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Korea: Division, Reunification, and U.S. Foreign Policy by Martin Hart-Landsberg Excerpt

However, reunification by absorption was a disaster for the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> people, and it would be a disaster for the Korean people as well.
This history of the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification process runs counter to the more widely held view that the collapse of the East left the West with no alternative but to pursue a rapid reunification through absorption.
Reunification has re-emerged as a "live" political issue during the decade of the 1990s, because of South Korean students' efforts, <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification, and North Korean economic and political difficulties.

http://www.monthlyreview.org/koreac8.htm (10564 words)



Flying Yangban: Analysis of reunification policy in the Kim Dae-jung (and Roh Moo-hyun) administration: Part Two

Withen four months, East Germany's new leader Lothar de Maiziere (essentially a junior member of Kohl's own party) opened reunification talks with Kohl's government.
With the collapse of the communist bloc in the late 1980s, Helmut Kohl took advantage of what he believed to be a temporary weakness in East Germany to help undermine that government and gain the acceptance of other European governments to <bb>>Germanb>bb>> unification.
First, that West Germany's policy of Ostpolitik (Eastern engagement policy) towards the East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> government paved the way to a reunification agreement.

http://gopkorea.blogs.com/flyingyangban/2003/11/analysis_of_reu_1.html (2519 words)



Germany since reunification

In this article "reunification" has been used quite intentionally, because the new Germany is clearly an extension of the FRG as originally constituted, and FRG itself claims to be an evolution from the Deutsche Reich of 1871.
Blacksell, M. (1982), Reunification and the political geography of the Federal Republic of Germany.
During 1990, when the frantic preparations were being made for a united Germany, there was some debate as to whether the process should be referred to as "reunification", or "unification", the distinction being that the former embodied an explicit historical continuity, while the latter signalled a new beginning.

http://www.intellectbooks.com/europa/number3/blacksel.htm (4030 words)



<bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

By the mid-1980s, the prospect of <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification was widely regarded within both East and West Germany as a distant hope, unattainable as long as Communist governments ruled Eastern Europe.
<bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic (GDR, in English often called "East Germany") were incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or "West Germany").
However, the GDR changed its position at a later point, stating that Germany had ceased to exist in 1945, and that both the FRG and the GDR were newly founded states.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification (1404 words)



Problems with <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Reunification

Reunification promised to bring "social freedom" by ignoring the crimes of former Socialist party leaders: In the "Entnazifizierung" following World War II, thousands of Nazi criminals were brought to American and, later, <bb>>Germanb>bb>> law courts.
Reunification advocates ignored the post-War lesson that the western parts of Germany were not rebuilt by means of tax-money but by hard work in a relatively free economy.
Yet in the recent reunification of West and East Germany, <bb>>Germanb>bb>> leadership has ignored crucial lessons from this successful period of transformation.

http://www.reformed.org/webfiles/antithesis/v2n3/ant_v2n3_curr3.html (533 words)



Korea: Division, Reunification, and U.S. Foreign Policy by Martin Hart-Landsberg Excerpt

However, reunification by absorption was a disaster for the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> people, and it would be a disaster for the Korean people as well.
Well aware of South Korean governmental thinking, he also declared in his 1991 New Year's address that the South should have no illusions about achieving a <bb>>Germanb>bb>>-style reunification.
If the Southern strategy for reunification by absorption were abandoned it would not, of course, necessarily mean that the governments of North and South Korea would end their mutual hostility and agree to implement a reunification process responsive to the needs and desires of all Koreans.

http://www.monthlyreview.org/koreac8.htm (10564 words)



Introduction - Korea Briefing 2000-2001 - Policy & Business - Publications - Asia Society

Koreans, in the North and the South, have carefully studied the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> experience as a guide to the process, costs, and benefits of Korean reunification.
As for the regional powers, despite their public pronouncements of support for a Korean-led reunification process, political considerations would suggest that no one is looking forward to dealing with the disruptions that a unified Korea would present to regional alignments and power balances.
Koreans in both the South and the North would surely agree that in the process of seeking reunification the overriding concern must be to keep the peace.

http://www.asiasociety.org/policy_business/koreabriefing2000intro.html (2796 words)



