | | Maria Theresa of Spain Maria Theresa of Spain (in French: Marie Thérèse) (Philip IV of Spain and of Elisabeth of France... |
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http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/topics/spain.html
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| | Medieval Jewish History Resource Directory |
| | Medieval Sourcebook: Jews and Christians in Teruel: The Fuero of Teruel, 1176 CE | | | Medieval Sourcebook: Charlemagne: Capitulary for the Jews, 814 | | | Medieval Sourcebook: Ordinance of the Jews of the Crown of Aragon, 1354 CE |
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http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/Dinur/Internetresources/historyresources/medieval.htm
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| | Spain -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | In 1493, Columbus sailed back to Spain to tell Ferdinand and Isabella what he had found in the New World. | | | Spain is bordered on the west by Portugal; in the northeast it borders France, from which it is separated by the tiny principality of Andorra and by the great wall of the Pyrenees Mountains. | | | Provides a detailed overview of the people, geography, history, society, environment, economy, government, foreign relations, and armed forces of Spain. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108580?source=RSSOTD
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| | JewishEncyclopedia.com - SPAIN |
| | The position of the Jews of Spain was fairly favorable in the second half of the fifteenth century, during the reigns of Henry IV. | | | The nobles of Spain found that they had only increased their difficulties by urging the conversion of the Jews, who remained as much a close corporation in the new faith as they had been in the old, and gradually began to monopolize many of the offices of state, especially those connected with tax-farming. | | | So far from this being the case, Spain rose to its greatest height immediately after the expulsion of the Jews, the century succeeding that event culminating in the world-power of Philip II., who in 1580 was ruler of the New World, of the Spanish Netherlands, and of Portugal, as well as of Spain. |
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http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=992&letter=S
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| | The Legacy of Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain |
| | Another theory for the occupation by the Arab Muslims of Spain is that because of their persecution, the Jews called upon their contacts in North Africa, who in turn encouraged the able Arabs to capture Spain. | | | Muslims prevailed in Al-Andalus because they had forgotten their Arabness or "Arabism." They were aware that they were Muslims only, and not divided by race, or nationality. | | | Muslims also established rule in parts of France, but they were soon defeated by Charles Martel in 756, in which remains today one of the greatest victories for Christian Europe for bringing a halt to Islam's expansion. |
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http://hispanicmuslims.com/andalusia/andalusia.html
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| | Medieval History of Spain |
| | Medieval Jews in Spain who had found themselves to be victims of northern invaders were held in high esteem by many of the Moorish leaders. | | | The early years of Moorish influence in medieval Spain were marked by infighting amongst the Muslim kingdoms. | | | Medieval Spain was a battlefield where Christians attempted to regain control from the Moors, who had invaded the country before the 8th century. |
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http://www.medieval-life.net/medieval_history_spain.htm
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| | Spain |
| | However, by the time the rest of the Army of Africa arrived in mainland Spain, the figures were close to equal. | | | Franco's main demand was that Germany had to fully compensate Spain for the cost of any British blockade of the country. | | | He controversially remarked that burning of "all the convents in Spain was not worth the life of a single Republican". |
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWspain.htm
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| | Restoring the legacy of Muslim Spain |
| | Through his studies of medieval Spain, he said, he was able to "grasp a vision of what may still be possible" between Jews and Arabs in the Middle East. | | | In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain. | | | He said the medieval period in Spain is often referred to as a "golden age," but the term may in fact be a misnomer. |
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http://www.guidedones.com/issues/regions/spain/legacy.htm
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| | Spain: History |
| | The Mudéjares, as the Muslims in reconquered Spain were called, were not immediately expelled, but after an uprising they were forcibly converted (1502) to Christianity. | | | However, the states of Christian Spain were also frequently engaged in bloody rivalry, and the Christian kings were in almost continuous conflict with the powerful nobles. | | | Spain continued to enjoy economic growth as a result of increased domestic and foreign investment in the 1980s and 90s, but had one of the highest unemployment rates in W Europe. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861231.html