Germany reunification must consider territorial concerns

Even if it wasn't necessary to prevent a collapse most Germans would want reunification -- just because it is now possible.
A <bb>>Germanb>bb>> concession allowing Soviet forces to remain in East Germany would help Gorbachev at home.
But this is unlikely if the Germans give proper consideration to the worries of their neighbors.

http://www-tech.mit.edu/V110/N7/dishaw.07o.html (1107 words)



East_German

Following free elections in March 1990, the state was dissolved and its territory was annexed to the Federal Republic of Germany in October 1990 (<bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification).
East Germany, officially the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic (GDR), <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a Communist state that existed from 1949 to 1990 in the former Soviet occupation zone of Germany.
The East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> territory was reorganized into what is now the city of Berlin and five states, reconstituting political entities that had been abolished in 1950.

http://www.plasmatvwholesaler.com/search.php?title=East_German (4545 words)



Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: Information From Answers.com

They were briefly combined with Vorpommern in 1947–1952 and have been part of the present state since <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification in 1990.
From 1952, when Mecklenburg's status as a state was abolished, until shortly before <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification in 1990, the region was divided into the East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> districts of Schwerin, Rostock, and Neubrandenburg.
The reconstituted state has been known as in <bb>>Germanb>bb>> as Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

http://www.answers.com/topic/mecklenburg-western-pomerania (801 words)



Korean reunification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Furthermore, it is widely thought that the state of the North Korean economy is worse than that of East Germany, and might bring the South Korean economy to the point of collapse.
With an eye to the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification it is apparent that South Korea does not have an economy as strong as that of West Germany.
Many supporters of the "Sunshine Policy" are motivated by prospects of reunification, a desire to avoid conflict on the Korean peninsula, and a desire to pursue a policy towards North Korea independent of the United States.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_reunification (801 words)



MSN Encarta - Germany

In 1989 Germans from the East and West breached the Berlin Wall, an event that symbolized the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the beginning of <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification.
In the early 19th century, French conquest of the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> states started a movement toward <bb>>Germanb>bb>> national unification, and in 1815, led by the state of Prussia, the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> states formed a confederacy that lasted until 1867 (see <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Confederation).
Among the many outstanding <bb>>Germanb>bb>> authors, artists, architects, musicians, and philosophers, the composers Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven are probably the best known the world over.

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761576917 (801 words)



No. 90-35

The leading role of the East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> CDU should facilitate cooperation with the Kohl government on the many and important practical issues of unifying the two Germanies, e.g., agreement on monetary union and on the rate of conversion between the East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> and West <bb>>Germanb>bb>> currencies.
In casting their ballots, the East Germans thoroughly repudiated the communists, providing a near majority to the center-right parties.
Statements by the former East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> government (and non-governmental estimates) placed the strength of the Staatssicherheitsdeinst, the State Security Service or detested secret police (universally known as the Stasi) at about 85,000.

http://www.security-policy.org/papers/1990/90-35.html (1625 words)



On <bb>>Germanb>bb>> nationalism

Following <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification, there have been numerous warnings concerning an alleged resurgence of nationalist sentiments in Germany.[1] Eva Geulen's analysis of <bb>>Germanb>bb>> nationalism is part of this pattern.
A fundamental assumption of this approach is a "natural" trajectory of national development, which leads to the demonization of all <bb>>Germanb>bb>> history, culture and politics as culminating, because of the late unification of the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> nation, in the compensatory xenophobic nationalism of the Nazis.
Thus one could claim that the "belated" <bb>>Germanb>bb>> nation has (as some of its citizens have discovered) an advantage over older nations which have never had to reflect on their artificial character, as had Germany between 1945 and 1991.

http://es.geocities.com/sucellus23/telos26.htm (3770 words)



The Reunification Of Korea

China is somewhat ambiguous about a Korean reunification as political and economic realities are forcing cautious shifts in Bejing's foreign policy.
Korea lacks the internal economic infrastructure to accommodate the dramatic changes associated with a rapid reunification along the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> model.
The grisly demise of Ceaucescu and the theory of "perestrika' have presumably not been lost on these men.

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/LRW.htm (3770 words)



washingtonpost.com: In Berlin Wall's Dust, Germany Flounders

It was against this backdrop of insecurity that the governing party proposed last week to de-emphasize <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Unity Day, a holiday celebrated on Oct. 3.
"I wonder about the soul of a nation whose government plans such a thing, 15 years after our hard-fought unity," Lothar de Maiziere, the last East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> prime minister, lamented in an interview with <bb>>Germanb>bb>> television.
In the days after the Berlin Wall tumbled, as the two <bb>>Germanb>bb>> states rushed to remove the border that had separated them for a generation, there was a surge of hope and optimism about the newly reconciled nation's potential.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A35239-2004Nov8?language=printer (870 words)



Korea: Division, Reunification, & U.S. Foreign Policy, reviewed by Levkowitz

<bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification took place after the collapse of East Germany and the subsequent absorption of East Germany by West Germany.
The end of the Korean conflict would solve one of the most important problems in Asia, and one of the main solutions that has been discussed and researched is reunification, an idea boosted after the reunification of Germany.
The only comparable case study is the reunification of Germany.

http://koreaweb.ws/ks/ksr/ksr99-04.htm (1521 words)



Berlin Ditches Plans to Move Unity Day Current Affairs Deutsche Welle 05.11.2004

But opponents to the idea retorted that to strike the national holiday was "unpatriotic," akin to attacking the soul of the nation, referring to the overriding historical importance of the division and reunification of East and West.
Chancellor Gerhard Schröder has abandoned plans to abolish <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Unity Day on the grounds the proposal lacked political support.
The holiday was created by the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Unity Pact of 1990, a federal law, and amending it would not require ratification by the Bundesrat, the upper house of parliament which represents the states.

http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1386127,00.html (783 words)



The Cold War Museum - Reunification of Germany

Economic union with the West occurred in July, and on Oct. 3, 1990, political reunification took place under what had been the West <bb>>Germanb>bb>> constitution.
The economy of the East largely collapsed, and the costs of reunification and the privatization of state-owned businesses in the East pushed Germany into recession and led to increased social tensions.
By 1994, however, the economy had improved, and Kohl led his coalition to a narrow victory in national elections.

http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/reunification_of_germany.php3 (134 words)



Political Education in the Former <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic - Questia Online Library

For the Germans, the five years since reunification have brought challenges of staggering magnitude that were so unanticipated that no contingency plans were in place to meet them.
A democratic and politically stable Germany is a cornerstone of America's fifty-year defense alliance with Western Europe.
The interviews ranged from sessions with two state culture ministers and the CDU education spokesperson in the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Parliament to several state culture ministry officials responsible for political education or for teacher training (or retraining) in their states, school headmasters, and teachers.

http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95875305 (498 words)



Germans Seek Place in History for 1953 East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Revolt

After <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification, the June 17 memorial day still on the books in the west was dropped in favor of Oct. 3, the joyful day on which east and west rejoined.
"As one of the few democratic mass movements and traditions, the people's revolt of June 17, 1953 represents some of the best of <bb>>Germanb>bb>> history," said Marianne Birthler, a former East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> democracy activist who manages the archive of the communist-era secret police, the Stasi.
During the Cold War, the revolt was vilified as a Western-inspired fascist coup by the east, but also faded from memory in the west as the two Germanys grew apart.

http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/929466/posts (797 words)



<bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic -

It is not known how many families were involved, but after reunification a file of letters from over 200 couples was found in the archives of the State Security Police (Stasi), begging for the return of their children.
Since East <bb>>Germanb>bb>> law explicitly provided for removing children from such parents and placing them for adoption, under the terms of the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification treaty, no one can be prosecuted for it.
<bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic">email page to a friend

http://famous.adoption.com/famous/german-democratic-republic.html (317 words)



Germany - Encyclopedia of Political Information

Before World War II, about two-thirds of the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> population was Protestant and one-third was Roman Catholic.
Bundesregierung Deutschland - Official site of the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Federal Government
In 1949 two <bb>>Germanb>bb>> states were founded: the Federal Republic of Germany with originally twelve states and the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic with five states.