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| | Chapter One: Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain |
| | The fact that the Christian kingdoms of northern Spain were asserting themselves politically at the expense of the Cordoban emirate only served to make the Muslim rulers more suspicious of Christian dissent in their own backyard. | | | Muslim jurists may have borrowed this restriction from the Byzantine law books which frowned on the intermarriage of Christians and Jews. | | | This was a common practice in Spain at the time of the conquest, as Eliyahu Ashtor, in his The Jews of Moslem Spain (Philadelphia, 1973), pp. |
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http://libro.uca.edu/martyrs/cm1.htm
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| | John Gascoigne: EXPLORATION, ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENTERPRISE |
| | Though the Malaspina expedition did little to arrest Spain's downhill slide, as its claims to Pacific dominance were largely brushed aside by the British, French and Russians, it was indicative of the extent to which the view that exploration should be scientifically based had gained ground. | | | Nor did religious idealism always suit national needs, as the King of Spain found when his nations reputation was blackened by the impassioned denunciation of the behaviour of the conquistadors by the missionary, Las Casas. | | | For on his return Malaspina was arrested and the fruits of his voyage consigned to oblivion since his political liberalism, especially in regard to the position of the Spanish colonies in the New World, made him suspect at a court whose reactionary tendencies had been heightened by the reaction against the nearby revolution in France. |
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http://www.mala.bc.ca/~black/amrc/gascoign.htm
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| | Independence in Latin America |
| | Since 1823 Ferdinand VII had been back in power in Spain again, and his ministers were watching the instability in Mexico and believed that the time was ripe to reconquer Mexico. | | | Britain was enjoying the trade with Latin America that had been denied by Spain, and Britain warned against any attempt to reestablish Spain's rule in Latin America. | | | But, unable to unify those rebelling against Spain, he concluded that he could not move into Caracas, and instead he laid plans to move his force again to New Grenada. |
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http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h39-la.html
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| | CIA - The World Factbook -- Spain |
| | Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II, but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). | | | Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. | | | Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. |
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http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sp.html
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| | The Globalist Global Politics -- Is Turkey "Enlightened" Enough to Join the EU? |
| | Imagine in a more distant future Morocco becoming like Spain, a constitutional monarchy — with its population enjoying all the democratic freedoms and social emancipation — entering Europe with all its youthful population. | | | Also, the hideously brutal and repressive former communist dictatorships of the EUâs newly admitted Central and Eastern European member states were also rather remote from the Age of Enlightenment. | | | Spain today is a thriving democracy and on many social issues more liberal than many of the other EU member states. |
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http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=4286
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| | Sephardim |
| | Both Jews and Muslims were involved in the cultural, economic, intellectual, financial and political life of Christian Spain. | | | The word "Sephardim" comes from the Hebrew term for Spain, Sepharad, used in the Bible. | | | The descendants of Jews who left Spain or Portugal after the 1492 expulsion are referred to as Sephardim. |
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html
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| | Excerpts - Sicsa Reports - Crypto-Jews and the Inquisition in New Spain in the 17th Century |
| | The forced converts (called anussim in Hebrew), were called "New Christians" to distinguish them from the "Old Christians;" they were also insultingly called "marranos," "tornadizos," and "alboraicos." In 1492, the Jews were expelled from Spain; the majority of them went to Portugal, where they were again subject to forced conversions in 1497. | | | Spain in 1480, and Portugal in 1536, established in their lands the Holy Office of the Inquisition, to investigate the loyalty of the "New Christians" to the Catholic faith. | | | Perhaps the largest proportion of New Christians assimilated into the general society; others continued to practice Judaism in secret, and some left the Iberian peninsula to establish new Jewish communities, or to join existing communities elsewhere. |
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http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/7016/CryptoJews.htm
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