http://www.politicalinformation.net/encyclopedia/Germany.htm (1765 words)



South Korean report: Reunification to cost 670bn US dollars

"It has been generally and not implausibly presumed that Korean reunification would impose larger relative cost burdens that have materialized in the case of <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification," the report said.
"The total cost of reunification would be dependent on how unification would occur, including for example, the costs of meeting humanitarian demands, stabilization requirements, the needs of human capital reeducation, training and replacement and the demands of social integration," the Rand Corp. said in a monograph prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defence.
Seoul, 6 June: The unification of the Korean Peninsula by absorption of a collapsed North Korea would cost South Korea up to 670bn US dollars, a US research group said in a report on Monday [6 June].

http://news.monstersandcritics.com/mediamonitor/article_1005864.php/South_Korean_report_Reunification_to_cost_670bn_US_dollars (433 words)



SULAIR: Collections on Recent and Contemporary <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Culture and Politics: Cultural History of the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic

Research on the transition from the GDR to the post-reunification Bundesrepublik in literary publishing also requires materials on West <bb>>Germanb>bb>> publishing prior to 1989, as well as West <bb>>Germanb>bb>> countercultures and underground publishing.
Collections on Recent and Contemporary <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Culture and Politics: Cultural History of the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic
In 1990, I identified a group of new publishers in East Germany that I wanted to collect in order to document the impact of the Wende on literary publishing and East Germany's countercultural movements, most notably the Prenzlauer Berg writers.

http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/hasrg/german/cultural.html (2115 words)



PHILATELY - <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic stamps

After the reunification of both Germany in 1990 the Democratic Republic ceased to issue, as Berlin, its own stamps and from this year on, there are only stamp issues from the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Federal Republic.
...as well as the last stamps from 1990, the year of <bb>>germanb>bb>> reunification, stamps still being sold, first in 'Ostmark' and at last in west currency.
We have all stamp issues of the Russian Zone and the <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Democratic Republic in stock and we offer a discount for complete year sets.

http://www.martins.fr/Multimedia/Url/rdaamericain.htm (162 words)



USATODAY.com - Far-right activists march on <bb>>Germanb>bb>>'s day of unity

The far-right march has become a fixture on Unity Day, a public holiday that marks the reunification of East and West Germany on Oct. 3, 1990.
At Mainz's 1,000-year-old cathedral, Lutheran bishop Manfred Kock condemned the Sept. 11 attacks, which investigators believe were carried out by Islamic extremists who lived for a time in Germany.
Germans across the country marked the day with speeches, street events and reflection on the lingering gap in attitudes and prosperity between the richer west and the formerly communist east.

http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2001/10/03/german-unity.htm (538 words)



MSN Encarta - Search Results - Reunification

Reunification, reuniting of a geographic area after it has been divided.
<bb>>Germanb>bb>> Reunification : pictures related to <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification
Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.

http://ca.encarta.msn.com/Reunification.html (99 words)



ODER-NEISSE LINE FACTS AND INFORMATION

The reunification was rejected by West <bb>>Germanb>bb>> Chancellor Konrad_Adenauer for several reasons.
Churchill later claimed that he would not have agreed to the Oder-Western Neisse line, and in his famous Iron_Curtain speech declared that "The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking place" http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html.
At Potsdam, Stalin argued for the Oder-Neisse line on the grounds that the Polish Government demanded this frontier and that there were no longer any Germans east of this line, a claim which prompted Admiral Leahy, US President Truman's Chief of Staff, to whisper "The Bolshies have killed them all," into US President Truman's ear.

http://www.gottagetflowers.com/Oder-Neisse_line (1646 words)



ppage4t

The seeming plausibility of these estimates has been driven by the experience of <bb>>Germanb>bb>> reunification in the past decade and its huge ongoing (and originally underestimated) costs.
The costs of Korean reunification are much more manageable than has usually been assumed.
If the process of reunification in Korea is negotiated sensibly and managed carefully, the ensuing cost burden imposed on the South and its allies can be limited to a sum that is less than one-tenth of the conventional estimates.

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~jeehan/ppage4t.html (968 words)

Topic: <b>German</b> <b>reunification<

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